Jason C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This book is an international history of the relations between the United States, Britain, and the West Indies during the long decolonization of the latter. It draws on archives in seven countries to ...
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This book is an international history of the relations between the United States, Britain, and the West Indies during the long decolonization of the latter. It draws on archives in seven countries to recover the story of that process, which resulted in the first new nations in the hemisphere—Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago—since the turn of the century. The process had begun amid depression, riot, and World War II, and it concluded at the moment of highest tension in the Cold War Caribbean. Moreover, the islands were a historical fount of black radicalism, which coursed intermittently through the hemisphere as the civil rights movement made the issue of American race relations particularly acute. In addition, the structure built to bring the islands to independence—the West Indies Federation—unexpectedly collapsed at perhaps the worst possible moment. Yet despite these ominous circumstances, the West Indian transition to independence was ultimately among the smoothest seen anywhere in the “Third World.” It avoided the bloodshed that accompanied the end of empire in many areas, and avoided the U.S. military intervention so historically promiscuous around the Caribbean littoral. This book argues that a unique “protean partnership” between the U.S. and the West Indies, one which complemented the Anglo-American relationship, explains the smooth transition. That partnership encompassed the U.S. pursuit of national-security assets such as military bases and strategic materials, the give-and-take of formal Anglo-American diplomacy, and the informal “diaspora diplomacy” of transnational race-activism that nurtured West Indian nationalism and the African American freedom struggle alike. This study contributes to the literatures on inter-American relations, race and foreign affairs, the Cold War, and decolonization.Less
This book is an international history of the relations between the United States, Britain, and the West Indies during the long decolonization of the latter. It draws on archives in seven countries to recover the story of that process, which resulted in the first new nations in the hemisphere—Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago—since the turn of the century. The process had begun amid depression, riot, and World War II, and it concluded at the moment of highest tension in the Cold War Caribbean. Moreover, the islands were a historical fount of black radicalism, which coursed intermittently through the hemisphere as the civil rights movement made the issue of American race relations particularly acute. In addition, the structure built to bring the islands to independence—the West Indies Federation—unexpectedly collapsed at perhaps the worst possible moment. Yet despite these ominous circumstances, the West Indian transition to independence was ultimately among the smoothest seen anywhere in the “Third World.” It avoided the bloodshed that accompanied the end of empire in many areas, and avoided the U.S. military intervention so historically promiscuous around the Caribbean littoral. This book argues that a unique “protean partnership” between the U.S. and the West Indies, one which complemented the Anglo-American relationship, explains the smooth transition. That partnership encompassed the U.S. pursuit of national-security assets such as military bases and strategic materials, the give-and-take of formal Anglo-American diplomacy, and the informal “diaspora diplomacy” of transnational race-activism that nurtured West Indian nationalism and the African American freedom struggle alike. This study contributes to the literatures on inter-American relations, race and foreign affairs, the Cold War, and decolonization.
Sarah M. S. Pearsall
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199532995
- eISBN:
- 9780191714443
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532995.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter investigates a scandal in a family, examining why a cuckolded ‘old husband,’ a rich West Indian planter, was willing to offer forgiveness to his adulterous wife (who had slept with her ...
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This chapter investigates a scandal in a family, examining why a cuckolded ‘old husband,’ a rich West Indian planter, was willing to offer forgiveness to his adulterous wife (who had slept with her own stepson-in-law, an Anglican clergyman). It raises issues about the lives of families divided between Jamaica and England, focusing on their wealth, ambitions, and sexuality, and the complicated ways in which distance between family members created both crises and the solutions to them. It also exposes how a man defined good fatherhood. The chapter scrutinizes white women's and even slaves' abilities to deploy eloquent sensibility, and the limits of this language. It also traces how Atlantic distance could both undermine and make possible ‘family feeling’.Less
This chapter investigates a scandal in a family, examining why a cuckolded ‘old husband,’ a rich West Indian planter, was willing to offer forgiveness to his adulterous wife (who had slept with her own stepson-in-law, an Anglican clergyman). It raises issues about the lives of families divided between Jamaica and England, focusing on their wealth, ambitions, and sexuality, and the complicated ways in which distance between family members created both crises and the solutions to them. It also exposes how a man defined good fatherhood. The chapter scrutinizes white women's and even slaves' abilities to deploy eloquent sensibility, and the limits of this language. It also traces how Atlantic distance could both undermine and make possible ‘family feeling’.
