Frank Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195171303
- eISBN:
- 9780199785193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171303.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter explores the devotion to San La Muerte (St. Death) in northeastern Argentina. It explains the evolution of San La Muerte from a Guaraní-Christian amulet to a folk saint, and examines ...
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This chapter explores the devotion to San La Muerte (St. Death) in northeastern Argentina. It explains the evolution of San La Muerte from a Guaraní-Christian amulet to a folk saint, and examines contemporary devotion in Corrientes and Chaco provinces.Less
This chapter explores the devotion to San La Muerte (St. Death) in northeastern Argentina. It explains the evolution of San La Muerte from a Guaraní-Christian amulet to a folk saint, and examines contemporary devotion in Corrientes and Chaco provinces.
Robert W. Hefner
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520078352
- eISBN:
- 9780520912564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520078352.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Religion
This chapter considers the issue of the Tarahumaras' conversion to Christianity. It also addresses why, at the time of the Jesuits' expulsion in 1767, only a small minority of Tarahumaras appear to ...
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This chapter considers the issue of the Tarahumaras' conversion to Christianity. It also addresses why, at the time of the Jesuits' expulsion in 1767, only a small minority of Tarahumaras appear to have been well instructed in the basic tenets of the Catholic faith. It explores some of the limitations of the view that conversion entails a radical shift in the religious beliefs of individuals. A more relativistic concept of conversion is briefly reviewed that is better suited to understanding religious conversion. The Jesuit mission program is divided into mission creation, social, political and technological innovations, and religious life. The Tarahumaras of today consider their ritual actions to be complete unto themselves and to some degree intrinsically efficacious. The ideology of at least some segments of the Catholic church has now been so transformed that the missionaries themselves can contemplate the possibility of converting to the native religion.Less
This chapter considers the issue of the Tarahumaras' conversion to Christianity. It also addresses why, at the time of the Jesuits' expulsion in 1767, only a small minority of Tarahumaras appear to have been well instructed in the basic tenets of the Catholic faith. It explores some of the limitations of the view that conversion entails a radical shift in the religious beliefs of individuals. A more relativistic concept of conversion is briefly reviewed that is better suited to understanding religious conversion. The Jesuit mission program is divided into mission creation, social, political and technological innovations, and religious life. The Tarahumaras of today consider their ritual actions to be complete unto themselves and to some degree intrinsically efficacious. The ideology of at least some segments of the Catholic church has now been so transformed that the missionaries themselves can contemplate the possibility of converting to the native religion.
Philip Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195146165
- eISBN:
- 9780199834341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195146166.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter addresses the myth of Western Christianity and outlines the true origins and development of Christianity, as opposed to those presented in the history books. Accounts are given of the ...
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This chapter addresses the myth of Western Christianity and outlines the true origins and development of Christianity, as opposed to those presented in the history books. Accounts are given of the early Eastern churches, particularly those in Ethiopia and Armenia, and of the survival of Christian traditions in Asia and Africa through the Middles Ages, and under Islamic (Muslim) rule. Next, an analysis is presented of the size of Christian communities that survived under Muslim rule in ancient and medieval times and up to the early twentieth century, and the question addressed as to why, when Christians survived Muslim conquests so successfully, they form such a small minority in the modern Middle East. Further sections of the chapter discuss the Catholic missions that took place from about 1500 and the different ways in which Christianity developed in countries beyond the reach of the European empires, where missionaries where not able to enforce their will politically, and in those countries where this was not the case; and the adaptation of the gospel to local cultures, customs, and practices in countries where there was no imperial backing is described, with particular reference to the “silk strategy” in Japan (where the priests dressed in silk in preference to cotton and thus identified themselves with the social elite, who were able to assist in the spread of Christianity), and Jesuit missions to China. The last part of the chapter looks at Protestant missions from the late eighteenth century in Africa and China.Less
This chapter addresses the myth of Western Christianity and outlines the true origins and development of Christianity, as opposed to those presented in the history books. Accounts are given of the early Eastern churches, particularly those in Ethiopia and Armenia, and of the survival of Christian traditions in Asia and Africa through the Middles Ages, and under Islamic (Muslim) rule. Next, an analysis is presented of the size of Christian communities that survived under Muslim rule in ancient and medieval times and up to the early twentieth century, and the question addressed as to why, when Christians survived Muslim conquests so successfully, they form such a small minority in the modern Middle East. Further sections of the chapter discuss the Catholic missions that took place from about 1500 and the different ways in which Christianity developed in countries beyond the reach of the European empires, where missionaries where not able to enforce their will politically, and in those countries where this was not the case; and the adaptation of the gospel to local cultures, customs, and practices in countries where there was no imperial backing is described, with particular reference to the “silk strategy” in Japan (where the priests dressed in silk in preference to cotton and thus identified themselves with the social elite, who were able to assist in the spread of Christianity), and Jesuit missions to China. The last part of the chapter looks at Protestant missions from the late eighteenth century in Africa and China.
