L. A. Swift
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577842
- eISBN:
- 9780191722622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577842.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter explores how Greek tragedy evokes the paean. The chapter begins with an investigation of the paean, a religious song associated with Apollo, establishing its function in society and ...
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This chapter explores how Greek tragedy evokes the paean. The chapter begins with an investigation of the paean, a religious song associated with Apollo, establishing its function in society and common features. The chapter gives an overview of how the paean is deployed in Greek tragedy, before going on to examine two case‐studies in detail: Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus and Euripides' Ion. Both these plays evoke the paean regularly, and do so to enhance some of their central themes. In particular, both plays use paeanic imagery to highlight questions they raise about the role that the gods play in mortal affairs.Less
This chapter explores how Greek tragedy evokes the paean. The chapter begins with an investigation of the paean, a religious song associated with Apollo, establishing its function in society and common features. The chapter gives an overview of how the paean is deployed in Greek tragedy, before going on to examine two case‐studies in detail: Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus and Euripides' Ion. Both these plays evoke the paean regularly, and do so to enhance some of their central themes. In particular, both plays use paeanic imagery to highlight questions they raise about the role that the gods play in mortal affairs.
Victoria Wohl
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691166506
- eISBN:
- 9781400866403
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166506.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter shows how ideological attachments are generated out of the suspense between narrative means and ends in Ion. It argues that for all their openness and questioning, Euripides' plays ...
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This chapter shows how ideological attachments are generated out of the suspense between narrative means and ends in Ion. It argues that for all their openness and questioning, Euripides' plays produce a kind of closure, an investment in a secure dramatic and ideological end. That closure should not be moralized as the antithesis of democratic freedom; instead, it should be imagined as the passionate attachment to certain ideological tenets that is essential to any political system, even one as relatively open as Athens's radical democracy. Ion shows how that attachment not only survives critique—including the play's own— but is in fact strengthened by it: the more contingent ideology is shown to be, the more necessary it becomes.Less
This chapter shows how ideological attachments are generated out of the suspense between narrative means and ends in Ion. It argues that for all their openness and questioning, Euripides' plays produce a kind of closure, an investment in a secure dramatic and ideological end. That closure should not be moralized as the antithesis of democratic freedom; instead, it should be imagined as the passionate attachment to certain ideological tenets that is essential to any political system, even one as relatively open as Athens's radical democracy. Ion shows how that attachment not only survives critique—including the play's own— but is in fact strengthened by it: the more contingent ideology is shown to be, the more necessary it becomes.
Victoria Wohl
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691166506
- eISBN:
- 9781400866403
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166506.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that Euripides' imperfect alignment of form and meaning forces form itself onto center stage. It makes us aware of a ...
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This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that Euripides' imperfect alignment of form and meaning forces form itself onto center stage. It makes us aware of a play's form, granting it density and texture. Even at its emptiest, form is always full, replete with meaning. We have seen Euripides exploring that meaning, thinking in form about tragic form and its fullness and emptiness. The plays have shown us form as generative and enabling, producing, for example, an aspiration to justice (in Hecuba and Trojan Women), or a renewed attachment to the polis (in Ion), or even history itself (in Suppliants and Orestes. We have also seen the constraints and oppressions of form, both dramatic and social. In Electra, empty forms encrusted with outdated content constrained human behavior and foreclosed radical social possibilities. Form functioned as a deadweight upon the play's own imagination.Less
This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that Euripides' imperfect alignment of form and meaning forces form itself onto center stage. It makes us aware of a play's form, granting it density and texture. Even at its emptiest, form is always full, replete with meaning. We have seen Euripides exploring that meaning, thinking in form about tragic form and its fullness and emptiness. The plays have shown us form as generative and enabling, producing, for example, an aspiration to justice (in Hecuba and Trojan Women), or a renewed attachment to the polis (in Ion), or even history itself (in Suppliants and Orestes. We have also seen the constraints and oppressions of form, both dramatic and social. In Electra, empty forms encrusted with outdated content constrained human behavior and foreclosed radical social possibilities. Form functioned as a deadweight upon the play's own imagination.
Katja Maria Vogt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199916818
- eISBN:
- 9780199980291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199916818.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
The chapter takes its starting point from an under-explored passage in the Philebus. According to this passage, ignorance involves thinking of oneself as richer, more beautiful, and wiser than one ...
