Lior B. Sternfeld
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503606142
- eISBN:
- 9781503607170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503606142.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
The ultimate success of the nation-building project, led by the Shah, was evident in the decade leading up to the revolution—when the Jewish community in Iran finally achieved its release from ...
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The ultimate success of the nation-building project, led by the Shah, was evident in the decade leading up to the revolution—when the Jewish community in Iran finally achieved its release from traditional loyalties and viewed itself, first and foremost, as Iranian. This chapter explores the first manifestations of Jewish revolutionary discourse and actions and discusses postrevolutionary Iran and a new nation-building paradigm that Jews faced following the Islamic revolution. This chapter follows the Jewish response to the rapidly unfolding events: from the Shah’s overthrow through the redefinition of the Iranian national identity, from the Iran-Iraq War to the post-Khomeini period. In the post-Khomeini era, Iranian Jews had to navigate between their religious ancestral homeland (Israel) and their national and political homeland (Iran). They had to deftly maneuver between the misinterpretations and deceptions that characterized the harsh rhetoric between Israel and Iran.Less
The ultimate success of the nation-building project, led by the Shah, was evident in the decade leading up to the revolution—when the Jewish community in Iran finally achieved its release from traditional loyalties and viewed itself, first and foremost, as Iranian. This chapter explores the first manifestations of Jewish revolutionary discourse and actions and discusses postrevolutionary Iran and a new nation-building paradigm that Jews faced following the Islamic revolution. This chapter follows the Jewish response to the rapidly unfolding events: from the Shah’s overthrow through the redefinition of the Iranian national identity, from the Iran-Iraq War to the post-Khomeini period. In the post-Khomeini era, Iranian Jews had to navigate between their religious ancestral homeland (Israel) and their national and political homeland (Iran). They had to deftly maneuver between the misinterpretations and deceptions that characterized the harsh rhetoric between Israel and Iran.
Frederic M. Wehrey
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231165129
- eISBN:
- 9780231536103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231165129.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines the seminal impact of the Iranian Revolution on Persian Gulf societies in general and on Shi'a–Sunni relations in particular in the post-2003 era. A seismic event in Gulf ...
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This chapter examines the seminal impact of the Iranian Revolution on Persian Gulf societies in general and on Shi'a–Sunni relations in particular in the post-2003 era. A seismic event in Gulf political life, the Iranian Revolution and its aftermath continue to weigh heavily on sectarianism, acting as a lens through which domestic actors view regional events such as the Iraq War, the 2006 Lebanon War, and, less explicitly, the Arab uprisings of 2011. Since 2003, Gulf regimes have deployed tactics that bear a striking resemblance to those pursued in the aftermath of the revolution: preemptive reforms to mitigate Shi'a discontent, “sectarian balancing” (co-opting Sunnis to balance the Shi'a), and tacitly encouraging vitriolic anti-Shi'a discourse by Sunni clerics, repression, and censorship. Most significant, however, the revolutionary decade highlighted the importance of domestic institutions as buffers against external ideological influences and as determinants of regime threat perception.Less
This chapter examines the seminal impact of the Iranian Revolution on Persian Gulf societies in general and on Shi'a–Sunni relations in particular in the post-2003 era. A seismic event in Gulf political life, the Iranian Revolution and its aftermath continue to weigh heavily on sectarianism, acting as a lens through which domestic actors view regional events such as the Iraq War, the 2006 Lebanon War, and, less explicitly, the Arab uprisings of 2011. Since 2003, Gulf regimes have deployed tactics that bear a striking resemblance to those pursued in the aftermath of the revolution: preemptive reforms to mitigate Shi'a discontent, “sectarian balancing” (co-opting Sunnis to balance the Shi'a), and tacitly encouraging vitriolic anti-Shi'a discourse by Sunni clerics, repression, and censorship. Most significant, however, the revolutionary decade highlighted the importance of domestic institutions as buffers against external ideological influences and as determinants of regime threat perception.
