Karl Giberson and Mariano Artigas
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310726
- eISBN:
- 9780199785179
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310726.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This book examines the popular writings of the six scientists who have been the most influential in shaping perceptions of science, how it works, and how it relates to other fields of human endeavor, ...
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This book examines the popular writings of the six scientists who have been the most influential in shaping perceptions of science, how it works, and how it relates to other fields of human endeavor, especially religion. Biologists Stephen Jay Gould, Richard Dawkins, and Edward O. Wilson; and physicists Carl Sagan, Stephen Hawking, and Steven Weinberg, form a constellation of scientists who have become public intellectuals, influencing millions of people around the world. All six have made major and highly original contributions to science, and all six have stepped onto the public stage, articulating a much larger vision for science, how it should work, and what role it should play in the worldview of the modern world. In so doing, they have challenged many traditional ideas, such as belief in God. The scientific prestige and literary eloquence of these great thinkers combine to transform them into what can only be called oracles of science. Their controversial, often personal, sometimes idiosyncratic opinions exert an enormous influence on modern intellectual conversation, both inside and outside science. The book carefully distinguishes science from philosophy and religion in the writings of the oracles, and invites readers to a respectful dialogue with some of the greatest minds of our time.Less
This book examines the popular writings of the six scientists who have been the most influential in shaping perceptions of science, how it works, and how it relates to other fields of human endeavor, especially religion. Biologists Stephen Jay Gould, Richard Dawkins, and Edward O. Wilson; and physicists Carl Sagan, Stephen Hawking, and Steven Weinberg, form a constellation of scientists who have become public intellectuals, influencing millions of people around the world. All six have made major and highly original contributions to science, and all six have stepped onto the public stage, articulating a much larger vision for science, how it should work, and what role it should play in the worldview of the modern world. In so doing, they have challenged many traditional ideas, such as belief in God. The scientific prestige and literary eloquence of these great thinkers combine to transform them into what can only be called oracles of science. Their controversial, often personal, sometimes idiosyncratic opinions exert an enormous influence on modern intellectual conversation, both inside and outside science. The book carefully distinguishes science from philosophy and religion in the writings of the oracles, and invites readers to a respectful dialogue with some of the greatest minds of our time.
John Alcock
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182743
- eISBN:
- 9780199790005
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182743.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This book reviews a variety of evolutionary themes and uses the small terrestrial orchids of Australia to introduce and illustrate these themes. Among the topics explored are the competing ideas of ...
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This book reviews a variety of evolutionary themes and uses the small terrestrial orchids of Australia to introduce and illustrate these themes. Among the topics explored are the competing ideas of biologists who use the theory of natural selection when examining possible adaptations (such as the ability of orchid flowers to attract special pollinators) and those who reject this approach, including creationists as well as the late Stephen Jay Gould. Darwin’s own ideas on the topic are reviewed as his work on adaptive plant behavior, given that orchids provide examples of flowers with moving parts. In addition, the book outlines the ability of evolutionary biologists to trace the origin and subsequent modification of complex traits like the extraordinarily unusual flowers of certain orchids. The book also employs Australian orchids to demonstrate the challenges of determining what a species is and how to preserve the biodiversity that still exists in the world.Less
This book reviews a variety of evolutionary themes and uses the small terrestrial orchids of Australia to introduce and illustrate these themes. Among the topics explored are the competing ideas of biologists who use the theory of natural selection when examining possible adaptations (such as the ability of orchid flowers to attract special pollinators) and those who reject this approach, including creationists as well as the late Stephen Jay Gould. Darwin’s own ideas on the topic are reviewed as his work on adaptive plant behavior, given that orchids provide examples of flowers with moving parts. In addition, the book outlines the ability of evolutionary biologists to trace the origin and subsequent modification of complex traits like the extraordinarily unusual flowers of certain orchids. The book also employs Australian orchids to demonstrate the challenges of determining what a species is and how to preserve the biodiversity that still exists in the world.