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The chapter takes its starting point from an under-explored passage in the Philebus. According to this passage, ignorance involves thinking of oneself as richer, more beautiful, and wiser than one really is. It is argued that Socratically blameworthy ignorance is Transferred Ignorance: a cognizer thinks of herself as good in some way—an expert on something, generally smart, a person of importance, etc.—and is thereby mislead into unfounded knowledge-claims about important questions. The chapter discusses the Apology, the ignorance of Ion in Plato's Ion, and the extract from the Philebus mentioned above. It offers distinctions between different kinds of ignorance and explores intuitions relevant to the Socratic proposal that doxa is a kind of ignorance.Less
The chapter takes its starting point from an under-explored passage in the Philebus. According to this passage, ignorance involves thinking of oneself as richer, more beautiful, and wiser than one really is. It is argued that Socratically blameworthy ignorance is Transferred Ignorance: a cognizer thinks of herself as good in some way—an expert on something, generally smart, a person of importance, etc.—and is thereby mislead into unfounded knowledge-claims about important questions. The chapter discusses the Apology, the ignorance of Ion in Plato's Ion, and the extract from the Philebus mentioned above. It offers distinctions between different kinds of ignorance and explores intuitions relevant to the Socratic proposal that doxa is a kind of ignorance.
Melissa Mueller
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226312958
- eISBN:
- 9780226313009
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226313009.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Plays and Playwrights: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Chapter 3 tackles the use (and abuse) of material tokens in tragic scenes of recognition, focusing primarily on Euripides’ Ionand Electra. The tokens reuniting Ion with his mother are replicas ...
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Chapter 3 tackles the use (and abuse) of material tokens in tragic scenes of recognition, focusing primarily on Euripides’ Ionand Electra. The tokens reuniting Ion with his mother are replicas (mimêmata) that evoke the birth of Ericthonius, a mythical ancestor to the Athenian audience. It is argued that these tokens give a mythico-political cast to what might otherwise be characterized as a private reunion between a mother and her son. The recognition scene of Euripides’ Electra, usually read as a parody of the similar scene in the Choephoroi, more overtly politicizes the recognition of Orestes. Rejecting the familial tokens that had secured Orestes’ identity in the Choephoroi, Euripides’ re-staging has this scene instead hinge on the recognition of a bodily scar. The authentication, or recognition, of Orestes is thus made into a proto-exemplar for the audience of their own practice of scrutinizing citizens, known as the dokimasia.Less
Chapter 3 tackles the use (and abuse) of material tokens in tragic scenes of recognition, focusing primarily on Euripides’ Ionand Electra. The tokens reuniting Ion with his mother are replicas (mimêmata) that evoke the birth of Ericthonius, a mythical ancestor to the Athenian audience. It is argued that these tokens give a mythico-political cast to what might otherwise be characterized as a private reunion between a mother and her son. The recognition scene of Euripides’ Electra, usually read as a parody of the similar scene in the Choephoroi, more overtly politicizes the recognition of Orestes. Rejecting the familial tokens that had secured Orestes’ identity in the Choephoroi, Euripides’ re-staging has this scene instead hinge on the recognition of a bodily scar. The authentication, or recognition, of Orestes is thus made into a proto-exemplar for the audience of their own practice of scrutinizing citizens, known as the dokimasia.
Maggie Kilgour
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199589432
- eISBN:
- 9780191738500
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589432.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This brief envoi reads the verse epistle ‘Ad Joannem Rousium, Oxoniensis Academiae Bibliothecarium’, the last poem in Milton's 1673 reissue of his 1645 Poems, as Milton's submission to a future in ...