Matthew K. Shannon
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501713132
- eISBN:
- 9781501709708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501713132.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The conclusion studies the groups of U.S.-trained revolutionaries that returned to Iran to contribute to the overthrow of the shah and the establishment of the Islamic Republic.
The conclusion studies the groups of U.S.-trained revolutionaries that returned to Iran to contribute to the overthrow of the shah and the establishment of the Islamic Republic.
Jamal J. Elias
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520290075
- eISBN:
- 9780520964402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520290075.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter follows the pattern of the previous two: it begins with a brief history of education and religion in modern Iran in order to situate the discussion of representations of childhood in the ...
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This chapter follows the pattern of the previous two: it begins with a brief history of education and religion in modern Iran in order to situate the discussion of representations of childhood in the society. It brings together poster arts and children’s books that are each the focus of the two previous chapters, and adds other visual materials, especially postage stamps. In the case of Iran, the focus is on materials produced by official and parastatal entities as part of a conscious policy of opinion molding and propaganda. Visual materials commemorating the Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq War, and the Basij volunteer soldiers serve as subjects to advanced theories presented in the previous chapters. In particular, this chapter moves forward the discussion of gender and sacrifice, demonstrating how male and female opportunities for offering the gift of sacrifice occur in different forms and at different ages.Less
This chapter follows the pattern of the previous two: it begins with a brief history of education and religion in modern Iran in order to situate the discussion of representations of childhood in the society. It brings together poster arts and children’s books that are each the focus of the two previous chapters, and adds other visual materials, especially postage stamps. In the case of Iran, the focus is on materials produced by official and parastatal entities as part of a conscious policy of opinion molding and propaganda. Visual materials commemorating the Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq War, and the Basij volunteer soldiers serve as subjects to advanced theories presented in the previous chapters. In particular, this chapter moves forward the discussion of gender and sacrifice, demonstrating how male and female opportunities for offering the gift of sacrifice occur in different forms and at different ages.
Melinda Cooper
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780823255962
- eISBN:
- 9780823261284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823255962.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
The chapter by Cooper argues that Foucault’s engagement with the early phases of the Iranian Revolution sheds a great deal of light on his understanding of neoliberalism as a new normative order of ...
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The chapter by Cooper argues that Foucault’s engagement with the early phases of the Iranian Revolution sheds a great deal of light on his understanding of neoliberalism as a new normative order of the household (oiko-nomia). On Cooper’s reading, Foucault’s fascination with the ideology of the Iranian Revolution betrays his intention to recover the “ancient” understanding of the nomos of the household in order to offset Becker’s neoliberal “new household economics” that threatens to destroy all sexual discipline, all substantive sexual normative order, by turning every individual into the entrepreneur of his or her own body and sexuality.Less
The chapter by Cooper argues that Foucault’s engagement with the early phases of the Iranian Revolution sheds a great deal of light on his understanding of neoliberalism as a new normative order of the household (oiko-nomia). On Cooper’s reading, Foucault’s fascination with the ideology of the Iranian Revolution betrays his intention to recover the “ancient” understanding of the nomos of the household in order to offset Becker’s neoliberal “new household economics” that threatens to destroy all sexual discipline, all substantive sexual normative order, by turning every individual into the entrepreneur of his or her own body and sexuality.
Katarzyna Korycki and Abouzar Nasirzadeh
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037726
- eISBN:
- 9780252095009
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037726.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter demonstrates how the Iranian state, far from being the pawn of Western machinations, has varied its stance toward homosexuality in pursuit of its objectives—namely modernization, ...