Janson C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Describes the regional landscape prior to World War II. Outlines the factors that would launch the decolonization process and shape U.S. relations with the islands: the West Indian expatriate ...
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Describes the regional landscape prior to World War II. Outlines the factors that would launch the decolonization process and shape U.S. relations with the islands: the West Indian expatriate community in New York; the explosion of labor riots in the Caribbean, especially in Trinidad in 1937 and Jamaica in 1938, and the growth of West Indian nationalist sentiment that followed; the consequent reorientation of British policy, toward welfare and development and eventually federation and independence; the outbreak of World War II in Europe; the West Indian expatriate community forging ties with African Americans to take advantage of British weakness; and the U.S. reaction to the changed situation, leading to the 1940 Anglo-American Bases-for-Destroyers Deal and the construction of U.S. bases in the islands the following year.Less
Describes the regional landscape prior to World War II. Outlines the factors that would launch the decolonization process and shape U.S. relations with the islands: the West Indian expatriate community in New York; the explosion of labor riots in the Caribbean, especially in Trinidad in 1937 and Jamaica in 1938, and the growth of West Indian nationalist sentiment that followed; the consequent reorientation of British policy, toward welfare and development and eventually federation and independence; the outbreak of World War II in Europe; the West Indian expatriate community forging ties with African Americans to take advantage of British weakness; and the U.S. reaction to the changed situation, leading to the 1940 Anglo-American Bases-for-Destroyers Deal and the construction of U.S. bases in the islands the following year.
Jason C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Describes the ill-starred career of the West Indies Federation, beginning its life crosscut with conflicts among its members and mired in the dispute with Washington over Chaguaramas. The chapter ...
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Describes the ill-starred career of the West Indies Federation, beginning its life crosscut with conflicts among its members and mired in the dispute with Washington over Chaguaramas. The chapter examines the change in policy on the American side, reflecting the late-Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations' fear that anti-Americanism and Castroite revolution might spread. Contextualizes the West Indies Federation in two important areas: first, as part of the U.S. response to “Castroism,” and second, as part of the “global race-revolution” manifest in the cresting wave of Third World decolonization and of First World minorities' struggle for equality. Follows the story to the eve of the Jamaican referendum on continued membership in the Federation, a union on which U.S., British, and West Indian policy was predicated.Less
Describes the ill-starred career of the West Indies Federation, beginning its life crosscut with conflicts among its members and mired in the dispute with Washington over Chaguaramas. The chapter examines the change in policy on the American side, reflecting the late-Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations' fear that anti-Americanism and Castroite revolution might spread. Contextualizes the West Indies Federation in two important areas: first, as part of the U.S. response to “Castroism,” and second, as part of the “global race-revolution” manifest in the cresting wave of Third World decolonization and of First World minorities' struggle for equality. Follows the story to the eve of the Jamaican referendum on continued membership in the Federation, a union on which U.S., British, and West Indian policy was predicated.
Janson C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Analyzes the generally constructive course of Anglo-American-Caribbean relations during decolonization. Among the factors explaining this were the pattern of U.S. deferral to British and West Indian ...
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Analyzes the generally constructive course of Anglo-American-Caribbean relations during decolonization. Among the factors explaining this were the pattern of U.S. deferral to British and West Indian actors` on virtually all issues save U.S. pursuit of national-security assets; the fact that with few exceptions, U.S., British, and West Indian interests overlapped; the role played by a gifted West Indian leadership that could tap the resources of black America. These also enabled relations to overcome the West Indies Federation's demise. That demise that showed the limits of transnational race-based solidarity, even as it suggested the importance of non-Spanish-speaking territories in inter-American Cold War diplomacy. It also suggests that although the Cold War could warp the local dynamics of decolonization, the latter were longer-standing and often more important in shaping the end of European empire in the Third World.Less
Analyzes the generally constructive course of Anglo-American-Caribbean relations during decolonization. Among the factors explaining this were the pattern of U.S. deferral to British and West Indian actors` on virtually all issues save U.S. pursuit of national-security assets; the fact that with few exceptions, U.S., British, and West Indian interests overlapped; the role played by a gifted West Indian leadership that could tap the resources of black America. These also enabled relations to overcome the West Indies Federation's demise. That demise that showed the limits of transnational race-based solidarity, even as it suggested the importance of non-Spanish-speaking territories in inter-American Cold War diplomacy. It also suggests that although the Cold War could warp the local dynamics of decolonization, the latter were longer-standing and often more important in shaping the end of European empire in the Third World.