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This brief envoi reads the verse epistle ‘Ad Joannem Rousium, Oxoniensis Academiae Bibliothecarium’, the last poem in Milton's 1673 reissue of his 1645 Poems, as Milton's submission to a future in which it is his turn to be recreated by others. It shows how the story of Phaethon, with the complementary tale of Ion told by Euripides, suggests the poem's possible futures. Noting that the last lines of Milton's poem rework Ovid's hope for immortality in Amores 1. 15, it argues that Milton's career comes full circle, as the act of authorial self‐fashioning is always continued in the process of reception.Less
This brief envoi reads the verse epistle ‘Ad Joannem Rousium, Oxoniensis Academiae Bibliothecarium’, the last poem in Milton's 1673 reissue of his 1645 Poems, as Milton's submission to a future in which it is his turn to be recreated by others. It shows how the story of Phaethon, with the complementary tale of Ion told by Euripides, suggests the poem's possible futures. Noting that the last lines of Milton's poem rework Ovid's hope for immortality in Amores 1. 15, it argues that Milton's career comes full circle, as the act of authorial self‐fashioning is always continued in the process of reception.
Stephen Halliwell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199570560
- eISBN:
- 9780191738753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570560.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter challenges the lop-sided modern orthodoxy which makes Plato an outright ‘enemy’ of poetry; it revives an older tradition of interpretation which saw in Plato's work a complex of ...
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This chapter challenges the lop-sided modern orthodoxy which makes Plato an outright ‘enemy’ of poetry; it revives an older tradition of interpretation which saw in Plato's work a complex of resistance and attraction to poetry's psychological intensity. The central thesis is that the dialogues, including Socrates' interrogation of the poets in the Apology and of a rhapsode in Ion, manifest a tension between the need for discursive understanding of poetry and, on the other hand, a recognition of the seductively imaginative and emotional elements of poetic experience which block such understanding. This tension is salient in the conclusion to the critique of poetry in book 10 of the Republic: far from simply banishing poetry, Socrates here expresses lingering love of its bewitching effects. A close reading of Republic 607–8 leads to a revised assessment of the ‘ancient quarrel’ between philosophy and poetry and draws out the ambiguities of the passage's judicial, erotic, and medical imagery.Less
This chapter challenges the lop-sided modern orthodoxy which makes Plato an outright ‘enemy’ of poetry; it revives an older tradition of interpretation which saw in Plato's work a complex of resistance and attraction to poetry's psychological intensity. The central thesis is that the dialogues, including Socrates' interrogation of the poets in the Apology and of a rhapsode in Ion, manifest a tension between the need for discursive understanding of poetry and, on the other hand, a recognition of the seductively imaginative and emotional elements of poetic experience which block such understanding. This tension is salient in the conclusion to the critique of poetry in book 10 of the Republic: far from simply banishing poetry, Socrates here expresses lingering love of its bewitching effects. A close reading of Republic 607–8 leads to a revised assessment of the ‘ancient quarrel’ between philosophy and poetry and draws out the ambiguities of the passage's judicial, erotic, and medical imagery.
RACHEL BOWLBY
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566228
- eISBN:
- 9780191710407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566228.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Euripides' Ion is centrally concerned with sexual and reproductive secrets, as well as with remedies for a couple's childlessness. In a highly modern way, it explores the kinds of story that a now ...
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Euripides' Ion is centrally concerned with sexual and reproductive secrets, as well as with remedies for a couple's childlessness. In a highly modern way, it explores the kinds of story that a now infertile woman who has a hidden history of pregnancy might tell to others (or herself), and it also dramatizes a situation in which the three members of a newly made nuclear family consisting of father, mother, and adolescent boy, are all subject to different levels of knowledge about what must be taken as the reality of the boy's birth origins. This scenario is then compared to contemporary situations in which issues of disclosure arise in relation to donor eggs or sperm in new reproductive technologies.Less
Euripides' Ion is centrally concerned with sexual and reproductive secrets, as well as with remedies for a couple's childlessness. In a highly modern way, it explores the kinds of story that a now infertile woman who has a hidden history of pregnancy might tell to others (or herself), and it also dramatizes a situation in which the three members of a newly made nuclear family consisting of father, mother, and adolescent boy, are all subject to different levels of knowledge about what must be taken as the reality of the boy's birth origins. This scenario is then compared to contemporary situations in which issues of disclosure arise in relation to donor eggs or sperm in new reproductive technologies.
David Rosenbloom
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199562329
- eISBN:
- 9780191724978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562329.003.0019
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter analyses the Athenian voicing of tragic panhellenism. After examining the semantic field of ‘Panhellenes’, the Theatre of Dionysos as a place of Hellenic assembly, and tragedy as a ...