Jay Rosenberg
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199251339
- eISBN:
- 9780191598326
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251339.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This book offers an unorthodox, systematic view of the relationships among the concepts of knowledge, truth, and justification. It articulates and defends a conception of knowledge as adequately ...
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This book offers an unorthodox, systematic view of the relationships among the concepts of knowledge, truth, and justification. It articulates and defends a conception of knowledge as adequately justified belief. We correctly judge that S knows that p, whenever, from our de facto epistemic perspective, we judge S able adequately to justify his belief that p. A further ‘truth requirement’ is arguably vacuous and idle, since truth can function neither as the goal of enquiry nor as a constraining condition on any determinate epistemic policy or practice. The corresponding conception of justification is both proceduralist—what are fundamentally justified or unjustified are epistemic conducts and practices—and internalist—a person's belief is justified only to the extent that she is in a position to justify it. Enquiry is correlatively understood as always addressed to determinate questions, properly raised only within a context of defeasible, but settled background beliefs that guide and constrain the procedures and norms of epistemic activity. The theses that matter‐of‐factual knowledge both needs and has available incorrigible foundations are consequently rejected in favour of a resolute anti‐scepticism coupled with a thoroughgoing fallibilism.Less
This book offers an unorthodox, systematic view of the relationships among the concepts of knowledge, truth, and justification. It articulates and defends a conception of knowledge as adequately justified belief. We correctly judge that S knows that p, whenever, from our de facto epistemic perspective, we judge S able adequately to justify his belief that p. A further ‘truth requirement’ is arguably vacuous and idle, since truth can function neither as the goal of enquiry nor as a constraining condition on any determinate epistemic policy or practice. The corresponding conception of justification is both proceduralist—what are fundamentally justified or unjustified are epistemic conducts and practices—and internalist—a person's belief is justified only to the extent that she is in a position to justify it. Enquiry is correlatively understood as always addressed to determinate questions, properly raised only within a context of defeasible, but settled background beliefs that guide and constrain the procedures and norms of epistemic activity. The theses that matter‐of‐factual knowledge both needs and has available incorrigible foundations are consequently rejected in favour of a resolute anti‐scepticism coupled with a thoroughgoing fallibilism.
Karl Giberson and Mariano Artigas
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310726
- eISBN:
- 9780199785179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310726.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The oracles of science: Carl Sagan, Stephen Weinberg, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, Edward O. Wilson, and Stephen Jay Gould make connections between science and culture, and they particularly ...
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The oracles of science: Carl Sagan, Stephen Weinberg, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, Edward O. Wilson, and Stephen Jay Gould make connections between science and culture, and they particularly voice their ideas about religion. Like all great scientists, they have done important work in specific areas, but unlike most scientists, they have a grand view of reality and have elected to engage the deeper cultural and worldview issues of our time. The oracles of science, for the most part, create the impression that science is hostile to religion. Their writings produce the impression that science supersedes religion, and even explains it away. As history has shown, science is all too frequently enlisted in the service of propaganda and we must be on guard against intellectual nonsense masquerading as science.Less
The oracles of science: Carl Sagan, Stephen Weinberg, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, Edward O. Wilson, and Stephen Jay Gould make connections between science and culture, and they particularly voice their ideas about religion. Like all great scientists, they have done important work in specific areas, but unlike most scientists, they have a grand view of reality and have elected to engage the deeper cultural and worldview issues of our time. The oracles of science, for the most part, create the impression that science is hostile to religion. Their writings produce the impression that science supersedes religion, and even explains it away. As history has shown, science is all too frequently enlisted in the service of propaganda and we must be on guard against intellectual nonsense masquerading as science.
Charles R. Geisst
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195130867
- eISBN:
- 9780199871155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130863.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, Financial Economics
Railroad financing through the Civil War, 1840–70. The attraction of railroads as the first major infrastructure investment; scandals involving financiers; major panic following dissolution of Bank ...