Dianne M. Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195154153
- eISBN:
- 9780199835713
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195154150.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
Studies of African-derived religious traditions have generally focused on their retention of African elements. This emphasis slights the ways in which communities in the African diaspora have created ...
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Studies of African-derived religious traditions have generally focused on their retention of African elements. This emphasis slights the ways in which communities in the African diaspora have created and formed new religious meaning. In this fieldwork-based study, this book shows that African people have been agents of their own religious, ritual, and theological formation. The book examines the African-derived and African-centered traditions in historical and contemporary Jamaica: Myal, Obeah, Native Baptist, Revival/Zion, Kumina, and Rastafari, drawing on them to forge a new womanist liberation theology for the Caribbean.Less
Studies of African-derived religious traditions have generally focused on their retention of African elements. This emphasis slights the ways in which communities in the African diaspora have created and formed new religious meaning. In this fieldwork-based study, this book shows that African people have been agents of their own religious, ritual, and theological formation. The book examines the African-derived and African-centered traditions in historical and contemporary Jamaica: Myal, Obeah, Native Baptist, Revival/Zion, Kumina, and Rastafari, drawing on them to forge a new womanist liberation theology for the Caribbean.
Dianne M. Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195154153
- eISBN:
- 9780199835713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195154150.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This chapter explores the encounter between Europeans and Africans during four centuries of European expansion (1492-1838), looking at the historical legacy of African-derived religions in Jamaica ...
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This chapter explores the encounter between Europeans and Africans during four centuries of European expansion (1492-1838), looking at the historical legacy of African-derived religions in Jamaica during the slave period and its theological potential for contemporary Jamaicans. By examining Obeah and Myal within the socio-historical setting of pre-Emancipation Jamaica, it refutes the bad-versus-good classification of the two traditions as a product of absolutist reasoning in Western Christian thought. Instead, it posits that the idea of moral neutrality is most compatible with the metaphysical assumptions and ethical principles embraced by practitioners of both traditions.Less
This chapter explores the encounter between Europeans and Africans during four centuries of European expansion (1492-1838), looking at the historical legacy of African-derived religions in Jamaica during the slave period and its theological potential for contemporary Jamaicans. By examining Obeah and Myal within the socio-historical setting of pre-Emancipation Jamaica, it refutes the bad-versus-good classification of the two traditions as a product of absolutist reasoning in Western Christian thought. Instead, it posits that the idea of moral neutrality is most compatible with the metaphysical assumptions and ethical principles embraced by practitioners of both traditions.
Dianne M. Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195154153
- eISBN:
- 9780199835713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195154150.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This chapter examines two chief African responses to the European missionary enterprise from slavery to the 20th century. One response was to incorporate aspects of the Christian faith into the ...
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This chapter examines two chief African responses to the European missionary enterprise from slavery to the 20th century. One response was to incorporate aspects of the Christian faith into the African religious heritage. Native Baptist (c.1830s-c. 1860s), Revival Zion (1860s- ), and Rastafari (1930s- ) traditions represent this type of religious formation. The Native Baptists were associated with the African-American evangelist George Liele, who began his missionary work in Jamaica during the late 18th century. The Revival Zion tradition represents a resurgence of the Native Baptist religion. With a Pan-African orientation and deep socio-political convictions, Rastafari, more than any other African-oriented tradition on the island, has shaped the postmodern, post-Christian African personality in Jamaica. African loyalty to Christian orthodoxy, another African-Jamaican response to European missionary Christianity, is also considered in this chapter as it was taught and reinforced by generations of missionary groups, especially after the last quarter of the 19th century.Less
This chapter examines two chief African responses to the European missionary enterprise from slavery to the 20th century. One response was to incorporate aspects of the Christian faith into the African religious heritage. Native Baptist (c.1830s-c. 1860s), Revival Zion (1860s- ), and Rastafari (1930s- ) traditions represent this type of religious formation. The Native Baptists were associated with the African-American evangelist George Liele, who began his missionary work in Jamaica during the late 18th century. The Revival Zion tradition represents a resurgence of the Native Baptist religion. With a Pan-African orientation and deep socio-political convictions, Rastafari, more than any other African-oriented tradition on the island, has shaped the postmodern, post-Christian African personality in Jamaica. African loyalty to Christian orthodoxy, another African-Jamaican response to European missionary Christianity, is also considered in this chapter as it was taught and reinforced by generations of missionary groups, especially after the last quarter of the 19th century.
