Cynthia J. Van Zandt
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195181241
- eISBN:
- 9780199870776
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181241.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter examines the importance of the intercultural alliance formed between the Susquehannocks and Virginia colonist William Claiborne in the 1630s, centered around Claiborne's base at Kent ...
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This chapter examines the importance of the intercultural alliance formed between the Susquehannocks and Virginia colonist William Claiborne in the 1630s, centered around Claiborne's base at Kent Island. It puts the alliance in context by considering the Susquehannocks' search for a suitable European ally and trading partner through the first three decades of the 17th century. The Susquehannocks sought European allies and trading partners as part of their strategy against the Five Nations Iroquois. In the end, the Susquehannock-Claiborne alliance was thwarted by intra-English colonial rivalries rather than by intercultural pressures. Maryland claimed Kent Island, expelled Claiborne, and unsuccessfully tried to ally with the Susquehannocks. Despite its relatively short life, the Susquehannock-Claiborne alliance held long-lasting and far-reaching consequences.Less
This chapter examines the importance of the intercultural alliance formed between the Susquehannocks and Virginia colonist William Claiborne in the 1630s, centered around Claiborne's base at Kent Island. It puts the alliance in context by considering the Susquehannocks' search for a suitable European ally and trading partner through the first three decades of the 17th century. The Susquehannocks sought European allies and trading partners as part of their strategy against the Five Nations Iroquois. In the end, the Susquehannock-Claiborne alliance was thwarted by intra-English colonial rivalries rather than by intercultural pressures. Maryland claimed Kent Island, expelled Claiborne, and unsuccessfully tried to ally with the Susquehannocks. Despite its relatively short life, the Susquehannock-Claiborne alliance held long-lasting and far-reaching consequences.
Arnold Krupat
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451386
- eISBN:
- 9780801465857
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451386.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
The word “elegy” comes from the Ancient Greek elogos, meaning a mournful poem or song, in particular a song of grief in response to loss. Because mourning and memorialization are so deeply embedded ...
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The word “elegy” comes from the Ancient Greek elogos, meaning a mournful poem or song, in particular a song of grief in response to loss. Because mourning and memorialization are so deeply embedded in the human condition, all human societies have developed means for lamenting the dead, and, this book surveys the traditions of Native American elegiac expression over several centuries. The book covers a variety of oral performances of loss and renewal, including the Condolence Rites of the Iroquois and the memorial ceremony of the Tlingit people known as koo'eex, examining as well a number of Ghost Dance songs, which have been reinterpreted in culturally specific ways by many different tribal nations. The book treats elegiac “farewell” speeches of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in considerable detail, and comments on retrospective autobiographies by Black Hawk and Black Elk. Among contemporary Native writers, it looks at elegiac work by Linda Hogan, N. Scott Momaday, Gerald Vizenor, Sherman Alexie, Maurice Kenny, and Ralph Salisbury, among others. Despite differences of language and culture, the book finds that death and loss are consistently felt by Native Americans both personally and socially: someone who had contributed to the People's well-being was now gone. Native American elegiac expression offered mourners consolation so that they might overcome their grief and renew their will to sustain communal life.Less
The word “elegy” comes from the Ancient Greek elogos, meaning a mournful poem or song, in particular a song of grief in response to loss. Because mourning and memorialization are so deeply embedded in the human condition, all human societies have developed means for lamenting the dead, and, this book surveys the traditions of Native American elegiac expression over several centuries. The book covers a variety of oral performances of loss and renewal, including the Condolence Rites of the Iroquois and the memorial ceremony of the Tlingit people known as koo'eex, examining as well a number of Ghost Dance songs, which have been reinterpreted in culturally specific ways by many different tribal nations. The book treats elegiac “farewell” speeches of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in considerable detail, and comments on retrospective autobiographies by Black Hawk and Black Elk. Among contemporary Native writers, it looks at elegiac work by Linda Hogan, N. Scott Momaday, Gerald Vizenor, Sherman Alexie, Maurice Kenny, and Ralph Salisbury, among others. Despite differences of language and culture, the book finds that death and loss are consistently felt by Native Americans both personally and socially: someone who had contributed to the People's well-being was now gone. Native American elegiac expression offered mourners consolation so that they might overcome their grief and renew their will to sustain communal life.
Nancy Shoemaker
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167924
- eISBN:
- 9780199788996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167924.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
Eighteenth-century Europeans and eastern Indians of North America shared in how they structured international alliances as being either (1) between nations relatively equal in power, as in peace ...