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This chapter demonstrates how the Iranian state, far from being the pawn of Western machinations, has varied its stance toward homosexuality in pursuit of its objectives—namely modernization, consolidation, and most recently, deliberalization. In doing so, it has refashioned family and gender relations, positioned itself concerning the imperial appetites of the West, and centralized and expanded its power. To trace how this happened, the chapter anchors the story around three moments in which anti-homosexual rhetoric and practice have been deployed. First is the modernization moment lasting from the early nineteenth century to the onset of the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Second is the Islamic nation-state consolidation moment following the revolution. Third is the conservative backlash following the attempted liberalization of 1997 and persisting until today.Less
This chapter demonstrates how the Iranian state, far from being the pawn of Western machinations, has varied its stance toward homosexuality in pursuit of its objectives—namely modernization, consolidation, and most recently, deliberalization. In doing so, it has refashioned family and gender relations, positioned itself concerning the imperial appetites of the West, and centralized and expanded its power. To trace how this happened, the chapter anchors the story around three moments in which anti-homosexual rhetoric and practice have been deployed. First is the modernization moment lasting from the early nineteenth century to the onset of the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Second is the Islamic nation-state consolidation moment following the revolution. Third is the conservative backlash following the attempted liberalization of 1997 and persisting until today.
Blake Atwood
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231178174
- eISBN:
- 9780231543149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231178174.003.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Establishes reform as a cinematic category, the inheritor of revolutionary cinema in certain state-controlled cinemas. It surveys the contentious position of film in revolutionary discourse in Iran ...
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Establishes reform as a cinematic category, the inheritor of revolutionary cinema in certain state-controlled cinemas. It surveys the contentious position of film in revolutionary discourse in Iran and connects "reform cinema" to the scholarship on Third Cinema and Post-Third Cinema aesthetics. This chapter also establishes Mohammad Khatami's professional career as an organizing scheme for the book and discusses the tenets most important to his political platform.Less
Establishes reform as a cinematic category, the inheritor of revolutionary cinema in certain state-controlled cinemas. It surveys the contentious position of film in revolutionary discourse in Iran and connects "reform cinema" to the scholarship on Third Cinema and Post-Third Cinema aesthetics. This chapter also establishes Mohammad Khatami's professional career as an organizing scheme for the book and discusses the tenets most important to his political platform.
Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300197990
- eISBN:
- 9780300220667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300197990.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter provides an introduction to Charand-o Parand. In the early years of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1906–11), Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā (1879–1956) published a series of satirical ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to Charand-o Parand. In the early years of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1906–11), Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā (1879–1956) published a series of satirical columns under the title Charand-o Parand for the social democratic newspaper Sur-e Esrāfil (SE). Sur-e Esrāfil, which began publication on May 30, 1907, adopted an uncompromising anticolonialist position and routinely exposed the machinations of Western diplomats in Iran, specifically those of Russia and Great Britain. But it reserved its harshest criticisms for the clerical establishment, both the lowest-ranking members of the caste of mullas, who were blamed for propagating ignorance and superstition, and those belonging to the highest echelons who had openly sided with the anticonstitutionalist faction. The popularity of the Charand-o Parand columns made SE one of the best-known publications of the Constitutional Revolution and a harbinger of modern journalism in Iran. The remainder of the chapter briefly assesses the historical period in which SE appeared, the life and career of Dehkhod rā, and the groundbreaking contributions of the Charand-o Parand essays.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to Charand-o Parand. In the early years of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1906–11), Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā (1879–1956) published a series of satirical columns under the title Charand-o Parand for the social democratic newspaper Sur-e Esrāfil (SE). Sur-e Esrāfil, which began publication on May 30, 1907, adopted an uncompromising anticolonialist position and routinely exposed the machinations of Western diplomats in Iran, specifically those of Russia and Great Britain. But it reserved its harshest criticisms for the clerical establishment, both the lowest-ranking members of the caste of mullas, who were blamed for propagating ignorance and superstition, and those belonging to the highest echelons who had openly sided with the anticonstitutionalist faction. The popularity of the Charand-o Parand columns made SE one of the best-known publications of the Constitutional Revolution and a harbinger of modern journalism in Iran. The remainder of the chapter briefly assesses the historical period in which SE appeared, the life and career of Dehkhod rā, and the groundbreaking contributions of the Charand-o Parand essays.
Behrooz Ghamari-Tabrizi
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780816699483
- eISBN:
- 9781452955254
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816699483.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
The chapter draws a detailed picture of how the revolutionary movements in Iran began and the contingencies within which it unfolded. It highlights its religious character and shows how that ...