Dianne M. Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195154153
- eISBN:
- 9780199835713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195154150.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This chapter discusses the ambiguity, contradictions, and controversy surrounding the legacy of African-derived religions in Jamaica, especially with regard to Kumina, a Kongo/Koongo-derived Jamaican ...
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This chapter discusses the ambiguity, contradictions, and controversy surrounding the legacy of African-derived religions in Jamaica, especially with regard to Kumina, a Kongo/Koongo-derived Jamaican tradition. It highlights the dualistic approach to African religions in Black Jamaican culture, especially during the 19th and 20th centuries. On the one hand, African-derived religions and the people who sustain them have been and continue to be stigmatized as dangerous and pathological in Jamaican popular culture. Yet, on the other hand, practitioners of African-derived religions are consulted regularly for healing and crisis resolution. An African-centered womanist “theology of the cross” is developed in this chapter, which shows that Obeah, Myal, Revival Zion, Kumina, Rastafari, and other African diasporic religions share common religious foci that appear to be African-derived and emphasize healing, well-being, and the integration and affirmation of purposeful life experience.Less
This chapter discusses the ambiguity, contradictions, and controversy surrounding the legacy of African-derived religions in Jamaica, especially with regard to Kumina, a Kongo/Koongo-derived Jamaican tradition. It highlights the dualistic approach to African religions in Black Jamaican culture, especially during the 19th and 20th centuries. On the one hand, African-derived religions and the people who sustain them have been and continue to be stigmatized as dangerous and pathological in Jamaican popular culture. Yet, on the other hand, practitioners of African-derived religions are consulted regularly for healing and crisis resolution. An African-centered womanist “theology of the cross” is developed in this chapter, which shows that Obeah, Myal, Revival Zion, Kumina, Rastafari, and other African diasporic religions share common religious foci that appear to be African-derived and emphasize healing, well-being, and the integration and affirmation of purposeful life experience.
Dianne M. Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195154153
- eISBN:
- 9780199835713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195154150.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This concluding chapter considers the implications of studying African-Jamaican religiosity for theology and for African-derived religions. It suggests new directions for Caribbean theology that are ...
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This concluding chapter considers the implications of studying African-Jamaican religiosity for theology and for African-derived religions. It suggests new directions for Caribbean theology that are consonant with the historical manifestations of Jamaica's African-derived religions and with the spiritual insights and ethical imperatives of broader African-Caribbean religions. It argues that African-derived religions are critical in shaping liberative perspectives in Caribbean theology. Some methodological insights and limitations of contemporary Caribbean, Black, Pan-African, womanist, and Latin American theologies are explored, particularly liberation theological approaches to indigenous religions, which seek to bring credibility to aspects of indigenous traditions as they have been incorporated into localized expressions of Christianity.Less
This concluding chapter considers the implications of studying African-Jamaican religiosity for theology and for African-derived religions. It suggests new directions for Caribbean theology that are consonant with the historical manifestations of Jamaica's African-derived religions and with the spiritual insights and ethical imperatives of broader African-Caribbean religions. It argues that African-derived religions are critical in shaping liberative perspectives in Caribbean theology. Some methodological insights and limitations of contemporary Caribbean, Black, Pan-African, womanist, and Latin American theologies are explored, particularly liberation theological approaches to indigenous religions, which seek to bring credibility to aspects of indigenous traditions as they have been incorporated into localized expressions of Christianity.
P. J. MARSHALL
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199226665
- eISBN:
- 9780191706813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226665.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Political History
What began as a conflict over ultimate authority in Britain's American colonies became a worldwide war, as France, Spain, and the Netherlands joined in against Britain. The French sent forces to ...