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Eighteenth-century Europeans and eastern Indians of North America shared in how they structured international alliances as being either (1) between nations relatively equal in power, as in peace treaties that ended European wars and in “one dish and one spoon” alliances among Indians, or (2) between a strong and weak nation, transpiring usually when a weak and battered refugee people moved onto a stronger nation's territory and became tributary to them. German Protestants and French Huguenots, for example, settled in Anglo-America in distinct, autonomous communities but were subordinate in international affairs to whichever English colony their settlement was in. Similarly, the Iroquois Confederacy took in the Tuscaroras and many smaller refugee nations, and the Creek Confederacy included in its network the Yuchis, a self-governing people yet subject to the Muskogean-speaking peoples of the Creek Confederacy in their foreign relations. These arrangements are very similar to the concept of “domestic dependent nations,” a concept put into law by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall's decisions in Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1831) and Worcester vs. Georgia (1832), suggesting that contemporary US Indian law has roots in the ancient traditions of international relations as practiced by both Indians and Europeans.Less
Eighteenth-century Europeans and eastern Indians of North America shared in how they structured international alliances as being either (1) between nations relatively equal in power, as in peace treaties that ended European wars and in “one dish and one spoon” alliances among Indians, or (2) between a strong and weak nation, transpiring usually when a weak and battered refugee people moved onto a stronger nation's territory and became tributary to them. German Protestants and French Huguenots, for example, settled in Anglo-America in distinct, autonomous communities but were subordinate in international affairs to whichever English colony their settlement was in. Similarly, the Iroquois Confederacy took in the Tuscaroras and many smaller refugee nations, and the Creek Confederacy included in its network the Yuchis, a self-governing people yet subject to the Muskogean-speaking peoples of the Creek Confederacy in their foreign relations. These arrangements are very similar to the concept of “domestic dependent nations,” a concept put into law by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall's decisions in Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1831) and Worcester vs. Georgia (1832), suggesting that contemporary US Indian law has roots in the ancient traditions of international relations as practiced by both Indians and Europeans.
Nancy Shoemaker
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167924
- eISBN:
- 9780199788996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167924.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
Exploring international alliances from another perspective, this chapter analyzes the use of metaphors of gender, sexuality, and kinship in international diplomacy. Soldiers and diplomats, whether ...
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Exploring international alliances from another perspective, this chapter analyzes the use of metaphors of gender, sexuality, and kinship in international diplomacy. Soldiers and diplomats, whether Indian or European, used gender to articulate their relationships with other nations. They insulted enemies or peoples they wished to subordinate by calling them “old women” or “eunuchs” and used gendered kin terms to bind nations into alliances framed metaphorically as being between elder brothers and younger brothers, fathers and sons, and in the most famous incidence of gender metaphors in Indian diplomacy, the Delawares-as-women metaphor in Iroquois-Delaware relations, sister's nephews (the Delawares) to uncles (the Iroquois Confederacy). Europeans and Indians understood each other's gender metaphors, suggesting a shared sensibility about the rhetorical power of gender, age, and kin hierarchies as well as a shared anxiety about the “masculinity” of Indian and European nations joined in alliances.Less
Exploring international alliances from another perspective, this chapter analyzes the use of metaphors of gender, sexuality, and kinship in international diplomacy. Soldiers and diplomats, whether Indian or European, used gender to articulate their relationships with other nations. They insulted enemies or peoples they wished to subordinate by calling them “old women” or “eunuchs” and used gendered kin terms to bind nations into alliances framed metaphorically as being between elder brothers and younger brothers, fathers and sons, and in the most famous incidence of gender metaphors in Indian diplomacy, the Delawares-as-women metaphor in Iroquois-Delaware relations, sister's nephews (the Delawares) to uncles (the Iroquois Confederacy). Europeans and Indians understood each other's gender metaphors, suggesting a shared sensibility about the rhetorical power of gender, age, and kin hierarchies as well as a shared anxiety about the “masculinity” of Indian and European nations joined in alliances.
Ian K. Steele
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195084269
- eISBN:
- 9780199853977
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195084269.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
The chapter opens with Swedish Professor Pehr Kalm exploring the wilderness between British and French America in 1749 which took him to Fort St. Frédéric which is a veritable fort whose offensive ...