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This chapter analyses the Athenian voicing of tragic panhellenism. After examining the semantic field of ‘Panhellenes’, the Theatre of Dionysos as a place of Hellenic assembly, and tragedy as a synthesis of the meters and forms of Hellenic poetry, it formulates three main arguments: that constructions of Athens as a synecdoche for Hellas, defender of panhellenic law, and origin of the Hellenes reconfigure Athenian imperialism as hegemony; that calls for Hellenes to end internecine strife and wage war against the barbarian c. 408 inform the dilemmas of Philoktetes and Iphigeneia in Aulis – to sack Troy or be sacked by one's own; that Helen and Iphigeneia, which repatriate and re-hellenize heroines stranded in Hellene-slaughtering lands, exploit emotions and modes of self-definition involved in this panhellenism. Synthesizing tragedy and satyr play, these dramas suggest that tragedy, which focuses on internecine strife, was less amenable to panhellenism than comedy or satyr play.Less
This chapter analyses the Athenian voicing of tragic panhellenism. After examining the semantic field of ‘Panhellenes’, the Theatre of Dionysos as a place of Hellenic assembly, and tragedy as a synthesis of the meters and forms of Hellenic poetry, it formulates three main arguments: that constructions of Athens as a synecdoche for Hellas, defender of panhellenic law, and origin of the Hellenes reconfigure Athenian imperialism as hegemony; that calls for Hellenes to end internecine strife and wage war against the barbarian c. 408 inform the dilemmas of Philoktetes and Iphigeneia in Aulis – to sack Troy or be sacked by one's own; that Helen and Iphigeneia, which repatriate and re-hellenize heroines stranded in Hellene-slaughtering lands, exploit emotions and modes of self-definition involved in this panhellenism. Synthesizing tragedy and satyr play, these dramas suggest that tragedy, which focuses on internecine strife, was less amenable to panhellenism than comedy or satyr play.
Christopher Janaway
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198237921
- eISBN:
- 9780191597800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198237928.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Discusses Plato's dialogue Ion, in which it is claimed that poets and performers of poetry succeed in their arts not by knowledge or the expertise (techne) of a craftsman, but by inspiration. A link ...
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Discusses Plato's dialogue Ion, in which it is claimed that poets and performers of poetry succeed in their arts not by knowledge or the expertise (techne) of a craftsman, but by inspiration. A link is suggested with modern views, stemming from romanticism, that art is the domain of irrationality and genius rather than the application of generalizable rational principles. However, Plato gives a low evaluation of poetry because of its alleged distance from this kind of knowledge.Less
Discusses Plato's dialogue Ion, in which it is claimed that poets and performers of poetry succeed in their arts not by knowledge or the expertise (techne) of a craftsman, but by inspiration. A link is suggested with modern views, stemming from romanticism, that art is the domain of irrationality and genius rather than the application of generalizable rational principles. However, Plato gives a low evaluation of poetry because of its alleged distance from this kind of knowledge.
Christopher Pelling
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199285686
- eISBN:
- 9780191713958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285686.003.0015
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Two of the most influential mid-20th-century discussions of Sophocles' style operated by trying to fit the surviving plays to the threefold scheme; the most recent, and very thorough, discussion of ...