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Railroad financing through the Civil War, 1840–70. The attraction of railroads as the first major infrastructure investment; scandals involving financiers; major panic following dissolution of Bank of the U.S.; development of early investment banks; scandals during Civil War including those surrounding U. S. Grant, Jay Gould, and NYSE; raising bonds during Civil War.Less
Railroad financing through the Civil War, 1840–70. The attraction of railroads as the first major infrastructure investment; scandals involving financiers; major panic following dissolution of Bank of the U.S.; development of early investment banks; scandals during Civil War including those surrounding U. S. Grant, Jay Gould, and NYSE; raising bonds during Civil War.
Koji Tanaka
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195381559
- eISBN:
- 9780199869244
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195381559.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This chapter focuses not on the exegetical accuracy of Jay Garfield and Graham Priest's reconstruction of Nāgārjuna, but on the implication that Garfield and Priest draw from this reconstruction. ...
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This chapter focuses not on the exegetical accuracy of Jay Garfield and Graham Priest's reconstruction of Nāgārjuna, but on the implication that Garfield and Priest draw from this reconstruction. They argue that Western philosophers haven't seen an ontological paradox of the sort that Nāgārjuna is interpreted as presenting and, thus, that Western philosophers can learn an important lesson from Nāgārjuna. Their claim that Nāgārjuna can provide us with something new indicates the problematic nature of their overall project.Less
This chapter focuses not on the exegetical accuracy of Jay Garfield and Graham Priest's reconstruction of Nāgārjuna, but on the implication that Garfield and Priest draw from this reconstruction. They argue that Western philosophers haven't seen an ontological paradox of the sort that Nāgārjuna is interpreted as presenting and, thus, that Western philosophers can learn an important lesson from Nāgārjuna. Their claim that Nāgārjuna can provide us with something new indicates the problematic nature of their overall project.
William Seraile
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823234196
- eISBN:
- 9780823240838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823234196.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The demise of the Colored Orphan Asylum at Riverdale was a sad event in the history of an institution that dated to 1836. The founders and early managers were mainly women who sought to do God's will ...
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The demise of the Colored Orphan Asylum at Riverdale was a sad event in the history of an institution that dated to 1836. The founders and early managers were mainly women who sought to do God's will by caring for abused and forsaken black children. They took on this mammoth effort at a time when African Americans were shunned by society. Oppressive laws prohibited much of their daily contact with their fellow white residents unless they were in a subordinate position. The white women, many of whom personally abhorred the horrors of slavery and who wished to do God's will by feeding the hungry and clothing the naked, did so at the risk of “unsexing” themselves in the eyes of their less Christian contemporaries. Men and women of means such as John Jacob Astor, R. H. Macy, Theodore Roosevelt Sr., William Jay, Anna Jay, Caroline Stokes, and many others contributed generously to the betterment of the orphan black child.Less
The demise of the Colored Orphan Asylum at Riverdale was a sad event in the history of an institution that dated to 1836. The founders and early managers were mainly women who sought to do God's will by caring for abused and forsaken black children. They took on this mammoth effort at a time when African Americans were shunned by society. Oppressive laws prohibited much of their daily contact with their fellow white residents unless they were in a subordinate position. The white women, many of whom personally abhorred the horrors of slavery and who wished to do God's will by feeding the hungry and clothing the naked, did so at the risk of “unsexing” themselves in the eyes of their less Christian contemporaries. Men and women of means such as John Jacob Astor, R. H. Macy, Theodore Roosevelt Sr., William Jay, Anna Jay, Caroline Stokes, and many others contributed generously to the betterment of the orphan black child.
Jay P. Mohr
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177640
- eISBN:
- 9780199864799
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177640.003.0027
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter presents a paper published by Jay P. Mohr in 1976. The paper discusses the clinical syndrome of Broca's aphasia and its anatomic foundation, and Broca's cases.
This chapter presents a paper published by Jay P. Mohr in 1976. The paper discusses the clinical syndrome of Broca's aphasia and its anatomic foundation, and Broca's cases.