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The chapter opens with Swedish Professor Pehr Kalm exploring the wilderness between British and French America in 1749 which took him to Fort St. Frédéric which is a veritable fort whose offensive function was made apparent within days of his arrival when six warriors returned in triumph from an attack made in Charleston, New Hampshire, even though such a raid had been forbidden by the governor of Montreal. The chapter discusses the capture and suffering of the Johnson family, their adoption into the tribe, and the subsequent confusion as to their status within the community. The chapter also touches on the Iroquois neutrality and their relations with the Mohawks. The chapter discusses the events that transpired before the Battle of Lake George.Less
The chapter opens with Swedish Professor Pehr Kalm exploring the wilderness between British and French America in 1749 which took him to Fort St. Frédéric which is a veritable fort whose offensive function was made apparent within days of his arrival when six warriors returned in triumph from an attack made in Charleston, New Hampshire, even though such a raid had been forbidden by the governor of Montreal. The chapter discusses the capture and suffering of the Johnson family, their adoption into the tribe, and the subsequent confusion as to their status within the community. The chapter also touches on the Iroquois neutrality and their relations with the Mohawks. The chapter discusses the events that transpired before the Battle of Lake George.
Ian K. Steele
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195084269
- eISBN:
- 9780199853977
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195084269.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter discusses Major General Edward Braddock's secret instructions involving the construction of various forts including one at the south end of Lac St. Sacrement which would protect New York ...
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This chapter discusses Major General Edward Braddock's secret instructions involving the construction of various forts including one at the south end of Lac St. Sacrement which would protect New York from attacks emanating from St. Frédéric. This would later become Fort William Henry. This chapter also discusses the cooperation between William Johnson and the Indian communities of the Mohawk and the Iroquois against the French forces. The French force under the leadership of General Dieskau and his corps d'élite prepared to battle with Johnson's army. The chapter also touches on the events that transpired from the Lake George campaign to the Battle that ensued afterwards leaving hundreds of casualties, most of them Indians from both the Iroquois and Mohawk.Less
This chapter discusses Major General Edward Braddock's secret instructions involving the construction of various forts including one at the south end of Lac St. Sacrement which would protect New York from attacks emanating from St. Frédéric. This would later become Fort William Henry. This chapter also discusses the cooperation between William Johnson and the Indian communities of the Mohawk and the Iroquois against the French forces. The French force under the leadership of General Dieskau and his corps d'élite prepared to battle with Johnson's army. The chapter also touches on the events that transpired from the Lake George campaign to the Battle that ensued afterwards leaving hundreds of casualties, most of them Indians from both the Iroquois and Mohawk.
Roger G. Kennedy
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195140552
- eISBN:
- 9780199848775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140552.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
Along the routes traveled by adventurers such as Aaron Burr, a century of interaction between Europeans and Indians had made commonplace the appearance at treaty conferences of Cherokees and Muskogee ...
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Along the routes traveled by adventurers such as Aaron Burr, a century of interaction between Europeans and Indians had made commonplace the appearance at treaty conferences of Cherokees and Muskogee chiefs named McQueen, McIntosh, MacGillivray, Ross, and Weatherford. However, there were no chiefs named Jefferson, Randolph, or Skipwith because the Scots, not the English, had a long history of merging clan to clan through marriage. Burr's middle ground, a composite culture of Indians and whites, had been formed during the 18th century around Stockbridge, in the Berkshire Mountains of Massachusetts. After 1770, a new middle ground formed between the Mississippi River and the Appalachians. Burr's experience with Indians was in the North, where the Iroquois Confederacy had broken apart during the Revolutionary War in a civil conflict contemporary to that between Whigs and Tories. Mohawks led by Joseph Brant sided with the British, joined by some Senecas and Cagas and by most of the Onondagas. After the war was over, George Washington and Burr did not form an alliance.Less
Along the routes traveled by adventurers such as Aaron Burr, a century of interaction between Europeans and Indians had made commonplace the appearance at treaty conferences of Cherokees and Muskogee chiefs named McQueen, McIntosh, MacGillivray, Ross, and Weatherford. However, there were no chiefs named Jefferson, Randolph, or Skipwith because the Scots, not the English, had a long history of merging clan to clan through marriage. Burr's middle ground, a composite culture of Indians and whites, had been formed during the 18th century around Stockbridge, in the Berkshire Mountains of Massachusetts. After 1770, a new middle ground formed between the Mississippi River and the Appalachians. Burr's experience with Indians was in the North, where the Iroquois Confederacy had broken apart during the Revolutionary War in a civil conflict contemporary to that between Whigs and Tories. Mohawks led by Joseph Brant sided with the British, joined by some Senecas and Cagas and by most of the Onondagas. After the war was over, George Washington and Burr did not form an alliance.
Tom Arne Midtrod
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449376
- eISBN:
- 9780801464126
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449376.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This book examines the complex patterns of diplomatic, political, and social communication among the American Indian peoples of the Hudson Valley—including the Mahicans, Wappingers, and Esopus ...