Catharine Randall
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823232628
- eISBN:
- 9780823240449
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823232628.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
The Jesuit Relations, written by new world Jesuit missionaries from 1632 to 1673 back to their Superior in France, have long been a remarkable source of both historical knowledge and spiritual ...
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The Jesuit Relations, written by new world Jesuit missionaries from 1632 to 1673 back to their Superior in France, have long been a remarkable source of both historical knowledge and spiritual inspiration. They provide rich information about Jesuit piety and missionary initiatives, Ignatian spirituality, the Old World patrons who financed the venture, women's role as collaborators in the Jesuit project, and the early history of contact between Europeans and Native Americans in what was to become the northeastern United States and Canada. The Jesuits approached the task of converting the native peoples, and the formidable obstacles it implied, in a flexible manner. One of their central values was inculturation, the idea of coming in by their door, to quote a favorite saying of Ignatius, via a creative process of syncretism that blended aspects of native belief with aspects of Christian faith, in order to facilitate understanding and acceptance. The Relations thus abound with examples of the Jesuits' thoughtfully trying to make sense of native- and female-difference, rather than eliding it. The complete text of the Jesuit Relations runs to 73 volumes. This book makes selections from the Relations, some of which have never before appeared in print in English. These selections are chosen for their informative nature and for how they illustrate central tenets of Ignatian spirituality. Rather than provide close translations from 17th-century French that might sound stilted to modern ears, this book offers free translations that provide the substance of the Relations in an idiom immediately accessible to 21st-century readers of English. An introduction sets out the basic history of the Jesuit missions in New France and provides insight into the Ignatian tradition and how it informs the composition of the Relations. The volume is illustrated with early woodcuts, depicting scenes from Ignatius's life, moments in the history of the Jesuit missions, Jesuit efforts to master the native languages, and general devotional scenes.Less
The Jesuit Relations, written by new world Jesuit missionaries from 1632 to 1673 back to their Superior in France, have long been a remarkable source of both historical knowledge and spiritual inspiration. They provide rich information about Jesuit piety and missionary initiatives, Ignatian spirituality, the Old World patrons who financed the venture, women's role as collaborators in the Jesuit project, and the early history of contact between Europeans and Native Americans in what was to become the northeastern United States and Canada. The Jesuits approached the task of converting the native peoples, and the formidable obstacles it implied, in a flexible manner. One of their central values was inculturation, the idea of coming in by their door, to quote a favorite saying of Ignatius, via a creative process of syncretism that blended aspects of native belief with aspects of Christian faith, in order to facilitate understanding and acceptance. The Relations thus abound with examples of the Jesuits' thoughtfully trying to make sense of native- and female-difference, rather than eliding it. The complete text of the Jesuit Relations runs to 73 volumes. This book makes selections from the Relations, some of which have never before appeared in print in English. These selections are chosen for their informative nature and for how they illustrate central tenets of Ignatian spirituality. Rather than provide close translations from 17th-century French that might sound stilted to modern ears, this book offers free translations that provide the substance of the Relations in an idiom immediately accessible to 21st-century readers of English. An introduction sets out the basic history of the Jesuit missions in New France and provides insight into the Ignatian tradition and how it informs the composition of the Relations. The volume is illustrated with early woodcuts, depicting scenes from Ignatius's life, moments in the history of the Jesuit missions, Jesuit efforts to master the native languages, and general devotional scenes.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804770866
- eISBN:
- 9780804773812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804770866.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter investigates the impact of political and economic conditions on the forms and functions of music and dance within mission communities in New Spain during the period from 1680 to 1767. It ...