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What began as a conflict over ultimate authority in Britain's American colonies became a worldwide war, as France, Spain, and the Netherlands joined in against Britain. The French sent forces to America and intervened in wars which Britain was fighting with Indian states. British authority was also challenged in Ireland. The British Empire was severely strained and had to make major concessions. Above all, the war in America proved to be unwinnable, and the independence of the thirteen colonies had to be accepted. Full autonomy had to be conceded to Ireland. Canada and Jamaica were, however, defended, and challenges to Britain's position in India were fought off. The empire survived, soon to expand again.Less
What began as a conflict over ultimate authority in Britain's American colonies became a worldwide war, as France, Spain, and the Netherlands joined in against Britain. The French sent forces to America and intervened in wars which Britain was fighting with Indian states. British authority was also challenged in Ireland. The British Empire was severely strained and had to make major concessions. Above all, the war in America proved to be unwinnable, and the independence of the thirteen colonies had to be accepted. Full autonomy had to be conceded to Ireland. Canada and Jamaica were, however, defended, and challenges to Britain's position in India were fought off. The empire survived, soon to expand again.
Dianne M. Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195154153
- eISBN:
- 9780199835713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195154150.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This chapter begins with a discussion of Christian theology. It then describes the purpose of this study, which is to offer a new paradigm in Caribbean theology, which will reflect the prophetic ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of Christian theology. It then describes the purpose of this study, which is to offer a new paradigm in Caribbean theology, which will reflect the prophetic insights and liberative traditions in the African-derived religions of the region, focusing on the island of Jamaica. Relevant comparisons are also made between Jamaica and other islands in the Caribbean. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of Christian theology. It then describes the purpose of this study, which is to offer a new paradigm in Caribbean theology, which will reflect the prophetic insights and liberative traditions in the African-derived religions of the region, focusing on the island of Jamaica. Relevant comparisons are also made between Jamaica and other islands in the Caribbean. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
Brooke N. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300225556
- eISBN:
- 9780300240979
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300225556.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Focusing on Jamaica, Britain’s most valuable colony in the Americas by the mid-eighteenth century, A Dark Inheritance explores the relationship between racial classifications and the inherited rights ...
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Focusing on Jamaica, Britain’s most valuable colony in the Americas by the mid-eighteenth century, A Dark Inheritance explores the relationship between racial classifications and the inherited rights and privileges associated with British subject status. Brooke Newman reveals the centrality of notions of blood and blood mixture to evolving racial definitions and sexual practices in colonial Jamaica and to legal and political debates over slavery and the rights of imperial subjects on both sides of the Atlantic. Weaving together a diverse range of sources, Newman shows how colonial racial ideologies rooted in fictions of blood ancestry at once justified permanent, hereditary slavery for Africans and barred members of certain marginalized groups from laying claim to British liberties on the basis of hereditary status. This groundbreaking study demonstrates that challenges to an Atlantic slave system underpinned by distinctions of blood had far-reaching consequences for British understandings of race, gender, and national belonging.Less
Focusing on Jamaica, Britain’s most valuable colony in the Americas by the mid-eighteenth century, A Dark Inheritance explores the relationship between racial classifications and the inherited rights and privileges associated with British subject status. Brooke Newman reveals the centrality of notions of blood and blood mixture to evolving racial definitions and sexual practices in colonial Jamaica and to legal and political debates over slavery and the rights of imperial subjects on both sides of the Atlantic. Weaving together a diverse range of sources, Newman shows how colonial racial ideologies rooted in fictions of blood ancestry at once justified permanent, hereditary slavery for Africans and barred members of certain marginalized groups from laying claim to British liberties on the basis of hereditary status. This groundbreaking study demonstrates that challenges to an Atlantic slave system underpinned by distinctions of blood had far-reaching consequences for British understandings of race, gender, and national belonging.
Kathryn C. Lavelle
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199765348
- eISBN:
- 9780199918959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765348.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the development stage of the relationship between the IMF and World Bank, when the work of both converged on lending in developing countries. The primary exogenous shock came ...