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This book examines the complex patterns of diplomatic, political, and social communication among the American Indian peoples of the Hudson Valley—including the Mahicans, Wappingers, and Esopus Indians—from the early seventeenth century through the American Revolutionary era. By focusing on how members of different Native groups interacted with one another, this book places Indians rather than Europeans on center stage. The book uncovers a vast and multifaceted Native American world that was largely hidden from the eyes of the Dutch and English colonists who gradually displaced the indigenous peoples of the Hudson Valley. The book establishes the surprising extent to which numerically small and militarily weak Indian groups continued to understand the world around them in their own terms, and as often engaged—sometimes violently, sometimes cooperatively—with neighboring peoples to the east (New England Indians) and west (the Iroquois) as with the Dutch and English colonizers. Even as they fell more and more under the domination of powerful outsiders—Iroquois as well as Dutch and English—the Hudson Valley Indians were resilient, maintaining or adapting features of their traditional diplomatic ties until the moment of their final dispossession during the American Revolutionary War.Less
This book examines the complex patterns of diplomatic, political, and social communication among the American Indian peoples of the Hudson Valley—including the Mahicans, Wappingers, and Esopus Indians—from the early seventeenth century through the American Revolutionary era. By focusing on how members of different Native groups interacted with one another, this book places Indians rather than Europeans on center stage. The book uncovers a vast and multifaceted Native American world that was largely hidden from the eyes of the Dutch and English colonists who gradually displaced the indigenous peoples of the Hudson Valley. The book establishes the surprising extent to which numerically small and militarily weak Indian groups continued to understand the world around them in their own terms, and as often engaged—sometimes violently, sometimes cooperatively—with neighboring peoples to the east (New England Indians) and west (the Iroquois) as with the Dutch and English colonizers. Even as they fell more and more under the domination of powerful outsiders—Iroquois as well as Dutch and English—the Hudson Valley Indians were resilient, maintaining or adapting features of their traditional diplomatic ties until the moment of their final dispossession during the American Revolutionary War.
Cadwallader Colden
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501713903
- eISBN:
- 9781501712555
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501713903.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This book, originally published in 1727 and revised in 1747, is one of the most important intellectual works published in eighteenth-century British America. The author was among the most learned ...
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This book, originally published in 1727 and revised in 1747, is one of the most important intellectual works published in eighteenth-century British America. The author was among the most learned American men of his time, and his history of the Iroquois tribes makes fascinating reading. The book discusses the religion, manners, customs, laws, and forms of government of the confederacy of tribes composed of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas (and, later, the Tuscaroras), and gives accounts of battles, treaties, and trade with these Indians up to 1697. Since the book was first reprinted in 1958, it has served as an invaluable resource for scholars and students interested in Iroquois history and culture, Enlightenment attitudes toward Native Americans, early American intellectual life, and Anglo-French imperial contests over North America. This new edition features materials not previously included, such as the 1747 introduction, which contains rich and detailed descriptions of Iroquois culture, government, economy, and society. New chapters place the volume in a historical and cultural context and provide a balanced introduction to the historic culture of the Iroquois, as well as their relationship to other Native people.Less
This book, originally published in 1727 and revised in 1747, is one of the most important intellectual works published in eighteenth-century British America. The author was among the most learned American men of his time, and his history of the Iroquois tribes makes fascinating reading. The book discusses the religion, manners, customs, laws, and forms of government of the confederacy of tribes composed of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas (and, later, the Tuscaroras), and gives accounts of battles, treaties, and trade with these Indians up to 1697. Since the book was first reprinted in 1958, it has served as an invaluable resource for scholars and students interested in Iroquois history and culture, Enlightenment attitudes toward Native Americans, early American intellectual life, and Anglo-French imperial contests over North America. This new edition features materials not previously included, such as the 1747 introduction, which contains rich and detailed descriptions of Iroquois culture, government, economy, and society. New chapters place the volume in a historical and cultural context and provide a balanced introduction to the historic culture of the Iroquois, as well as their relationship to other Native people.
Kurt A. Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781683400462
- eISBN:
- 9781683400684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400462.003.0011
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Members of the Seneca Nation of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy resided in a surprising variety of settlement forms during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Seneca communities in ...