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This chapter investigates the impact of political and economic conditions on the forms and functions of music and dance within mission communities in New Spain during the period from 1680 to 1767. It analyzes the use of music in the Jesuit missions of Baja California, Nueva Vizcaya, and Sonora, and the Franciscan missions in New Mexico, Coahuila, and Texas. The analysis suggests that the forms and functions of music and dance in these mission communities mirrored the political and economic realities of each region.Less
This chapter investigates the impact of political and economic conditions on the forms and functions of music and dance within mission communities in New Spain during the period from 1680 to 1767. It analyzes the use of music in the Jesuit missions of Baja California, Nueva Vizcaya, and Sonora, and the Franciscan missions in New Mexico, Coahuila, and Texas. The analysis suggests that the forms and functions of music and dance in these mission communities mirrored the political and economic realities of each region.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226355597
- eISBN:
- 9780226355610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226355610.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Nicolas Trigault's reworking of Matteo Ricci's journal was a spectacular success. A hefty tome of nearly 700 quarto pages in its original 1615 edition, De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ...
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Nicolas Trigault's reworking of Matteo Ricci's journal was a spectacular success. A hefty tome of nearly 700 quarto pages in its original 1615 edition, De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu reappeared in Latin, French, German, Spanish, and Italian, and was even substantially excerpted in English—all within the space of a decade. The most telling indication of the work's influence, however, came in the form of the mission histories that followed in its wake. Produced and consumed in an era of intense saint-making activity within the Society of Jesus, the first history of the Jesuit mission to China provided ample precedent for a generic shift in Jesuits' writing concerning the Society's presence in the Middle Kingdom. Works written in its shadow continued the hagiographical saga of Jesuit masters of mixed mathematics as instruments of providential action. This chapter looks at other histories of the China mission penned respectively by Johann Adam Schall von Bell and Ferdinand Verbiest.Less
Nicolas Trigault's reworking of Matteo Ricci's journal was a spectacular success. A hefty tome of nearly 700 quarto pages in its original 1615 edition, De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu reappeared in Latin, French, German, Spanish, and Italian, and was even substantially excerpted in English—all within the space of a decade. The most telling indication of the work's influence, however, came in the form of the mission histories that followed in its wake. Produced and consumed in an era of intense saint-making activity within the Society of Jesus, the first history of the Jesuit mission to China provided ample precedent for a generic shift in Jesuits' writing concerning the Society's presence in the Middle Kingdom. Works written in its shadow continued the hagiographical saga of Jesuit masters of mixed mathematics as instruments of providential action. This chapter looks at other histories of the China mission penned respectively by Johann Adam Schall von Bell and Ferdinand Verbiest.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226355597
- eISBN:
- 9780226355610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226355610.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Matteo Ricci's De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu (1615) was the first sustained history of the Jesuit mission in China, as well as the history of a particular sort of ...
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Matteo Ricci's De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu (1615) was the first sustained history of the Jesuit mission in China, as well as the history of a particular sort of apostolic life. Within its pages, the Jesuits' engagement with mixed mathematics in the Chinese mission fields was first transformed from an occasionally convenient tactic to a manifestation of authentic evangelical action. The Society of Jesus's foundational legislative text, Constitutions, stipulated a regular correspondence patterned on the order's administrative structure. The Constitutions' prescriptions represent but a starting point for grasping the development of administrative letter-writing practices within the Society. This chapter examines the emergence of mission histories from the rich substratum of Jesuit correspondence that linked members of the Society of Jesus. In the hands of De Christiana's editor, Nicolas Trigault, the first history of the Jesuit mission in China doubled as a vita of Ricci, the saintly missionary mathematician.Less
Matteo Ricci's De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu (1615) was the first sustained history of the Jesuit mission in China, as well as the history of a particular sort of apostolic life. Within its pages, the Jesuits' engagement with mixed mathematics in the Chinese mission fields was first transformed from an occasionally convenient tactic to a manifestation of authentic evangelical action. The Society of Jesus's foundational legislative text, Constitutions, stipulated a regular correspondence patterned on the order's administrative structure. The Constitutions' prescriptions represent but a starting point for grasping the development of administrative letter-writing practices within the Society. This chapter examines the emergence of mission histories from the rich substratum of Jesuit correspondence that linked members of the Society of Jesus. In the hands of De Christiana's editor, Nicolas Trigault, the first history of the Jesuit mission in China doubled as a vita of Ricci, the saintly missionary mathematician.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226355597
- eISBN:
- 9780226355610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226355610.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
With Thomas Gouye's publication of their scientific labors, China Jesuits finally achieved a textual presence appropriate to the academic persona they sought to embody. After returning to France in ...