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Two of the most influential mid-20th-century discussions of Sophocles' style operated by trying to fit the surviving plays to the threefold scheme; the most recent, and very thorough, discussion of The Language of Sophocles (Budelmann (2000) ), cites it in the third sentence of the first page. If authentic, it would be a rare case where we can see a great practitioner reflecting on his own technique, no less illuminating — perhaps even more illuminating because less jokey — than Aristophanes' remarks in several parabaseis on the various stages of his early development. And, despite the scepticism that such literary anecdotes normally excite among sober scholars, there may be good reason why they suspect that this one is indeed authentic, or at least has its origin in an authentic comment even if it is not a verbatim quotation We can even see how an authentic remark could have survived in some form, for it is a guess, but a plausible one, that the remark could come from Sophocles' contemporary Ion of Chios. Ion was himself a tragic poet, enjoyed gossiping about his meetings with the great and what they had said, and we know that he wrote about Sophocles; we know too that Plutarch knew Ion's work well, and used it thoughtfully and tellingly. This chapter contends that if Ion is the intermediary, then Plutarch's version will be only that one step away from Sophocles' original remark, despite the five-hundred-year time lag. This, then, may be a fitting topic for a tribute to Martin West, who has written with such distinction on Ion as well as on Sophocles — and on so much more.Less
Two of the most influential mid-20th-century discussions of Sophocles' style operated by trying to fit the surviving plays to the threefold scheme; the most recent, and very thorough, discussion of The Language of Sophocles (Budelmann (2000) ), cites it in the third sentence of the first page. If authentic, it would be a rare case where we can see a great practitioner reflecting on his own technique, no less illuminating — perhaps even more illuminating because less jokey — than Aristophanes' remarks in several parabaseis on the various stages of his early development. And, despite the scepticism that such literary anecdotes normally excite among sober scholars, there may be good reason why they suspect that this one is indeed authentic, or at least has its origin in an authentic comment even if it is not a verbatim quotation We can even see how an authentic remark could have survived in some form, for it is a guess, but a plausible one, that the remark could come from Sophocles' contemporary Ion of Chios. Ion was himself a tragic poet, enjoyed gossiping about his meetings with the great and what they had said, and we know that he wrote about Sophocles; we know too that Plutarch knew Ion's work well, and used it thoughtfully and tellingly. This chapter contends that if Ion is the intermediary, then Plutarch's version will be only that one step away from Sophocles' original remark, despite the five-hundred-year time lag. This, then, may be a fitting topic for a tribute to Martin West, who has written with such distinction on Ion as well as on Sophocles — and on so much more.
Yuk L. Yung and William B. DeMore
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195105018
- eISBN:
- 9780197560990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195105018.003.0007
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Atmospheric Sciences
Cosmology is a subject that borders on and sometimes merges with philosophy and religion. Since antiquity, the deep mysteries of the universe have intrigued mankind. ...
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Cosmology is a subject that borders on and sometimes merges with philosophy and religion. Since antiquity, the deep mysteries of the universe have intrigued mankind. Who are we? Where do we come from? What are we made of? Is the development of advanced intelligence capable of comprehending the grand design of the cosmos, the ultimate purpose of the universe? Is there life elsewhere in the universe? Is ours the only advanced intelligence or the most advanced intelligence in the universe? These questions have motivated great thinkers to pursue what Einstein called "the highest wisdom and the most radiant beauty." In the fourth century B.C., the essence of the cosmological question was formulated by the philosopher Chuang Tzu:… If there was a beginning, then there was a time before that beginning. And a time before the time which was before the time of that beginning. If there is existence, there must have been non-existence. And if there was a time when nothing existed, then there must be a time before that—when even nothing did not exist. Suddenly, when nothing came into existence, could one really say whether it belonged to the category of existence or of nonexistence? Even the very words I have just uttered, I cannot say whether they have really been uttered or not. There is nothing under the canopy of heaven greater than the tip of an autumn hair. A vast mountain is a small thing. Neither is there any age greater than that of a child cut off in infancy. P'eng Tsu [a Chinese Methuselah] himself died young. The universe and I came into being together; and I, and everything therein, are one. … Fortunately, our subject matter, solar system chemistry, is less esoteric than the questions asked by Chuang Tzu. A schematic diagram showing the principal pathways by which our solar system is formed is given in figure 4.1. The great triumphs of modern science have been summarized in this figure as fundamental contributions to the five "origins": (a) origin of the universe, (b) origin of the elements, (c) origin of the solar system, (d) origin of life, and (e) origin of advanced intelligence.