Michael McKenna
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199740031
- eISBN:
- 9780199918706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740031.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, General
P. F. Strawson's theory of moral responsibility is assumed to involve three theses. First, morally responsibility is interpersonal because the nature of being responsible is essentially linked to the ...
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P. F. Strawson's theory of moral responsibility is assumed to involve three theses. First, morally responsibility is interpersonal because the nature of being responsible is essentially linked to the practices and norms of holding responsible. Second, holding responsible is to be understood by reference to morally reactive attitudes, which are a collection of emotions that are elicited in response to the perceived quality of will in the behavior of a morally responsible agent. Third, holding responsible is more fundamental or basic than being responsible, and so the latter should be explained in terms of the former. In this chapter, the first two Strawsonian theses are advanced, while the third is rejected. The first two are developed in a manner consistent with there being facts about being responsible and about the propriety of holding responsible. These interpersonal features of the theory are explained by comparison with a ledger theory of responsibility whereby being morally responsible is simply a matter of facts about an agent obtaining independently of considerations of holding morally responsible. The third is rejected in favor of explicating being and holding responsible as mutually dependent such that neither is metaphysically more basic than the other.Less
P. F. Strawson's theory of moral responsibility is assumed to involve three theses. First, morally responsibility is interpersonal because the nature of being responsible is essentially linked to the practices and norms of holding responsible. Second, holding responsible is to be understood by reference to morally reactive attitudes, which are a collection of emotions that are elicited in response to the perceived quality of will in the behavior of a morally responsible agent. Third, holding responsible is more fundamental or basic than being responsible, and so the latter should be explained in terms of the former. In this chapter, the first two Strawsonian theses are advanced, while the third is rejected. The first two are developed in a manner consistent with there being facts about being responsible and about the propriety of holding responsible. These interpersonal features of the theory are explained by comparison with a ledger theory of responsibility whereby being morally responsible is simply a matter of facts about an agent obtaining independently of considerations of holding morally responsible. The third is rejected in favor of explicating being and holding responsible as mutually dependent such that neither is metaphysically more basic than the other.
Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195093810
- eISBN:
- 9780199854127
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195093810.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
American citizens carried on their commerce in a world whose rules and conditions were largely laid down not by themselves but by Great Britain. Those conditions were not greatly altered by the Jay ...
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American citizens carried on their commerce in a world whose rules and conditions were largely laid down not by themselves but by Great Britain. Those conditions were not greatly altered by the Jay Treaty, at least not formally. Britain, owing to superior products, greater efficiency and lower prices, intimate knowledge of the market, and extensive credit facilities, would keep the lion's share of the market anyway. America, on the other hand, even while still with a colonial status, had already come to monopolize supply to the West Indies. Shortly after the institution of the federal government in 1789, a new study of British policy was begun by Lord Hawkesbury. The principal argument of the Hawkesbury Report, based on considerable research, was that Lord Sheffield had been right on every count. British policy had been an unqualified success, and it was felt that there was no need whatever to change it.Less
American citizens carried on their commerce in a world whose rules and conditions were largely laid down not by themselves but by Great Britain. Those conditions were not greatly altered by the Jay Treaty, at least not formally. Britain, owing to superior products, greater efficiency and lower prices, intimate knowledge of the market, and extensive credit facilities, would keep the lion's share of the market anyway. America, on the other hand, even while still with a colonial status, had already come to monopolize supply to the West Indies. Shortly after the institution of the federal government in 1789, a new study of British policy was begun by Lord Hawkesbury. The principal argument of the Hawkesbury Report, based on considerable research, was that Lord Sheffield had been right on every count. British policy had been an unqualified success, and it was felt that there was no need whatever to change it.
Roger G. Kennedy
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195140552
- eISBN:
- 9780199848775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140552.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
The battle against race-based slavery and racial discrimination began in New York at the White Plains Convention of 1776, at which the colony's revolutionaries gathered to create their new ...