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Members of the Seneca Nation of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy resided in a surprising variety of settlement forms during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Seneca communities in what is now western New York State lived in sequentially occupied sites that ranged from nucleated to fully dispersed, with and without defensive palisades. The regional Seneca settlement pattern also changed from one with two large core sites and surrounding satellites to a network of evenly spaced smaller sites arrayed across their territory. While earlier scholars viewed these transformations as decline away from a precontact cultural climax, the changes were non-linear and corresponded quite tightly to the dynamics of the regional political economy known in detail from documentary sources. This chapter reviews the details of 1669-1779 changes in Seneca community forms, and examines the lived experience of community relocation as a dynamic time for negotiation, reimagination, assessment of political-economic conditions, and the exercise of power.Less
Members of the Seneca Nation of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy resided in a surprising variety of settlement forms during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Seneca communities in what is now western New York State lived in sequentially occupied sites that ranged from nucleated to fully dispersed, with and without defensive palisades. The regional Seneca settlement pattern also changed from one with two large core sites and surrounding satellites to a network of evenly spaced smaller sites arrayed across their territory. While earlier scholars viewed these transformations as decline away from a precontact cultural climax, the changes were non-linear and corresponded quite tightly to the dynamics of the regional political economy known in detail from documentary sources. This chapter reviews the details of 1669-1779 changes in Seneca community forms, and examines the lived experience of community relocation as a dynamic time for negotiation, reimagination, assessment of political-economic conditions, and the exercise of power.
Stephanie Elizondo Griest
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469631592
- eISBN:
- 9781469631615
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631592.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
After a decade of chasing stories around the globe, intrepid travel writer Stephanie Elizondo Griest followed the magnetic pull home--only to discover that her native South Texas had been radically ...
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After a decade of chasing stories around the globe, intrepid travel writer Stephanie Elizondo Griest followed the magnetic pull home--only to discover that her native South Texas had been radically transformed in her absence. Ravaged by drug wars and barricaded by an eighteen-foot steel wall, her ancestral land had become the nation’s foremost crossing ground for undocumented workers, many of whom perished along the way. Before Elizondo Griest moved to the New York/Canada borderlands, the frequency of these tragedies seemed like a terrible coincidence. Once she began to meet Mohawks from the Akwesasne Nation, however, she recognized striking parallels to life on the southern border. Having lost their land through devious treaties, their mother tongues at English-only schools, and their traditional occupations through capitalist ventures, Tejanos and Mohawks alike struggle under the legacy of colonialism. Toxic industries surround their neighborhoods while the U.S. Border Patrol militarizes them. Combating these forces are legions of artists and activists devoted to preserving their indigenous cultures. Complex belief systems, meanwhile, conjure miracles. In All the Agents and Saints, Elizondo Griest weaves seven years of stories into a meditation on the existential impact of international borderlines by illuminating the spaces in between.Less
After a decade of chasing stories around the globe, intrepid travel writer Stephanie Elizondo Griest followed the magnetic pull home--only to discover that her native South Texas had been radically transformed in her absence. Ravaged by drug wars and barricaded by an eighteen-foot steel wall, her ancestral land had become the nation’s foremost crossing ground for undocumented workers, many of whom perished along the way. Before Elizondo Griest moved to the New York/Canada borderlands, the frequency of these tragedies seemed like a terrible coincidence. Once she began to meet Mohawks from the Akwesasne Nation, however, she recognized striking parallels to life on the southern border. Having lost their land through devious treaties, their mother tongues at English-only schools, and their traditional occupations through capitalist ventures, Tejanos and Mohawks alike struggle under the legacy of colonialism. Toxic industries surround their neighborhoods while the U.S. Border Patrol militarizes them. Combating these forces are legions of artists and activists devoted to preserving their indigenous cultures. Complex belief systems, meanwhile, conjure miracles. In All the Agents and Saints, Elizondo Griest weaves seven years of stories into a meditation on the existential impact of international borderlines by illuminating the spaces in between.
Elizabeth Hoover
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781517903022
- eISBN:
- 9781452958880
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9781517903022.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
Elizabeth Hoover takes us deep into Akwesasne—an indigenous community in upstate New York—the remarkable community that partnered with scientists and developed grassroots programs to fight the ...
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Elizabeth Hoover takes us deep into Akwesasne—an indigenous community in upstate New York—the remarkable community that partnered with scientists and developed grassroots programs to fight the contamination of its lands and reclaim its health and culture. This moving book is essential reading for anyone interested in Native Americans, social justice, and the pollutants contaminating our food, water, and bodies.Less
Elizabeth Hoover takes us deep into Akwesasne—an indigenous community in upstate New York—the remarkable community that partnered with scientists and developed grassroots programs to fight the contamination of its lands and reclaim its health and culture. This moving book is essential reading for anyone interested in Native Americans, social justice, and the pollutants contaminating our food, water, and bodies.