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The chapter draws a detailed picture of how the revolutionary movements in Iran began and the contingencies within which it unfolded. It highlights its religious character and shows how that characteristic manifested itself in the revolution’s symbolic expressions and rhythm.Less
The chapter draws a detailed picture of how the revolutionary movements in Iran began and the contingencies within which it unfolded. It highlights its religious character and shows how that characteristic manifested itself in the revolution’s symbolic expressions and rhythm.
GEORGE H. ALDRICH
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198258056
- eISBN:
- 9780191681776
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198258056.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter reviews the Decisions by the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal on certain issues. One result of the Iranian Revolution was the abrupt and massive departure from Iran of foreign ...
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This chapter reviews the Decisions by the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal on certain issues. One result of the Iranian Revolution was the abrupt and massive departure from Iran of foreign nationals, including Americans. The concept of liability for wrongful expulsion was first referred to in dicta in International Technical Products Corp., et al. v. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, et al. The Tribunal noted that the claimants conceded that they had decided to leave Iran in December 1978 because of the conditions then prevailing, and the Tribunal concluded that it could decide the claims and counterclaims without deciding whether they were expelled from Iran. The first expulsion Award by the Tribunal was Alfred L. W. Short v. The Islamic Republic of Iran, and it held that the claimant had failed to prove that his departure was attributable to wrongful conduct by Iran.Less
This chapter reviews the Decisions by the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal on certain issues. One result of the Iranian Revolution was the abrupt and massive departure from Iran of foreign nationals, including Americans. The concept of liability for wrongful expulsion was first referred to in dicta in International Technical Products Corp., et al. v. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, et al. The Tribunal noted that the claimants conceded that they had decided to leave Iran in December 1978 because of the conditions then prevailing, and the Tribunal concluded that it could decide the claims and counterclaims without deciding whether they were expelled from Iran. The first expulsion Award by the Tribunal was Alfred L. W. Short v. The Islamic Republic of Iran, and it held that the claimant had failed to prove that his departure was attributable to wrongful conduct by Iran.
Geoffrey F. Gresh
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804794206
- eISBN:
- 9780804795067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804794206.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
After declaring independence in 1971, Bahrain signed a basing agreement with the United States, prompted by external security fears associated with Iran’s desire to annex the tiny island nation. But ...
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After declaring independence in 1971, Bahrain signed a basing agreement with the United States, prompted by external security fears associated with Iran’s desire to annex the tiny island nation. But when the Yom Kippur War broke out in 1973 with the U.S. supporting Israel in the war, Bahrainis violently voiced their outrage over the U.S. naval presence. In late 1973, the Bahraini government announced that the U.S. naval basing agreement would be terminated. The U.S. lost its homeport at Jufair, but it was able to negotiate the maintenance of a light footprint including the presence of an administrative support unit for U.S. naval regional logistics. This chapter examines both the domestic security challenges faced by the Khalifas during this period and the politics involved in the homeport expulsion.Less
After declaring independence in 1971, Bahrain signed a basing agreement with the United States, prompted by external security fears associated with Iran’s desire to annex the tiny island nation. But when the Yom Kippur War broke out in 1973 with the U.S. supporting Israel in the war, Bahrainis violently voiced their outrage over the U.S. naval presence. In late 1973, the Bahraini government announced that the U.S. naval basing agreement would be terminated. The U.S. lost its homeport at Jufair, but it was able to negotiate the maintenance of a light footprint including the presence of an administrative support unit for U.S. naval regional logistics. This chapter examines both the domestic security challenges faced by the Khalifas during this period and the politics involved in the homeport expulsion.
Behrooz Ghamari-Tabrizi
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780816699483
- eISBN:
- 9781452955254
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816699483.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter raises the question of how one can write history of the present without preconceived commitments to a universal History. It proposes that thinking about history is only meaningful if ...