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This chapter examines the development stage of the relationship between the IMF and World Bank, when the work of both converged on lending in developing countries. The primary exogenous shock came from the end of the Vietnam War and balance-of-payments deficits, culminating with the end of fixed parity in the IMF. Considerable endogenous change also occurred, chiefly from the “sunshine laws” that opened an array of government activities to public scrutiny. The chapter argues that this combination facilitated new forms of congressional advocacy toward the Bretton Woods institutions because more information on their activities became available as public interest advocacy expanded across American politics. Using amendments to authorization and appropriations bills, groups sought to direct lending of the World Bank, in particular, by earmarks on funds away from countries accused of human rights abuses. Other amendments sought to prevent American participation in the Witteveen Facility and created the Gold Commission. Also during this stage, Congress asserted itself vis-à-vis the executive branch, through extensive negotiations connected to the creation of gold sales to finance the IMF Trust Fund and the Jamaica Accord. While many of the efforts were unsuccessful, they secured future channels of political influence.Less
This chapter examines the development stage of the relationship between the IMF and World Bank, when the work of both converged on lending in developing countries. The primary exogenous shock came from the end of the Vietnam War and balance-of-payments deficits, culminating with the end of fixed parity in the IMF. Considerable endogenous change also occurred, chiefly from the “sunshine laws” that opened an array of government activities to public scrutiny. The chapter argues that this combination facilitated new forms of congressional advocacy toward the Bretton Woods institutions because more information on their activities became available as public interest advocacy expanded across American politics. Using amendments to authorization and appropriations bills, groups sought to direct lending of the World Bank, in particular, by earmarks on funds away from countries accused of human rights abuses. Other amendments sought to prevent American participation in the Witteveen Facility and created the Gold Commission. Also during this stage, Congress asserted itself vis-à-vis the executive branch, through extensive negotiations connected to the creation of gold sales to finance the IMF Trust Fund and the Jamaica Accord. While many of the efforts were unsuccessful, they secured future channels of political influence.
Peter Brock (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151220
- eISBN:
- 9780199870424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195151224.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Three documents are presented, with an introductory text, illustrating the treatment of Quakers as conscientious objectors in the West Indies (under English rule) in the second half of the ...
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Three documents are presented, with an introductory text, illustrating the treatment of Quakers as conscientious objectors in the West Indies (under English rule) in the second half of the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries. The documents relate to militia sufferings in Barbados, 1678–86, and Jamaica, 1683–91, and to alternative service and the Quakers of Antigua.Less
Three documents are presented, with an introductory text, illustrating the treatment of Quakers as conscientious objectors in the West Indies (under English rule) in the second half of the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries. The documents relate to militia sufferings in Barbados, 1678–86, and Jamaica, 1683–91, and to alternative service and the Quakers of Antigua.
R. W. Kostal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551941
- eISBN:
- 9780191714320
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551941.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Legal History
In the wake of the bloody suppression under martial law of rebellious Jamaican peasants in November 1865, the English political class fiercely debated the moral, legal, and political implications of ...
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In the wake of the bloody suppression under martial law of rebellious Jamaican peasants in November 1865, the English political class fiercely debated the moral, legal, and political implications of these events. By mid-December, the ‘Jamaica Committee’, a coalition of evangelical philanthropists, secular intellectuals, and Radical politicians, pressed the British government to investigate what had happened in Jamaica, whether there had been gross abuse of state authority, and whether the governor of Jamaica, Edward Eyre, might be criminally culpable for the summary execution of his erstwhile political antagonist, the Jamaican politician, George Gordon. In the daily and periodical press and in political circles, the Jamaica controversy was reconstructed principally as a legal question: Did a British colonial governor have the lawful authority to suspend civilian law, then to subject prisoners to summary trial and execution?Less
In the wake of the bloody suppression under martial law of rebellious Jamaican peasants in November 1865, the English political class fiercely debated the moral, legal, and political implications of these events. By mid-December, the ‘Jamaica Committee’, a coalition of evangelical philanthropists, secular intellectuals, and Radical politicians, pressed the British government to investigate what had happened in Jamaica, whether there had been gross abuse of state authority, and whether the governor of Jamaica, Edward Eyre, might be criminally culpable for the summary execution of his erstwhile political antagonist, the Jamaican politician, George Gordon. In the daily and periodical press and in political circles, the Jamaica controversy was reconstructed principally as a legal question: Did a British colonial governor have the lawful authority to suspend civilian law, then to subject prisoners to summary trial and execution?