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With Thomas Gouye's publication of their scientific labors, China Jesuits finally achieved a textual presence appropriate to the academic persona they sought to embody. After returning to France in 1692 as procurator for the China mission, Louis Lecomte—one of the original mathématiciens du roi—presented the Académie des sciences with more astronomical observations, a map of Tartary, drawings of plants and fish, and accounts of the Jesuits' journeys, among other items. New recruits for the French Jesuit mission departed in great numbers in the late 1690s. Charles Le Gobien told Leibniz in 1698 that the Jesuit procurator at Paris for the missions, Antoine Verjus, had sent eighteen missionaries to China by various routes. This chapter takes up the later fortunes of Jesuit academicians, the limits of generic innovation for bending institutional boundaries, and the legacy of the academic collection in enabling Jesuit participation in European academic cultures from the other side of the early modern globe.Less
With Thomas Gouye's publication of their scientific labors, China Jesuits finally achieved a textual presence appropriate to the academic persona they sought to embody. After returning to France in 1692 as procurator for the China mission, Louis Lecomte—one of the original mathématiciens du roi—presented the Académie des sciences with more astronomical observations, a map of Tartary, drawings of plants and fish, and accounts of the Jesuits' journeys, among other items. New recruits for the French Jesuit mission departed in great numbers in the late 1690s. Charles Le Gobien told Leibniz in 1698 that the Jesuit procurator at Paris for the missions, Antoine Verjus, had sent eighteen missionaries to China by various routes. This chapter takes up the later fortunes of Jesuit academicians, the limits of generic innovation for bending institutional boundaries, and the legacy of the academic collection in enabling Jesuit participation in European academic cultures from the other side of the early modern globe.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226355597
- eISBN:
- 9780226355610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226355610.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter focuses on the entry of a new Jesuit man of science, the apologetic voyager, into the China mission field, French Jesuits first entered the China mission en masse in 1688, their ranks ...
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This chapter focuses on the entry of a new Jesuit man of science, the apologetic voyager, into the China mission field, French Jesuits first entered the China mission en masse in 1688, their ranks increasing rapidly towards the century's close. Traveling eastward under the aegis of the Sun King, they simultaneously broke with Portugal's well-established right of ecclesiastical patronage over the Asian missions and dispensed with the persona of the missionary mathematician by helping themselves to a corporate identity only recently manufactured by the Bourbon monarchy. This chapter examines the making of the Voyage de Siam (1686), a book that was edited by Guy Tachard and harnessed the traditional apologetic functions of Jesuit mission history and the activities of Parisian academicians to the expressive possibilities of the travelogue. In following the passage of the Voyage de Siam from script to print, the chapter evaluates the strategies with which French Jesuit missionaries first asserted themselves as “knowledgeable men” sent by the Parisian Académie des sciences to “make observations in foreign lands.”Less
This chapter focuses on the entry of a new Jesuit man of science, the apologetic voyager, into the China mission field, French Jesuits first entered the China mission en masse in 1688, their ranks increasing rapidly towards the century's close. Traveling eastward under the aegis of the Sun King, they simultaneously broke with Portugal's well-established right of ecclesiastical patronage over the Asian missions and dispensed with the persona of the missionary mathematician by helping themselves to a corporate identity only recently manufactured by the Bourbon monarchy. This chapter examines the making of the Voyage de Siam (1686), a book that was edited by Guy Tachard and harnessed the traditional apologetic functions of Jesuit mission history and the activities of Parisian academicians to the expressive possibilities of the travelogue. In following the passage of the Voyage de Siam from script to print, the chapter evaluates the strategies with which French Jesuit missionaries first asserted themselves as “knowledgeable men” sent by the Parisian Académie des sciences to “make observations in foreign lands.”
Alexander Statman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198779919
- eISBN:
- 9780191825927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198779919.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The chapter discusses Western book collecting in China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It draws from Noël Golvers' Libraries of Western Learning for China and its volume Formation of ...