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This chapter raises the question of how one can write history of the present without preconceived commitments to a universal History. It proposes that thinking about history is only meaningful if historical agents promote novel possibilities and act toward them.Less
This chapter raises the question of how one can write history of the present without preconceived commitments to a universal History. It proposes that thinking about history is only meaningful if historical agents promote novel possibilities and act toward them.
Bruce Lincoln
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199372362
- eISBN:
- 9780199372393
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199372362.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Using an episode from Swazi resistance to British colonial power as an example, this chapter shows how narratives can be elevated to mythic status in order to achieve desired political results. ...
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Using an episode from Swazi resistance to British colonial power as an example, this chapter shows how narratives can be elevated to mythic status in order to achieve desired political results. Alternatively, familiar myths can be renarrated and reinterpreted to advance specific interests, as is shown by close study of rival variants of the Nuer creation myth or the way the Shi’a Karbala narrative was reworked in the Iranian Revolution.Less
Using an episode from Swazi resistance to British colonial power as an example, this chapter shows how narratives can be elevated to mythic status in order to achieve desired political results. Alternatively, familiar myths can be renarrated and reinterpreted to advance specific interests, as is shown by close study of rival variants of the Nuer creation myth or the way the Shi’a Karbala narrative was reworked in the Iranian Revolution.
Ali Mirsepassi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814795644
- eISBN:
- 9780814764398
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814795644.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter details an interview with Alireza Alavi-Tabar, a leading Islamic intellectual and activist. The interview reveals the complex evolution that political perspectives have undergone through ...
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This chapter details an interview with Alireza Alavi-Tabar, a leading Islamic intellectual and activist. The interview reveals the complex evolution that political perspectives have undergone through the decades of political practice following the Islamic Revolution, and explains the theoretical shift that brought them to view democracy as the primary end of all practice. The interview is set up within a larger theoretical discussion of the problem of modern revolution and social change linked to the heritage of the French revolutionary paradigm and the revolutionary experiences of the twentieth century leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s. It also discusses the significance of the Iranian Revolution within the larger twentieth-century national revolutions between discourses of universal liberation and cultural authenticity.Less
This chapter details an interview with Alireza Alavi-Tabar, a leading Islamic intellectual and activist. The interview reveals the complex evolution that political perspectives have undergone through the decades of political practice following the Islamic Revolution, and explains the theoretical shift that brought them to view democracy as the primary end of all practice. The interview is set up within a larger theoretical discussion of the problem of modern revolution and social change linked to the heritage of the French revolutionary paradigm and the revolutionary experiences of the twentieth century leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s. It also discusses the significance of the Iranian Revolution within the larger twentieth-century national revolutions between discourses of universal liberation and cultural authenticity.
Simone de Beauvoir
Margaret A. Simons and Marybeth Timmermann (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252039003
- eISBN:
- 9780252097171
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
By turns surprising and revelatory, this sixth volume in the Beauvoir series presents newly discovered writings and lectures while providing new translations and contexts for the author's more ...
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By turns surprising and revelatory, this sixth volume in the Beauvoir series presents newly discovered writings and lectures while providing new translations and contexts for the author's more familiar writings. Spanning the author's career from the 1940s through 1986, the pieces explain the paradoxes in her political and feminist stances, including the famous 1972 announcement of a “conversion to feminism” after decades of activism on behalf of women. The book documents and contextualizes the author's thinking, writing, public statements, and activities in the services of causes like French divorce law reform and the rights of women in the Iranian Revolution. In addition, the book provides new insights into the author's complex thinking and illuminates her historic role in linking the movements for sexual freedom, sexual equality, homosexual rights, and women's rights in France.Less
By turns surprising and revelatory, this sixth volume in the Beauvoir series presents newly discovered writings and lectures while providing new translations and contexts for the author's more familiar writings. Spanning the author's career from the 1940s through 1986, the pieces explain the paradoxes in her political and feminist stances, including the famous 1972 announcement of a “conversion to feminism” after decades of activism on behalf of women. The book documents and contextualizes the author's thinking, writing, public statements, and activities in the services of causes like French divorce law reform and the rights of women in the Iranian Revolution. In addition, the book provides new insights into the author's complex thinking and illuminates her historic role in linking the movements for sexual freedom, sexual equality, homosexual rights, and women's rights in France.