Celeste Tường Vy Sharpe and Timothy B. Powell
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252042232
- eISBN:
- 9780252050978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042232.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Celeste Tường Vy Sharpe and Timothy B. Powell describe how they use the design of digital platforms as teachable problems to engage students in a digital humanities course about the stories of ...
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Celeste Tường Vy Sharpe and Timothy B. Powell describe how they use the design of digital platforms as teachable problems to engage students in a digital humanities course about the stories of Indigenous peoples and the Eurocentric “control over time.” Sharpe and Powell task students with creating a digital project that explores a more culturally specific and nuanced model of Iroquois or Haudenosaunee temporality. In the process, students and teachers alike imagine solutions that may enable digital humanities tools to more accurately represent how Indigenous peoples tell their histories.Less
Celeste Tường Vy Sharpe and Timothy B. Powell describe how they use the design of digital platforms as teachable problems to engage students in a digital humanities course about the stories of Indigenous peoples and the Eurocentric “control over time.” Sharpe and Powell task students with creating a digital project that explores a more culturally specific and nuanced model of Iroquois or Haudenosaunee temporality. In the process, students and teachers alike imagine solutions that may enable digital humanities tools to more accurately represent how Indigenous peoples tell their histories.
Kurt A. Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032511
- eISBN:
- 9780813039428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032511.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
The years 1677–1754 provide a swath of time sufficient to observe long-term trends in Seneca history surrounding the period during which the Townley-Read site was occupied. This chapter deals with ...
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The years 1677–1754 provide a swath of time sufficient to observe long-term trends in Seneca history surrounding the period during which the Townley-Read site was occupied. This chapter deals with the regional and supra-regional political-economic context that would have affected the Townley-Read residents; it supplies a partial and thematic history of the Seneca homeland rather than a fully rounded picture of the Seneca, much less the Iroquois, situation. The 1677–1754 era is bracketed by the diplomatic visit of New York official Wentworth Greenhalgh to Seneca territory in 1677 and the beginning of the Seven Years' War in 1754. The chapter, like the period, is divided into four segments based on the chapter's interpretation of political-economic conditions within the Seneca homeland: the Twenty Years' War, 1677–1701; a period of uncertainty, 1701–1713; the “middleman” period, 1713–1724; and the Oswego era, 1724–1754. A separate, final section considers the overarching issue of migration and the possible shift in French and British focus to the Ohio region.Less
The years 1677–1754 provide a swath of time sufficient to observe long-term trends in Seneca history surrounding the period during which the Townley-Read site was occupied. This chapter deals with the regional and supra-regional political-economic context that would have affected the Townley-Read residents; it supplies a partial and thematic history of the Seneca homeland rather than a fully rounded picture of the Seneca, much less the Iroquois, situation. The 1677–1754 era is bracketed by the diplomatic visit of New York official Wentworth Greenhalgh to Seneca territory in 1677 and the beginning of the Seven Years' War in 1754. The chapter, like the period, is divided into four segments based on the chapter's interpretation of political-economic conditions within the Seneca homeland: the Twenty Years' War, 1677–1701; a period of uncertainty, 1701–1713; the “middleman” period, 1713–1724; and the Oswego era, 1724–1754. A separate, final section considers the overarching issue of migration and the possible shift in French and British focus to the Ohio region.
Craig Yirush
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479850129
- eISBN:
- 9781479838394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479850129.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Over time, Natives and settlers not only came to appreciate the political implications of treaties but also learned to manipulate each other’s legal concepts. Craig Yirush shows the Iroquois’ skill ...
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Over time, Natives and settlers not only came to appreciate the political implications of treaties but also learned to manipulate each other’s legal concepts. Craig Yirush shows the Iroquois’ skill at sequentially deploying indigenous and English concepts during negotiations with delegates from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland in 1744. The Iroquois defended their claims to land in Maryland and Virginia by invoking their conquest of it and their long possession (prescription). Arguments from conquest and prescription, familiar in European colonial discourses, constituted part of the settlers’ case at the treaty negotiations. The Iroquois reworked these arguments to their own advantage, mixing them with appeals rooted in Native legal and rhetorical traditions. Switching between Native and English legal ideas was at once a mechanism for gaining advantages in negotiations, defending interests, outmaneuvering rivals, and enriching intermediaries.Less
Over time, Natives and settlers not only came to appreciate the political implications of treaties but also learned to manipulate each other’s legal concepts. Craig Yirush shows the Iroquois’ skill at sequentially deploying indigenous and English concepts during negotiations with delegates from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland in 1744. The Iroquois defended their claims to land in Maryland and Virginia by invoking their conquest of it and their long possession (prescription). Arguments from conquest and prescription, familiar in European colonial discourses, constituted part of the settlers’ case at the treaty negotiations. The Iroquois reworked these arguments to their own advantage, mixing them with appeals rooted in Native legal and rhetorical traditions. Switching between Native and English legal ideas was at once a mechanism for gaining advantages in negotiations, defending interests, outmaneuvering rivals, and enriching intermediaries.