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The chapter discusses Western book collecting in China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It draws from Noël Golvers' Libraries of Western Learning for China and its volume Formation of Jesuit Libraries (2013), which contains accounts of Jesuit missions during the period and how the Jesuit-run libraries were built, maintained, and dismantled. Golvers relies almost entirely on archival documents, with lengthy quotations throughout the text in at least six European languages and many supplemental graphs, tables, and lists. The main argument is that in the early seventeenth century, the missionaries Nicolas Trigault and Niccolò Longobardo formulated a centralised program for procuring European books and organizing them in China, but it comes off largely as an afterthought. What Golvers actually shows is just how diverse the Jesuit libraries really were. He addresses themes, such as the division between communal and private libraries, the circulation of books, and the continuity of collections.Less
The chapter discusses Western book collecting in China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It draws from Noël Golvers' Libraries of Western Learning for China and its volume Formation of Jesuit Libraries (2013), which contains accounts of Jesuit missions during the period and how the Jesuit-run libraries were built, maintained, and dismantled. Golvers relies almost entirely on archival documents, with lengthy quotations throughout the text in at least six European languages and many supplemental graphs, tables, and lists. The main argument is that in the early seventeenth century, the missionaries Nicolas Trigault and Niccolò Longobardo formulated a centralised program for procuring European books and organizing them in China, but it comes off largely as an afterthought. What Golvers actually shows is just how diverse the Jesuit libraries really were. He addresses themes, such as the division between communal and private libraries, the circulation of books, and the continuity of collections.
José Eugenio Borao Mateo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622090835
- eISBN:
- 9789882207417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Discontinued
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622090835.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter describes the introduction of Christianity in Taiwan. The first contact of Taiwan with Christianity was in the context of Jesuit missions, when the yearly nao from Macao to Japan was ...
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This chapter describes the introduction of Christianity in Taiwan. The first contact of Taiwan with Christianity was in the context of Jesuit missions, when the yearly nao from Macao to Japan was shipwrecked in northern Taiwan in 1582. The 300 persons on board had to stay in Taiwan from 16 July to 30 September, until they managed to go back to Macao in a smaller ship they constructed. Among them were four Jesuit priests and one brother. The first Christian ceremonies ever held in Taiwan were conducted at that time since the Jesuits celebrated mass in their camp. The flow of missionaries entering Taiwan intensified in the first half of the 1630s, when eight Franciscans arrived in 1633.Less
This chapter describes the introduction of Christianity in Taiwan. The first contact of Taiwan with Christianity was in the context of Jesuit missions, when the yearly nao from Macao to Japan was shipwrecked in northern Taiwan in 1582. The 300 persons on board had to stay in Taiwan from 16 July to 30 September, until they managed to go back to Macao in a smaller ship they constructed. Among them were four Jesuit priests and one brother. The first Christian ceremonies ever held in Taiwan were conducted at that time since the Jesuits celebrated mass in their camp. The flow of missionaries entering Taiwan intensified in the first half of the 1630s, when eight Franciscans arrived in 1633.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804752602
- eISBN:
- 9780804774277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804752602.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter considers Aimé Bonpland's arrival in the city of Buenos Aires early in 1817. This reflected the bold decision to chance a career in the Americas in the early phase of the formation of ...
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This chapter considers Aimé Bonpland's arrival in the city of Buenos Aires early in 1817. This reflected the bold decision to chance a career in the Americas in the early phase of the formation of nations there. Despite recognition of his talents from multiple quarters, the unstable politics soon undermined the potential of his scientific work. Still, this was a time for making new connections, of trying new things, including a journey to the former Jesuit missions. In December 1821, Bonpland's life took on a new direction as he was dragged into confinement in Paraguay.Less
This chapter considers Aimé Bonpland's arrival in the city of Buenos Aires early in 1817. This reflected the bold decision to chance a career in the Americas in the early phase of the formation of nations there. Despite recognition of his talents from multiple quarters, the unstable politics soon undermined the potential of his scientific work. Still, this was a time for making new connections, of trying new things, including a journey to the former Jesuit missions. In December 1821, Bonpland's life took on a new direction as he was dragged into confinement in Paraguay.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804752602
- eISBN:
- 9780804774277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804752602.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter considers Bonpland's life following his release in 1831. While educated Europeans took for granted his imminent return to that continent, the long experience of Paraguay and the ...