Steve A. Yetiv
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450020
- eISBN:
- 9780801463396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450020.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
This chapter explains the rising role of oil in American foreign policy toward the Middle East and, in doing so, identifies key signposts of the rise of the oil era in the Middle East. This enables a ...
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This chapter explains the rising role of oil in American foreign policy toward the Middle East and, in doing so, identifies key signposts of the rise of the oil era in the Middle East. This enables a better understanding of what role American actions may play in motivating terrorism and how those actions are perceived and misperceived. The story of the petroleum triangle cannot be understood without a sense of America's role and of the broader rise of the oil era. The chapter discusses events such as the discovery of oil in the Middle East in the early twentieth century; changes in the behavior and fortunes of actors in the Middle East that politicized oil; oil during the Cold War; the impact of the 1979 Iranian Revolution; Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and America's response; and the U.S.-led Invasion of Iraq in 1991.Less
This chapter explains the rising role of oil in American foreign policy toward the Middle East and, in doing so, identifies key signposts of the rise of the oil era in the Middle East. This enables a better understanding of what role American actions may play in motivating terrorism and how those actions are perceived and misperceived. The story of the petroleum triangle cannot be understood without a sense of America's role and of the broader rise of the oil era. The chapter discusses events such as the discovery of oil in the Middle East in the early twentieth century; changes in the behavior and fortunes of actors in the Middle East that politicized oil; oil during the Cold War; the impact of the 1979 Iranian Revolution; Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and America's response; and the U.S.-led Invasion of Iraq in 1991.
Giuliano Garavini
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198832836
- eISBN:
- 9780191871306
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198832836.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History, World Modern History
Chapter 3 describes the impact of increasing oil revenues of petrostates in the Middle East, as well as the difficulties OPEC had in succeeding during the first negotiations with the oil companies on ...
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Chapter 3 describes the impact of increasing oil revenues of petrostates in the Middle East, as well as the difficulties OPEC had in succeeding during the first negotiations with the oil companies on the so-called royalty-expensing. Even though oil market prices still remained low and the oil market still favored consumers, OPEC managed to approve in 1968 the “Petroleum Policy Statement”; one of its more important documents with which OPEC members for the first time outlined a common policy to control oil production in their countries.Less
Chapter 3 describes the impact of increasing oil revenues of petrostates in the Middle East, as well as the difficulties OPEC had in succeeding during the first negotiations with the oil companies on the so-called royalty-expensing. Even though oil market prices still remained low and the oil market still favored consumers, OPEC managed to approve in 1968 the “Petroleum Policy Statement”; one of its more important documents with which OPEC members for the first time outlined a common policy to control oil production in their countries.
Howard M. Holtzmann and Edda Kristjánsdóttir (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199207442
- eISBN:
- 9780191708695
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207442.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Private International Law
This book analyzes a significant procedural innovation in international law — the development of mass claims processes. Mass claims processes have become increasingly important phenomena in ...