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The battle against race-based slavery and racial discrimination began in New York at the White Plains Convention of 1776, at which the colony's revolutionaries gathered to create their new government, guided toward abolition by John Jay and Gouverneur Morris. Aaron Burr entered into his first working alliance with the Federalists during the 1790s to free New York's slaves and to protect refugee slaves from recapture by slave-stealing gangs operating on the streets of New York. After proposing abolition in New York in 1775, Jay organized the Manumission Society a decade later and joined Burr in the long fight for emancipation in the state government of New York. As for George Washington, in 1782 he assented to the formation of a “Black Corps” and began the slow progression toward manumission which ultimately led him to free his slaves and to endow them to remain in Virginia. For this implication that a multiracial society was possible, Washington was charged with irresponsibility to his class and section; resident free blacks, like resident Indians, would impede a policy of removal.Less
The battle against race-based slavery and racial discrimination began in New York at the White Plains Convention of 1776, at which the colony's revolutionaries gathered to create their new government, guided toward abolition by John Jay and Gouverneur Morris. Aaron Burr entered into his first working alliance with the Federalists during the 1790s to free New York's slaves and to protect refugee slaves from recapture by slave-stealing gangs operating on the streets of New York. After proposing abolition in New York in 1775, Jay organized the Manumission Society a decade later and joined Burr in the long fight for emancipation in the state government of New York. As for George Washington, in 1782 he assented to the formation of a “Black Corps” and began the slow progression toward manumission which ultimately led him to free his slaves and to endow them to remain in Virginia. For this implication that a multiracial society was possible, Washington was charged with irresponsibility to his class and section; resident free blacks, like resident Indians, would impede a policy of removal.
Roger G. Kennedy
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195140552
- eISBN:
- 9780199848775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140552.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
Jeffersonian foreign policy differed from Federalist foreign policy in its inclination toward France rather than Britain. There were, however, sectional differences within both parties arising from ...
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Jeffersonian foreign policy differed from Federalist foreign policy in its inclination toward France rather than Britain. There were, however, sectional differences within both parties arising from the presence of the slave economy of the South. Napoleonic France and Jeffersonian America were united in seeking to restore race-based slavery to Haiti and other islands in the West Indies. Thomas Jefferson's quasi-alliance with Napoleon Bonaparte offended the moral precepts of many Federalists, such as Alexander Hamilton. It was also contrary to the economic interests of the merchants of the port cities, who wished to trade with any West Indian, of any color, who had products to exchange with American manufactured goods. In the three years preceding the election of 1800, the struggle to restrict slavery in the North united Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. At the end of the 1790s, the United States and France engaged in what President John Adams called a quasi-war. Albert Gallatin issued his famous Black Speech in which he echoed Jefferson's invocation of fear of blacks.Less
Jeffersonian foreign policy differed from Federalist foreign policy in its inclination toward France rather than Britain. There were, however, sectional differences within both parties arising from the presence of the slave economy of the South. Napoleonic France and Jeffersonian America were united in seeking to restore race-based slavery to Haiti and other islands in the West Indies. Thomas Jefferson's quasi-alliance with Napoleon Bonaparte offended the moral precepts of many Federalists, such as Alexander Hamilton. It was also contrary to the economic interests of the merchants of the port cities, who wished to trade with any West Indian, of any color, who had products to exchange with American manufactured goods. In the three years preceding the election of 1800, the struggle to restrict slavery in the North united Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. At the end of the 1790s, the United States and France engaged in what President John Adams called a quasi-war. Albert Gallatin issued his famous Black Speech in which he echoed Jefferson's invocation of fear of blacks.
Roger G. Kennedy
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195140552
- eISBN:
- 9780199848775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140552.003.0023
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
In 1808, Thomas Jefferson rid himself of Aaron Burr. He had never liked Burr from the start. Alexander Hamilton, who is often placed as the statue opposite Jefferson, really was not fully ...