Nancy O. Gallman and Alan Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479850129
- eISBN:
- 9781479838394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479850129.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Gallman and Taylor take up murder at the boundary zones between the Iroquois and British settlers and between Spanish Florida and the Lower Creeks and Seminoles. Despite contrasts between the legal ...
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Gallman and Taylor take up murder at the boundary zones between the Iroquois and British settlers and between Spanish Florida and the Lower Creeks and Seminoles. Despite contrasts between the legal systems of the empires—civil law and inquisitorial procedure on the Spanish side, common law and trial by jury on the British side—indigenous groups came to similar conclusions regarding murder. Specifically, Native leaders rejected execution of the guilty, as proposed by English law, or other punishments, from execution to imprisonment to exile, under Spanish law. They opted instead to resolve matters by “covering the grave,” or giving gifts by the culpable party to the aggrieved party in lieu of revenge. This practice was less likely to spark a blood feud and enabled indigenous groups to preserve corporate autonomy in the face of pressures to conform to imperial norms. Though reluctantly, imperial officials often went along with this in order to keep the peace.Less
Gallman and Taylor take up murder at the boundary zones between the Iroquois and British settlers and between Spanish Florida and the Lower Creeks and Seminoles. Despite contrasts between the legal systems of the empires—civil law and inquisitorial procedure on the Spanish side, common law and trial by jury on the British side—indigenous groups came to similar conclusions regarding murder. Specifically, Native leaders rejected execution of the guilty, as proposed by English law, or other punishments, from execution to imprisonment to exile, under Spanish law. They opted instead to resolve matters by “covering the grave,” or giving gifts by the culpable party to the aggrieved party in lieu of revenge. This practice was less likely to spark a blood feud and enabled indigenous groups to preserve corporate autonomy in the face of pressures to conform to imperial norms. Though reluctantly, imperial officials often went along with this in order to keep the peace.
Daniel Ingram
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037974
- eISBN:
- 9780813042169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037974.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter studies the area around New York's Fort Niagara and the Western Senecas, called Chenussios by contemporaries, who sought to maintain their customary power in the Niagara River corridor ...
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This chapter studies the area around New York's Fort Niagara and the Western Senecas, called Chenussios by contemporaries, who sought to maintain their customary power in the Niagara River corridor after the Seven Years' War. During the Indian uprising of 1763 they allied themselves with Ohio Valley and Great Lakes Indians in defiance of the new British regime. The Chenussios dealt the British their worst military defeat of the Indian Uprising with an attack at a portage point called Devil's Hole. Then, within the year, they successfully negotiated their forgiveness by giving up territory that they had already ceded to the British military command twice before. Violence and humility at Niagara did not stem from Seneca desperation; rather, they were two parts of an undesired but necessary coexistence strategy.Less
This chapter studies the area around New York's Fort Niagara and the Western Senecas, called Chenussios by contemporaries, who sought to maintain their customary power in the Niagara River corridor after the Seven Years' War. During the Indian uprising of 1763 they allied themselves with Ohio Valley and Great Lakes Indians in defiance of the new British regime. The Chenussios dealt the British their worst military defeat of the Indian Uprising with an attack at a portage point called Devil's Hole. Then, within the year, they successfully negotiated their forgiveness by giving up territory that they had already ceded to the British military command twice before. Violence and humility at Niagara did not stem from Seneca desperation; rather, they were two parts of an undesired but necessary coexistence strategy.
Kurt A. Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032511
- eISBN:
- 9780813039428
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032511.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
The Iroquois confederacy, one of the most influential Native American groups encountered by early European settlers, is commonly perceived as having plunged into steep decline in the late seventeenth ...