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Cosmology is a subject that borders on and sometimes merges with philosophy and religion. Since antiquity, the deep mysteries of the universe have intrigued mankind. Who are we? Where do we come from? What are we made of? Is the development of advanced intelligence capable of comprehending the grand design of the cosmos, the ultimate purpose of the universe? Is there life elsewhere in the universe? Is ours the only advanced intelligence or the most advanced intelligence in the universe? These questions have motivated great thinkers to pursue what Einstein called "the highest wisdom and the most radiant beauty." In the fourth century B.C., the essence of the cosmological question was formulated by the philosopher Chuang Tzu:… If there was a beginning, then there was a time before that beginning. And a time before the time which was before the time of that beginning. If there is existence, there must have been non-existence. And if there was a time when nothing existed, then there must be a time before that—when even nothing did not exist. Suddenly, when nothing came into existence, could one really say whether it belonged to the category of existence or of nonexistence? Even the very words I have just uttered, I cannot say whether they have really been uttered or not. There is nothing under the canopy of heaven greater than the tip of an autumn hair. A vast mountain is a small thing. Neither is there any age greater than that of a child cut off in infancy. P'eng Tsu [a Chinese Methuselah] himself died young. The universe and I came into being together; and I, and everything therein, are one. … Fortunately, our subject matter, solar system chemistry, is less esoteric than the questions asked by Chuang Tzu. A schematic diagram showing the principal pathways by which our solar system is formed is given in figure 4.1. The great triumphs of modern science have been summarized in this figure as fundamental contributions to the five "origins": (a) origin of the universe, (b) origin of the elements, (c) origin of the solar system, (d) origin of life, and (e) origin of advanced intelligence.
Derek Attridge
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198833154
- eISBN:
- 9780191873898
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833154.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
Some of the so-called Homeric Hymns, dating from the seventh century bc, provide evidence of poetic performance at festivals in Greece. Alongside the sung hexameter epics, two other verse traditions ...
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Some of the so-called Homeric Hymns, dating from the seventh century bc, provide evidence of poetic performance at festivals in Greece. Alongside the sung hexameter epics, two other verse traditions appear to have been recited without music: iambics and elegiacs, both of which were used in public performances. We hear of a new kind of recited performance in the sixth century, that of the rhapsode, the fullest account of which (admittedly from a hostile perspective) is that given by Plato in the Ion. This chapter discusses the figure of the rhapsode, and the significance of a performance tradition in which a fixed text is used, perhaps with the aid of a written script. The chapter ends with a consideration of Plato’s hostility to poetry and Aristotle’s response to his arguments.Less
Some of the so-called Homeric Hymns, dating from the seventh century bc, provide evidence of poetic performance at festivals in Greece. Alongside the sung hexameter epics, two other verse traditions appear to have been recited without music: iambics and elegiacs, both of which were used in public performances. We hear of a new kind of recited performance in the sixth century, that of the rhapsode, the fullest account of which (admittedly from a hostile perspective) is that given by Plato in the Ion. This chapter discusses the figure of the rhapsode, and the significance of a performance tradition in which a fixed text is used, perhaps with the aid of a written script. The chapter ends with a consideration of Plato’s hostility to poetry and Aristotle’s response to his arguments.
Jie Jack Li
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195300994
- eISBN:
- 9780197562390
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195300994.003.0012
- Subject:
- Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry
The easiest pain to bear is someone else’s. In the preanesthesia era, the prospect of surgery was so terrifying that it was not uncommon for a tough-hearted man to ...
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The easiest pain to bear is someone else’s. In the preanesthesia era, the prospect of surgery was so terrifying that it was not uncommon for a tough-hearted man to commit suicide rather than go through that unbearable, excruciating agony. It is hard to believe t hat t here was a time when nothing was effective to a lleviate surgical pain. The patients were simply strapped down and that was it. As a consequence, speed was the most important attribute of a surgeon in those days. A great English surgeon, Robert Liston at the University College Hospital, once boasted that he had amputated a leg in 29 seconds, along with a testicle of his patient and a finger of his assistant. The operation rooms were often strategically located at the tops of towers in the hospitals to keep fearful screams from being heard. During wartime, surgeries were even worse than battlefield injuries, because during the fight soldiers were temporarily “hypnotized” and became oblivious to pain. Before anesthesia, surgeons resorted to whatever means were available to deaden the pain oft heir patients during operations. The three most popular methods were alcohol, ice, and narcotics. Legend has it that a surgeon first conceived the idea of operating during a patient’s alcoholic coma when he noticed that a drunkard had had parts of his face chewed away by a hog but was not aware of it during a drunken stupor. Chinese surgeon Bian Què (401–310 B.C.) was reported to have operated on a patient’s brain using herbal extracts to render him unconscious more than 2,000 years ago. Hua Tuo (115–205 A.D.) made his patients take an effervescing powder (possibly cannabis) in wine that produced numbness and insensibility before surgical operations. Cold deadens pain by slowing the rate impulse conduction by nerve fiber. Some surgeons used ice to numb limbs before amputations. This method was invented by Baron Dominique Jean Larrey (1766–1842), surgeon of Napoleon’s Grande Armée.