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In 1808, Thomas Jefferson rid himself of Aaron Burr. He had never liked Burr from the start. Alexander Hamilton, who is often placed as the statue opposite Jefferson, really was not fully competitive. Though John Jay once considered appointing him to the US Senate, he was never elected to an office under the Constitution he so ably advocated. Hamilton would not have been a rival to Jefferson in real politics even if he had not been a foreigner, like Albert Gallatin. There is no way for us to learn whether or not Jefferson actually believed what Gideon Granger and James Wilkinson told him of Burr's plans to free the slaves in Louisiana. Yet even if he did not accept their story, their stating it was useful to him in rallying opposition to Burr in the South and detaching from Burr Wade Hampton, as much a power in Louisiana as in South Carolina. It is noteworthy that though Hampton loathed Wilkinson, he did not assist Burr.Less
In 1808, Thomas Jefferson rid himself of Aaron Burr. He had never liked Burr from the start. Alexander Hamilton, who is often placed as the statue opposite Jefferson, really was not fully competitive. Though John Jay once considered appointing him to the US Senate, he was never elected to an office under the Constitution he so ably advocated. Hamilton would not have been a rival to Jefferson in real politics even if he had not been a foreigner, like Albert Gallatin. There is no way for us to learn whether or not Jefferson actually believed what Gideon Granger and James Wilkinson told him of Burr's plans to free the slaves in Louisiana. Yet even if he did not accept their story, their stating it was useful to him in rallying opposition to Burr in the South and detaching from Burr Wade Hampton, as much a power in Louisiana as in South Carolina. It is noteworthy that though Hampton loathed Wilkinson, he did not assist Burr.
Maximillian E. Novak
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261543
- eISBN:
- 9780191698743
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261543.003.0052
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
For all the writing that Daniel Defoe had done before the composition of Robinson Crusoe, indeed for all the prose fiction that he had written, Robinson Crusoe must have come to him as almost as ...
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For all the writing that Daniel Defoe had done before the composition of Robinson Crusoe, indeed for all the prose fiction that he had written, Robinson Crusoe must have come to him as almost as wonderful a surprise as it was to his readers. To modern critics, Robinson Crusoe has appeared as an economic parable, a spiritual autobiography, an adventure story, and a fable illustrating human development and education. The problem of interpretation arose almost immediately with Charles Gildon’s forceful critical assault on the work, The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of D[aniel] De F[oe]. The shaping of Robinson Crusoe was, of course, anything but pure inspiration. The most obvious source for the island episode is to be found in well-publicised accounts of a sailor named Alexander Selkirk. Jay Fliegelman has pointed out that Robinson Crusoe was one of the texts revised better to suit readers in a nation that was in the process of throwing off all ties to the parent state.Less
For all the writing that Daniel Defoe had done before the composition of Robinson Crusoe, indeed for all the prose fiction that he had written, Robinson Crusoe must have come to him as almost as wonderful a surprise as it was to his readers. To modern critics, Robinson Crusoe has appeared as an economic parable, a spiritual autobiography, an adventure story, and a fable illustrating human development and education. The problem of interpretation arose almost immediately with Charles Gildon’s forceful critical assault on the work, The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of D[aniel] De F[oe]. The shaping of Robinson Crusoe was, of course, anything but pure inspiration. The most obvious source for the island episode is to be found in well-publicised accounts of a sailor named Alexander Selkirk. Jay Fliegelman has pointed out that Robinson Crusoe was one of the texts revised better to suit readers in a nation that was in the process of throwing off all ties to the parent state.
Michael Ruse
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195172256
- eISBN:
- 9780199835546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195172256.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter argues that the phenomenon of fraud and dishonesty in science is more akin to a perversion than a straight sin. Examples from the history of evolutionary biology are used to show how ...