Peter J. Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199640355
- eISBN:
- 9780191739279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640355.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
In the closing stages of the American war Britain gave priority to the defence of the West Indies, regarded as a British asset of the utmost national importance, over efforts to subdue the mainland ...
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In the closing stages of the American war Britain gave priority to the defence of the West Indies, regarded as a British asset of the utmost national importance, over efforts to subdue the mainland colonies. The war had posed acute problems for the islands, but they quickly regained much of their prosperity through their slave‐worked plantation agriculture. Jamaica remained Britain's most valued colony. Although the Florida colonies had been surrendered to Spain at the peace, British governments were still interested in expanding Britain's stake in the Caribbean and around the Gulf of Mexico. The settlement of loyalists from the southern colonies in the Bahamas was supported, trade with the Spanish colonies was encouraged and plans for disrupting the Spanish empire by inciting Indian and creole revolts were revived in 1790 at the prospect of war with Spain.Less
In the closing stages of the American war Britain gave priority to the defence of the West Indies, regarded as a British asset of the utmost national importance, over efforts to subdue the mainland colonies. The war had posed acute problems for the islands, but they quickly regained much of their prosperity through their slave‐worked plantation agriculture. Jamaica remained Britain's most valued colony. Although the Florida colonies had been surrendered to Spain at the peace, British governments were still interested in expanding Britain's stake in the Caribbean and around the Gulf of Mexico. The settlement of loyalists from the southern colonies in the Bahamas was supported, trade with the Spanish colonies was encouraged and plans for disrupting the Spanish empire by inciting Indian and creole revolts were revived in 1790 at the prospect of war with Spain.
Miles Ogborn
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226655925
- eISBN:
- 9780226657714
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226657714.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This book asks what the act of talking meant in a society based on racialized slavery? The answer involves understanding the power of speech as central to eighteenth-century Europeans’ definitions of ...
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This book asks what the act of talking meant in a society based on racialized slavery? The answer involves understanding the power of speech as central to eighteenth-century Europeans’ definitions of what it was to be human, and therefore to determining who could be enslaved and what it was to be free. Pursuing this across five substantive chapters, the book examines in detail the ways in which talk of many kinds – by slaveholders and the enslaved in Barbados, Jamaica, and across the Atlantic world – worked in practice within the law, politics, natural knowledge, spiritual beliefs, and the movements for abolition and emancipation. Evidence comes from a wide range of manuscript and print collections in the Caribbean, North America, and Britain to provide a close examination of forms of talk that demonstrates that attempts to control speech practices – such as oath taking in the courts, political debating in the colonial assemblies, and ways of calling upon supernatural powers (including both European religion and practices of obeah among the enslaved) – were vital to the power of slaveholders. Yet the fact that talk is always open, slippery, and ephemeral – and a powerful practice of the enslaved as well as the enslavers – meant that its various uses undermined as well as underpinned the system of slavery. Through this focus on talk the book develops a new theoretical basis for understanding the relationships between space, power, meaning, and performance in the understanding of imperial and global history and geography.Less
This book asks what the act of talking meant in a society based on racialized slavery? The answer involves understanding the power of speech as central to eighteenth-century Europeans’ definitions of what it was to be human, and therefore to determining who could be enslaved and what it was to be free. Pursuing this across five substantive chapters, the book examines in detail the ways in which talk of many kinds – by slaveholders and the enslaved in Barbados, Jamaica, and across the Atlantic world – worked in practice within the law, politics, natural knowledge, spiritual beliefs, and the movements for abolition and emancipation. Evidence comes from a wide range of manuscript and print collections in the Caribbean, North America, and Britain to provide a close examination of forms of talk that demonstrates that attempts to control speech practices – such as oath taking in the courts, political debating in the colonial assemblies, and ways of calling upon supernatural powers (including both European religion and practices of obeah among the enslaved) – were vital to the power of slaveholders. Yet the fact that talk is always open, slippery, and ephemeral – and a powerful practice of the enslaved as well as the enslavers – meant that its various uses undermined as well as underpinned the system of slavery. Through this focus on talk the book develops a new theoretical basis for understanding the relationships between space, power, meaning, and performance in the understanding of imperial and global history and geography.