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This chapter considers Bonpland's life following his release in 1831. While educated Europeans took for granted his imminent return to that continent, the long experience of Paraguay and the friendships developed there anchored him in the subtropics. He came to divide his residence between the former Jesuit missions of Rio Grande do Sul and the grasslands of southeastern Corrientes. In his first year of freedom, his correspondents were almost wholly American, testimony to the immediate challenges of subsistence. Soon after, began a flurry of correspondence with European intellectuals, mainly botanists, which included discussions of plans to publish his South American materials.Less
This chapter considers Bonpland's life following his release in 1831. While educated Europeans took for granted his imminent return to that continent, the long experience of Paraguay and the friendships developed there anchored him in the subtropics. He came to divide his residence between the former Jesuit missions of Rio Grande do Sul and the grasslands of southeastern Corrientes. In his first year of freedom, his correspondents were almost wholly American, testimony to the immediate challenges of subsistence. Soon after, began a flurry of correspondence with European intellectuals, mainly botanists, which included discussions of plans to publish his South American materials.
Jon Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198829492
- eISBN:
- 9780191868030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198829492.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
The first religion proper is that of ancient China. Hegel’s analysis, while mentioning Taoism and Confucianism, seems primarily to be concerned with the state religion that was introduced by the Zhou ...
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The first religion proper is that of ancient China. Hegel’s analysis, while mentioning Taoism and Confucianism, seems primarily to be concerned with the state religion that was introduced by the Zhou Dynasty, which ruled ancient China from 1045 BC to 256 BC. The Zhou defeated the Shang Dynasty and instituted a number of religious reforms. They introduced the idea of an impersonal deity named Tian, which represents a universal force of nature or the universe. In an effort to claim a special divine mandate for their dynasty, the Zhou conceived the emperor as having a unique relation to this deity, which had entrusted him with ruling the world. The emperor is thus regarded as the “Son of Heaven.” Chapter 3 explores Hegel’s critical analysis of this religion and his numerous sources of information about it, which for the most part come from Jesuit missionaries.Less
The first religion proper is that of ancient China. Hegel’s analysis, while mentioning Taoism and Confucianism, seems primarily to be concerned with the state religion that was introduced by the Zhou Dynasty, which ruled ancient China from 1045 BC to 256 BC. The Zhou defeated the Shang Dynasty and instituted a number of religious reforms. They introduced the idea of an impersonal deity named Tian, which represents a universal force of nature or the universe. In an effort to claim a special divine mandate for their dynasty, the Zhou conceived the emperor as having a unique relation to this deity, which had entrusted him with ruling the world. The emperor is thus regarded as the “Son of Heaven.” Chapter 3 explores Hegel’s critical analysis of this religion and his numerous sources of information about it, which for the most part come from Jesuit missionaries.
Norman Russell
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780823251926
- eISBN:
- 9780823253067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823251926.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Modern Orthodox anti-Westernism has its roots in the early modern retrieval of late Byzantine ecclesiological teaching. In the latter part of the seventeenth century Patriarch Dositheos of Jerusalem ...
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Modern Orthodox anti-Westernism has its roots in the early modern retrieval of late Byzantine ecclesiological teaching. In the latter part of the seventeenth century Patriarch Dositheos of Jerusalem embarked on an ambitious program of publication to counter Jesuit and Franciscan proselytization in the Levant. He was skilful in using the privileged position of Orthodoxy in the Ottoman Empire to faciliate the setting up of the first Orthodox-controlled Greek printing press. The books issuing from this press published many late Byzantine works that sought to counter Western ecclesiological claims. Dositheos was also active in resisting Uniatism in the Slav lands and corresponded with Peter the Great (before the Petrine reforms of 1721) in an attempt to strengthen the Byzantine tradition in Russia. He did not mirror the soteriological exclusiveness of the Westerners of that time but simply made the traditional appeal for Rome to return to the status quo ante, the situation before the adoption of the filioque and Roman claim to universal jurisdiction. His approach is still influential.Less
Modern Orthodox anti-Westernism has its roots in the early modern retrieval of late Byzantine ecclesiological teaching. In the latter part of the seventeenth century Patriarch Dositheos of Jerusalem embarked on an ambitious program of publication to counter Jesuit and Franciscan proselytization in the Levant. He was skilful in using the privileged position of Orthodoxy in the Ottoman Empire to faciliate the setting up of the first Orthodox-controlled Greek printing press. The books issuing from this press published many late Byzantine works that sought to counter Western ecclesiological claims. Dositheos was also active in resisting Uniatism in the Slav lands and corresponded with Peter the Great (before the Petrine reforms of 1721) in an attempt to strengthen the Byzantine tradition in Russia. He did not mirror the soteriological exclusiveness of the Westerners of that time but simply made the traditional appeal for Rome to return to the status quo ante, the situation before the adoption of the filioque and Roman claim to universal jurisdiction. His approach is still influential.