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This chapter argues that the phenomenon of fraud and dishonesty in science is more akin to a perversion than a straight sin. Examples from the history of evolutionary biology are used to show how scientists employ supposed examples of fraud to discredit their opponents. Examples are drawn from the history of evolutionary biology involving Darwin, the Piltdown hoax, Edward O. Wilson, and Stephen Jay Gould.Less
This chapter argues that the phenomenon of fraud and dishonesty in science is more akin to a perversion than a straight sin. Examples from the history of evolutionary biology are used to show how scientists employ supposed examples of fraud to discredit their opponents. Examples are drawn from the history of evolutionary biology involving Darwin, the Piltdown hoax, Edward O. Wilson, and Stephen Jay Gould.
Michael G. Ankerich
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813136905
- eISBN:
- 9780813141381
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813136905.003.0025
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The epilogue brings Mae Murray’s story to a close and provides whatever-became-of snapshots of the important characters in her life story: Daniel Michael Cunning, David Mdivani, Robert Z. Leonard, ...
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The epilogue brings Mae Murray’s story to a close and provides whatever-became-of snapshots of the important characters in her life story: Daniel Michael Cunning, David Mdivani, Robert Z. Leonard, and James Jay O’Brien.Less
The epilogue brings Mae Murray’s story to a close and provides whatever-became-of snapshots of the important characters in her life story: Daniel Michael Cunning, David Mdivani, Robert Z. Leonard, and James Jay O’Brien.
John Dupré
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199284214
- eISBN:
- 9780191700286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284214.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Even though evolutionary theory provides insights into the history of life, details of specific phenomena are often greatly overstated and this is what this chapter examines as it discusses the ...
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Even though evolutionary theory provides insights into the history of life, details of specific phenomena are often greatly overstated and this is what this chapter examines as it discusses the importance of the theory and how evolutionary explanations really work. This chapter argues that evolution only sees the organism and not necessarily the trait, so the specific division of organisms into features and traits is not given much study. Particular aspects of an organism can be a source of more detailed study on the theory of evolution. There is an ongoing project within revolutionary studies that aims to translate the actual sequence of living forms and this ongoing research coordinates theory and evidence in a manner that supports evidences and respects scientific claims on evolution. Charles Darwin's significant work on the theory of evolution involves scientific interpretation and its consequences.Less
Even though evolutionary theory provides insights into the history of life, details of specific phenomena are often greatly overstated and this is what this chapter examines as it discusses the importance of the theory and how evolutionary explanations really work. This chapter argues that evolution only sees the organism and not necessarily the trait, so the specific division of organisms into features and traits is not given much study. Particular aspects of an organism can be a source of more detailed study on the theory of evolution. There is an ongoing project within revolutionary studies that aims to translate the actual sequence of living forms and this ongoing research coordinates theory and evidence in a manner that supports evidences and respects scientific claims on evolution. Charles Darwin's significant work on the theory of evolution involves scientific interpretation and its consequences.
Renée C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195365559
- eISBN:
- 9780199851881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365559.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Bioethics took its shape from its first participants from different fields, i.e. religion, philosophy, law, and medicine. Throughout these initial participants, there were certain commonalities: ...
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Bioethics took its shape from its first participants from different fields, i.e. religion, philosophy, law, and medicine. Throughout these initial participants, there were certain commonalities: their roles in religion, their level of social activism, and the influence of their mentors or the institutions to which they belong. This chapter elaborates on these commonalities and their effect in the early development of bioethics. Two influential teachers James Gustafson and Jay Katz are also presented.Less
Bioethics took its shape from its first participants from different fields, i.e. religion, philosophy, law, and medicine. Throughout these initial participants, there were certain commonalities: their roles in religion, their level of social activism, and the influence of their mentors or the institutions to which they belong. This chapter elaborates on these commonalities and their effect in the early development of bioethics. Two influential teachers James Gustafson and Jay Katz are also presented.
Robert C. Roberts and W. Jay Wood
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199252732
- eISBN:
- 9780191719288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252732.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Some of the most interesting works in virtue ethics are the detailed, perceptive treatments of specific virtues and vices. This chapter aims to develop such work as it relates to intellectual virtues ...
