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This chapter tells the story of James Clark Ross's 1841 expedition to the Antarctic, in which he named two volcanic peaks after the ships under his command, the HMS Terror and the HMS Erebus. The names of Ross's vessels were not unusual: a first Terror had been launched in 1696, then captured and destroyed by the French in 1704. The Erebus was the second warship to bear the name of the son of Chaos, or Khaos, the foremost of the primordial Greek deities. In Hesiod's Theogonia, Erebus represents darkness and is later changed into the river that runs through the kingdom of the dead. Transformed from warships into expedition vessels, the Terror and the Erebus had glorious and dramatic careers. During Ross's Antarctic voyage, the Erebus collided with the Terror in the course of a particularly difficult navigation among icebergs, but the ships returned to a triumphant homecoming in 1843.

This chapter reviews the book The Image of Jews in Contemporary China (2016), edited by James Ross and Song Lihong. The Image of Jews in Contemporary China includes philosophical reflections, Kaifeng history, a travelogue from a visit to Jewish descendants in Kaifeng, and essays on the Holocaust, Israeli literature, how the general public in China reads the Bible, and political relations between China and Israel. The book begins with the essay “Perceiving Jews in Modern China,” followed by “Images of Jews in Contemporary Books, Blogs and Films,” “Chinese Policy towards Kaifeng Jews,” “Distinctiveness: A Major Jewish Characteristic,” and “Reflections on Chinese Jewish Studies: A Comparative Perspective.”

The Pan-American Highway rises in the far north of the Americas at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska and, except for a small gap in Panama, runs the entire length of the two American continents to terminate at Ushuaia in southernmost Argentina. Along its way it travels nearly 50,000 kilometres, from the polar landscape of the far north, through the boreal forests of Canada, the temperate plains and hot deserts of the USA and Mexico, and on further into the tropical zones of Central and South America, until it reaches the sub-polar landscape of Tierra del Fuego. The American landscape was not always like this. To travel along the Pan-American Highway some three million years ago, in the Pliocene Epoch, would have revealed a different world. It was a little warmer than our own. Far away, the Greenland ice sheet covered only a small part of that land mass. At the other end of the world, there was less ice covering the West Antarctic than we are familiar with today. Going south, from Prudhoe Bay along the Pan-American Highway of the Pliocene, there was none of the scrub tundra now seen by the ice road truckers. Forests then extended far to the north, covering vast areas of northern Canada and Alaska, and draping the coastal margins of Greenland. They stretched, too, into Siberia, a mass of forest extending thousands of kilometres from Norway to Kamchatka. There was almost no tundra in the north, except for a few patches in Greenland and on the far northern extremities of Siberia. Instead the polar sun rose across that well-nigh endless green Pliocene forest. Such a prehistoric journey south along the Pan-American Highway would take one across the grasslands of temperate America. These are truly ancient, having been long established even then. Patterns of seasonal temperature and rainfall, though, allowed forests to grow where none are present today. There were no humans to cut down the trees or hunt the animals that lived in the forests. There were no Great Lakes either, for no northern ice had grown yet, to scour out their floors and fill them with melt water.