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This book analyzes a significant procedural innovation in international law — the development of mass claims processes. Mass claims processes have become increasingly important phenomena in international dispute resolution. This is the first book to provide comprehensive information for a systematic comparison and analysis of the legal issues and practical matters involved in their establishment and operation. This book considers eleven of the highest profile modern mass claims tribunals and commissions created to redress large-scale losses. These include processes resolving claims arising from the Iranian Revolution, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the Holocaust, and conflicts in the Former Yugoslavia and between Eritrea and Ethiopia. The book identifies and focuses on forty-seven basic issues that experience shows typically arise with respect to international mass claims processes, offering descriptions and commentary on the ways in which the various processes have approached each issue. Much of the information gathered in this book is not publicly available elsewhere and is based on the knowledge and experience of the 25 members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration's Steering Committee on mass claims processes, experts who have either served on the processes or otherwise been directly engaged in their activities.Less
This book analyzes a significant procedural innovation in international law — the development of mass claims processes. Mass claims processes have become increasingly important phenomena in international dispute resolution. This is the first book to provide comprehensive information for a systematic comparison and analysis of the legal issues and practical matters involved in their establishment and operation. This book considers eleven of the highest profile modern mass claims tribunals and commissions created to redress large-scale losses. These include processes resolving claims arising from the Iranian Revolution, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the Holocaust, and conflicts in the Former Yugoslavia and between Eritrea and Ethiopia. The book identifies and focuses on forty-seven basic issues that experience shows typically arise with respect to international mass claims processes, offering descriptions and commentary on the ways in which the various processes have approached each issue. Much of the information gathered in this book is not publicly available elsewhere and is based on the knowledge and experience of the 25 members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration's Steering Committee on mass claims processes, experts who have either served on the processes or otherwise been directly engaged in their activities.
Rob Waters
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520293847
- eISBN:
- 9780520967205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520293847.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This epilogue looks to the decline of the formation of thinking black that this book has traced. It proposes that this formation declined in the face of the failure of revolutionary Black Power in ...
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This epilogue looks to the decline of the formation of thinking black that this book has traced. It proposes that this formation declined in the face of the failure of revolutionary Black Power in the Caribbean, new divisions around ethnicity and religion in the wake of the Iranian Revolution and the Rushdie Affair, the incorporation of black activists into new structures of state multiculturalism, and the reinventions of blackness that Stuart Hall analyzed as the rise of “new ethnicities.” In these contexts, the epilogue proposes, the meanings and constituencies of blackness shifted in the late 1980s, and its promise of a radical or revolutionary transformation of British politics and society appeared less certain.Less
This epilogue looks to the decline of the formation of thinking black that this book has traced. It proposes that this formation declined in the face of the failure of revolutionary Black Power in the Caribbean, new divisions around ethnicity and religion in the wake of the Iranian Revolution and the Rushdie Affair, the incorporation of black activists into new structures of state multiculturalism, and the reinventions of blackness that Stuart Hall analyzed as the rise of “new ethnicities.” In these contexts, the epilogue proposes, the meanings and constituencies of blackness shifted in the late 1980s, and its promise of a radical or revolutionary transformation of British politics and society appeared less certain.
Anne Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190670757
- eISBN:
- 9780190872588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190670757.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
Chapter 2 shows that religious forces flourished as a reaction to Bourguiba’s modernising efforts. They initially organised themselves as a loose association, al-Jamaʿa al-Islamiyya (the Islamic ...
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Chapter 2 shows that religious forces flourished as a reaction to Bourguiba’s modernising efforts. They initially organised themselves as a loose association, al-Jamaʿa al-Islamiyya (the Islamic Group), a movement focusing on public morality, which quickly became politicized and in 1979 established the Islamic Tendency Movement (Mouvement de la Tendence Islamique, MTI; Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami). The author demonstrates the importance of three factors leading many devout Muslims to embrace political Islam: the increasing amount of Egyptian Brotherhood literature reaching Tunisia; the Iranian Revolution; and, particularly, an active religious student body.The MTI’s rapprochement with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood led a faction of the movement advocating a ‘Tunisian Islam’ to split from it.Less
Chapter 2 shows that religious forces flourished as a reaction to Bourguiba’s modernising efforts. They initially organised themselves as a loose association, al-Jamaʿa al-Islamiyya (the Islamic Group), a movement focusing on public morality, which quickly became politicized and in 1979 established the Islamic Tendency Movement (Mouvement de la Tendence Islamique, MTI; Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami). The author demonstrates the importance of three factors leading many devout Muslims to embrace political Islam: the increasing amount of Egyptian Brotherhood literature reaching Tunisia; the Iranian Revolution; and, particularly, an active religious student body.The MTI’s rapprochement with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood led a faction of the movement advocating a ‘Tunisian Islam’ to split from it.