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The Iroquois confederacy, one of the most influential Native American groups encountered by early European settlers, is commonly perceived as having plunged into steep decline in the late seventeenth century due to colonial encroachment into the Great Lakes region. This book challenges long-standing interpretations that depict the Iroquois as defeated, colonized peoples by demonstrating that an important nation of that confederacy, the Senecas, maintained an impressive political and economic autonomy and resisted colonialism with a high degree of success. By combining archaeological data grounded in the material culture of the Seneca Townley-Read site with historical documents, this book answers larger questions about the Seneca's cultural sustainability and durability in an era of intense colonial pressures. It offers a detailed reconstruction of daily life in the Seneca community and demonstrates that they were extremely selective about which aspects of European material culture, plant and animal species, and lifeways they allowed into their territory.Less
The Iroquois confederacy, one of the most influential Native American groups encountered by early European settlers, is commonly perceived as having plunged into steep decline in the late seventeenth century due to colonial encroachment into the Great Lakes region. This book challenges long-standing interpretations that depict the Iroquois as defeated, colonized peoples by demonstrating that an important nation of that confederacy, the Senecas, maintained an impressive political and economic autonomy and resisted colonialism with a high degree of success. By combining archaeological data grounded in the material culture of the Seneca Townley-Read site with historical documents, this book answers larger questions about the Seneca's cultural sustainability and durability in an era of intense colonial pressures. It offers a detailed reconstruction of daily life in the Seneca community and demonstrates that they were extremely selective about which aspects of European material culture, plant and animal species, and lifeways they allowed into their territory.
Rachel B. Herrmann
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501716119
- eISBN:
- 9781501716133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501716119.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter details how Indians used hunger to fight back. During the summer of 1779, the rebel American army mounted a devastating victual-warfare campaign, known today as the Sullivan Campaign, ...
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This chapter details how Indians used hunger to fight back. During the summer of 1779, the rebel American army mounted a devastating victual-warfare campaign, known today as the Sullivan Campaign, against Britain's Iroquois allies. Two major related changes occurred after the expedition. First, British descriptions of Iroquois hunger by the 1780s allowed most officials to envision Indians as useful mouths who could overlook hunger while also requiring more provisions. This altered perception of Iroquois hunger created a second change: a reworking of Iroquoian food diplomacy into something more violent than its previous iterations. Iroquoian food diplomacy in the American Revolution was constituted, in part, by mutual fasting—a policy the Indians sometimes had to enforce through the use of aggression. This diplomacy took Indian requests for certain types of provisions into account, obliging non-Natives to go out of their way to accommodate Native tastes. The American Revolution ravaged Indian communities, including Iroquois ones, but, during the war, changing British perceptions of hungry Indians allowed the Iroquois to challenge the state of power relations at a time when contemporaries assumed they were powerless in the face of crop destruction and land losses. Iroquois abilities to ignore and endure hunger made it impossible for their British allies to think of them as useless mouths.Less
This chapter details how Indians used hunger to fight back. During the summer of 1779, the rebel American army mounted a devastating victual-warfare campaign, known today as the Sullivan Campaign, against Britain's Iroquois allies. Two major related changes occurred after the expedition. First, British descriptions of Iroquois hunger by the 1780s allowed most officials to envision Indians as useful mouths who could overlook hunger while also requiring more provisions. This altered perception of Iroquois hunger created a second change: a reworking of Iroquoian food diplomacy into something more violent than its previous iterations. Iroquoian food diplomacy in the American Revolution was constituted, in part, by mutual fasting—a policy the Indians sometimes had to enforce through the use of aggression. This diplomacy took Indian requests for certain types of provisions into account, obliging non-Natives to go out of their way to accommodate Native tastes. The American Revolution ravaged Indian communities, including Iroquois ones, but, during the war, changing British perceptions of hungry Indians allowed the Iroquois to challenge the state of power relations at a time when contemporaries assumed they were powerless in the face of crop destruction and land losses. Iroquois abilities to ignore and endure hunger made it impossible for their British allies to think of them as useless mouths.
Catharine Randall
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823232628
- eISBN:
- 9780823240449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823232628.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Father Isaac Jogues, born in Orleans, France, in 1607, was about thirty-five years old when he came to the New World. He had been well educated in France, and was shy and introverted by nature. He ...
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Father Isaac Jogues, born in Orleans, France, in 1607, was about thirty-five years old when he came to the New World. He had been well educated in France, and was shy and introverted by nature. He was also very devout. When he heard of the Jesuit mission to Canada, he decided not to pursue the literary career that he had been contemplating, and instead offered himself to do whatever work might need to be done. Details on the Iroquois raids and the capture of Father Jogues are presented.Less
Father Isaac Jogues, born in Orleans, France, in 1607, was about thirty-five years old when he came to the New World. He had been well educated in France, and was shy and introverted by nature. He was also very devout. When he heard of the Jesuit mission to Canada, he decided not to pursue the literary career that he had been contemplating, and instead offered himself to do whatever work might need to be done. Details on the Iroquois raids and the capture of Father Jogues are presented.