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Some of the most interesting works in virtue ethics are the detailed, perceptive treatments of specific virtues and vices. This chapter aims to develop such work as it relates to intellectual virtues and vices. It begins by examining the virtue of intellectual humility. Its strategy is to situate humility in relation to its various opposing vices, which include vices like arrogance, vanity, conceit, egotism, grandiosity, pretentiousness, snobbishness, haughtiness, and self-complacency. From this list vanity and arrogance are focused on in particular. Humble persons are not distinguished from arrogant persons by being unaware of or unconcerned with entitlements; rather, they lack the arrogance that entails a specific kind of motivation called ‘ego-exalting potency’. Humble people are motivated by pure interests regarding entitlements given their ability to serve as means to some valuable purpose or project. The chapter ends by considering a wide variety of ways intellectual humility can promote the acquisition of epistemic goods.Less
Some of the most interesting works in virtue ethics are the detailed, perceptive treatments of specific virtues and vices. This chapter aims to develop such work as it relates to intellectual virtues and vices. It begins by examining the virtue of intellectual humility. Its strategy is to situate humility in relation to its various opposing vices, which include vices like arrogance, vanity, conceit, egotism, grandiosity, pretentiousness, snobbishness, haughtiness, and self-complacency. From this list vanity and arrogance are focused on in particular. Humble persons are not distinguished from arrogant persons by being unaware of or unconcerned with entitlements; rather, they lack the arrogance that entails a specific kind of motivation called ‘ego-exalting potency’. Humble people are motivated by pure interests regarding entitlements given their ability to serve as means to some valuable purpose or project. The chapter ends by considering a wide variety of ways intellectual humility can promote the acquisition of epistemic goods.
Angela Frattarola
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056074
- eISBN:
- 9780813053868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056074.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Chapter 1 questions why the early twentieth-century soundscape was called by its contemporaries “the age of noise,” and considers how the changing soundscape influenced listening practices. In ...
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Chapter 1 questions why the early twentieth-century soundscape was called by its contemporaries “the age of noise,” and considers how the changing soundscape influenced listening practices. In particular, auditory technologies altered sound perception by creating new paths for intimacy, by exposing listeners to a cosmopolitan and bohemian world of new sounds, and by aestheticizing noise and sound through mechanical reproduction. Yet, why else might modernist literature emphasize sound in ways that the previous generation did not? Scholars such as Steven Connor, Jonathan Sterne, David Michael Levin, and Don Ihde hold that auditory experience has been neglected in modernity and philosophy, where sight is traditionally privileged. More importantly, some of these writers suggest that while the eye has a tendency to be distancing and analytical, the ear has the potential to connect humans to one another and their environment. Building on Martin Jay’s argument that a skepticism of vision began with turn-of-the-century thinkers, such as Henri Bergson, and modernist artists, this chapter argues that modernists include the auditory as a way of subverting visual-based notions of rationality and subjectivity rooted in antiquity and the Enlightenment.Less
Chapter 1 questions why the early twentieth-century soundscape was called by its contemporaries “the age of noise,” and considers how the changing soundscape influenced listening practices. In particular, auditory technologies altered sound perception by creating new paths for intimacy, by exposing listeners to a cosmopolitan and bohemian world of new sounds, and by aestheticizing noise and sound through mechanical reproduction. Yet, why else might modernist literature emphasize sound in ways that the previous generation did not? Scholars such as Steven Connor, Jonathan Sterne, David Michael Levin, and Don Ihde hold that auditory experience has been neglected in modernity and philosophy, where sight is traditionally privileged. More importantly, some of these writers suggest that while the eye has a tendency to be distancing and analytical, the ear has the potential to connect humans to one another and their environment. Building on Martin Jay’s argument that a skepticism of vision began with turn-of-the-century thinkers, such as Henri Bergson, and modernist artists, this chapter argues that modernists include the auditory as a way of subverting visual-based notions of rationality and subjectivity rooted in antiquity and the Enlightenment.