Jon Hegglund
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199796106
- eISBN:
- 9780199932771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199796106.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, World Literature
This chapter considers fictional representations of the scale of the island, in particular the islands of the Caribbean treated in Jean Rhys' novel Wide Sargasso Sea and Jamaica Kincaid's essay A ...
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This chapter considers fictional representations of the scale of the island, in particular the islands of the Caribbean treated in Jean Rhys' novel Wide Sargasso Sea and Jamaica Kincaid's essay A Small Place. The titles of each text suggest an ironic ambivalence about the national aspirations of the island realms of Jamaica, Dominica, and Antigua. Rhys' narrative, which exists within the unspoken gaps of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, creates gaps of its own, particularly the geographical gap between England and the Caribbean, represented by the Sargasso Sea, or North Atlantic. By structuring her novel around negative geographical space, Rhys highlights the inadequacy of a worldview that sees oceans as empty extensions of imperial territory. While likewise arguing for the centrality of oceanic space, Kincaid ironically rewrites spatial history so that the “small place” of Antigua becomes a territory written over and over again by intrusions from across the sea. Her account of Antigua suggests a view of the ocean-island relationship as a fundamental metageography that links colonial with neocolonial histories.Less
This chapter considers fictional representations of the scale of the island, in particular the islands of the Caribbean treated in Jean Rhys' novel Wide Sargasso Sea and Jamaica Kincaid's essay A Small Place. The titles of each text suggest an ironic ambivalence about the national aspirations of the island realms of Jamaica, Dominica, and Antigua. Rhys' narrative, which exists within the unspoken gaps of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, creates gaps of its own, particularly the geographical gap between England and the Caribbean, represented by the Sargasso Sea, or North Atlantic. By structuring her novel around negative geographical space, Rhys highlights the inadequacy of a worldview that sees oceans as empty extensions of imperial territory. While likewise arguing for the centrality of oceanic space, Kincaid ironically rewrites spatial history so that the “small place” of Antigua becomes a territory written over and over again by intrusions from across the sea. Her account of Antigua suggests a view of the ocean-island relationship as a fundamental metageography that links colonial with neocolonial histories.
Deepak Lal and H. Myint
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294320
- eISBN:
- 9780191596582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294328.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The thinking behind the method of pairing countries used in the book for the purpose of comparative analysis of their economic history is explained. The salient relationships are then outlined ...
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The thinking behind the method of pairing countries used in the book for the purpose of comparative analysis of their economic history is explained. The salient relationships are then outlined between economic policies and the outcomes of economic growth, poverty alleviation, and income distribution that have emerged from the pairwise country comparisons. The two main findings of the analysis are that (1) there is a close relationship between a country's success or failure in pursuing policies to expand exports and its rate of economic growth; and (2) the growth in income per capita of a country tends to reduce poverty in an absolute sense, although income distribution in a relative sense may become more or less equal with economic growth. The last part of the chapter presents the pairwise country profiles. The first is a group of five small open economies that are divided into two pairs—Hong Kong and Singapore, and Jamaica and Mauritius, linked by a fifth country—Malta; the remaining pairs are Sri Lanka and Malaysia, Thailand and Ghana, Brazil and Mexico, Uruguay and Costa Rica, Colombia and Peru, Egypt and Turkey, Nigeria and Indonesia, and Malawi and Madagascar.Less
The thinking behind the method of pairing countries used in the book for the purpose of comparative analysis of their economic history is explained. The salient relationships are then outlined between economic policies and the outcomes of economic growth, poverty alleviation, and income distribution that have emerged from the pairwise country comparisons. The two main findings of the analysis are that (1) there is a close relationship between a country's success or failure in pursuing policies to expand exports and its rate of economic growth; and (2) the growth in income per capita of a country tends to reduce poverty in an absolute sense, although income distribution in a relative sense may become more or less equal with economic growth. The last part of the chapter presents the pairwise country profiles. The first is a group of five small open economies that are divided into two pairs—Hong Kong and Singapore, and Jamaica and Mauritius, linked by a fifth country—Malta; the remaining pairs are Sri Lanka and Malaysia, Thailand and Ghana, Brazil and Mexico, Uruguay and Costa Rica, Colombia and Peru, Egypt and Turkey, Nigeria and Indonesia, and Malawi and Madagascar.
