Owen Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269229
- eISBN:
- 9780191600456
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269226.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The election of Pius IX in 1846 aroused great enthusiasm among liberals and nationalists in Italy, and the evidence indicates that for the first two years of his papacy, until the Roman Revolution of ...
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The election of Pius IX in 1846 aroused great enthusiasm among liberals and nationalists in Italy, and the evidence indicates that for the first two years of his papacy, until the Roman Revolution of 1848, Pius's liberalism was genuine. But his refusal to join the war against Austria in 1848 highlighted the contradiction between his role as an Italian political leader and his office as an international spiritual leader who had to retain the support of conservative Catholics throughout Europe, including Austria. When revolution broke out in Rome and a republic was declared, the pope had to flee to Neapolitan territory, and he was only restored to the papal states by French and Austrian arms. The experience changed Pius's outlook to that of a resolute conservatism as he lost any belief that papal authority could be reconciled with constitutional government. Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli emerged as the dominant figure in papal government.Less
The election of Pius IX in 1846 aroused great enthusiasm among liberals and nationalists in Italy, and the evidence indicates that for the first two years of his papacy, until the Roman Revolution of 1848, Pius's liberalism was genuine. But his refusal to join the war against Austria in 1848 highlighted the contradiction between his role as an Italian political leader and his office as an international spiritual leader who had to retain the support of conservative Catholics throughout Europe, including Austria. When revolution broke out in Rome and a republic was declared, the pope had to flee to Neapolitan territory, and he was only restored to the papal states by French and Austrian arms. The experience changed Pius's outlook to that of a resolute conservatism as he lost any belief that papal authority could be reconciled with constitutional government. Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli emerged as the dominant figure in papal government.
Antonino De Francesco
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199662319
- eISBN:
- 9780191757310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662319.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The resumption of studies on Italian nationalism focuses upon the aggressive forms that Fascism would later come to represent. The introduction discusses the easy notions of ethnic or racial ...
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The resumption of studies on Italian nationalism focuses upon the aggressive forms that Fascism would later come to represent. The introduction discusses the easy notions of ethnic or racial nationalism, questioning these categories and suggesting how complex Italian nationalism really was. Regarding this, the theme of the antiquity of the Italian nation—that is, the myth of a perpetual presence in the country substantiating a cultural primacy—represents an important example. An examination of the earliest Italy, as it was proposed in 19th-century Italian culture, suggests how it did not have a racial or ethnic basis, its main feature being cultural. This peculiar aspect of early Italian nationalism is outlined in its historical perspective, and the structure of the book is described, indicating how the topic will be followed from its birth during the Napoleonic years to its final demise shortly after the fall of Fascism.Less
The resumption of studies on Italian nationalism focuses upon the aggressive forms that Fascism would later come to represent. The introduction discusses the easy notions of ethnic or racial nationalism, questioning these categories and suggesting how complex Italian nationalism really was. Regarding this, the theme of the antiquity of the Italian nation—that is, the myth of a perpetual presence in the country substantiating a cultural primacy—represents an important example. An examination of the earliest Italy, as it was proposed in 19th-century Italian culture, suggests how it did not have a racial or ethnic basis, its main feature being cultural. This peculiar aspect of early Italian nationalism is outlined in its historical perspective, and the structure of the book is described, indicating how the topic will be followed from its birth during the Napoleonic years to its final demise shortly after the fall of Fascism.
Geoffrey Hicks
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719075957
- eISBN:
- 9781781700785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719075957.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter focuses on the European crisis and the events that preceded the Austro-French war of 1859. It clearly points out that international efforts were made to resolve matters without a war. ...
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This chapter focuses on the European crisis and the events that preceded the Austro-French war of 1859. It clearly points out that international efforts were made to resolve matters without a war. This chapter assesses the framework of ideas and preconceptions within which Conservative foreign policy was determined during the crisis i.e. the Derbyite ‘mental map’. The new policy pursued in 1859 was consistent with the policy of late 1840s. This chapter emphasizes on how Conservatives used the opportunity to preserve British interests while avoiding the kind of interference for which they had so often condemned Palmerston. It provides some evidence of the fact that at the time of Italian crisis, Cabinet members were also engaged in discussions as to how to strengthen British defensive weaknesses. It elaborates that the only new thing that happened in 1859 was French determination to encourage Italian nationalism.Less
This chapter focuses on the European crisis and the events that preceded the Austro-French war of 1859. It clearly points out that international efforts were made to resolve matters without a war. This chapter assesses the framework of ideas and preconceptions within which Conservative foreign policy was determined during the crisis i.e. the Derbyite ‘mental map’. The new policy pursued in 1859 was consistent with the policy of late 1840s. This chapter emphasizes on how Conservatives used the opportunity to preserve British interests while avoiding the kind of interference for which they had so often condemned Palmerston. It provides some evidence of the fact that at the time of Italian crisis, Cabinet members were also engaged in discussions as to how to strengthen British defensive weaknesses. It elaborates that the only new thing that happened in 1859 was French determination to encourage Italian nationalism.
Lucy Riall
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646494
- eISBN:
- 9780191744815
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646494.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Social History
During the momentous events that shook Italy in 1860 as the nation was unified, there was a murderous riot in the Sicilian town of Bronte, on the slopes of Mount Etna. Thereafter, Bronte became a ...
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During the momentous events that shook Italy in 1860 as the nation was unified, there was a murderous riot in the Sicilian town of Bronte, on the slopes of Mount Etna. Thereafter, Bronte became a symbol—of the limits of the liberal Risorgimento and of the persistence of foreign domination: descendants of Admiral Horatio Nelson had the largest landholding in the town and the British were said to have put pressure on Garibaldi to crush the uprising, which his lieutenant did with brutality. Lucy Riall has used the discovery of a new archive to transform brilliantly a local history into an ambitious exploration of much larger themes. Relaying an often brutal tale of poverty, injustice, and mismanagement, her powerful and engaging narrative also opens windows onto the true meaning of the British presence. Bronte’s story becomes one that is also about Britain’s policy towards Italy and Europe in the nineteenth century, and about colonial rule overseas in the age of Empire. It shows what happened when these two different aspects of British power bumped into each other in one Sicilian town.Less
During the momentous events that shook Italy in 1860 as the nation was unified, there was a murderous riot in the Sicilian town of Bronte, on the slopes of Mount Etna. Thereafter, Bronte became a symbol—of the limits of the liberal Risorgimento and of the persistence of foreign domination: descendants of Admiral Horatio Nelson had the largest landholding in the town and the British were said to have put pressure on Garibaldi to crush the uprising, which his lieutenant did with brutality. Lucy Riall has used the discovery of a new archive to transform brilliantly a local history into an ambitious exploration of much larger themes. Relaying an often brutal tale of poverty, injustice, and mismanagement, her powerful and engaging narrative also opens windows onto the true meaning of the British presence. Bronte’s story becomes one that is also about Britain’s policy towards Italy and Europe in the nineteenth century, and about colonial rule overseas in the age of Empire. It shows what happened when these two different aspects of British power bumped into each other in one Sicilian town.