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The easiest pain to bear is someone else’s. In the preanesthesia era, the prospect of surgery was so terrifying that it was not uncommon for a tough-hearted man to commit suicide rather than go through that unbearable, excruciating agony. It is hard to believe t hat t here was a time when nothing was effective to a lleviate surgical pain. The patients were simply strapped down and that was it. As a consequence, speed was the most important attribute of a surgeon in those days. A great English surgeon, Robert Liston at the University College Hospital, once boasted that he had amputated a leg in 29 seconds, along with a testicle of his patient and a finger of his assistant. The operation rooms were often strategically located at the tops of towers in the hospitals to keep fearful screams from being heard. During wartime, surgeries were even worse than battlefield injuries, because during the fight soldiers were temporarily “hypnotized” and became oblivious to pain. Before anesthesia, surgeons resorted to whatever means were available to deaden the pain oft heir patients during operations. The three most popular methods were alcohol, ice, and narcotics. Legend has it that a surgeon first conceived the idea of operating during a patient’s alcoholic coma when he noticed that a drunkard had had parts of his face chewed away by a hog but was not aware of it during a drunken stupor. Chinese surgeon Bian Què (401–310 B.C.) was reported to have operated on a patient’s brain using herbal extracts to render him unconscious more than 2,000 years ago. Hua Tuo (115–205 A.D.) made his patients take an effervescing powder (possibly cannabis) in wine that produced numbness and insensibility before surgical operations. Cold deadens pain by slowing the rate impulse conduction by nerve fiber. Some surgeons used ice to numb limbs before amputations. This method was invented by Baron Dominique Jean Larrey (1766–1842), surgeon of Napoleon’s Grande Armée.
Robert E. Criss
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195117752
- eISBN:
- 9780197561195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195117752.003.0003
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Geochemistry
The discovery of isotopes is best understood in the context of the spectacular advances in physics and chemistry that transpired during the last 200 years. Around the ...
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The discovery of isotopes is best understood in the context of the spectacular advances in physics and chemistry that transpired during the last 200 years. Around the year 1800, compounds and elements had been distinguished. About 39 elements were recognized, and discoveries of new elements were occurring rapidly. At about this time, the chemist John Dalton revived the ancient idea of the atom, a word derived from the Greek “atomos,” which literally means “indivisible.” According to Dalton’s theory, all matter is made of atoms which are immutable and which cannot be further subdivided. Moreover, Dalton argued that all atoms of a given element are identical in all respects, including mass, but that atoms of different elements have different masses. Even today, Dalton’s atomic theory would be accepted by a casual reader, yet later developments have shown that it is erroneous in almost every one of its key aspects. Nevertheless, Dalton’s concept of the atom was a great advance, and, with it, he not only produced the first table of atomic weights, but also generated the concept that compounds comprise elements combined in definite proportions. His theory laid the groundwork for many other important advances in early nineteenth-century chemistry, including Avogadro’s 1811 hypothesis that equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of particles, and Prout’s 1815 hypothesis that the atomic weights of the elements are integral multiples of the weight of hydrogen. By 1870, approximately 65 elements had been identified. In that year, Mendeleev codified much of the available chemical knowledge in his “periodic table,” which basically portrayed the relationships between the chemical properties of the elements and their atomic weights. The regularities that Mendeleev found directly lead to the discovery of several “new” elements—for example, Sc, Ga, Ge, and Hf—that filled vacancies in his table and confirmed his predictions of their chemical properties and atomic weights. Similarly, shortly after Rayleigh and Ramsay isolated Ar from air in 1894, the element He was isolated from uranium minerals in 1895; the elements Ne, Kr, and Xe were found in air in 1898; and Rn was discovered in 1900.
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The discovery of isotopes is best understood in the context of the spectacular advances in physics and chemistry that transpired during the last 200 years. Around the year 1800, compounds and elements had been distinguished. About 39 elements were recognized, and discoveries of new elements were occurring rapidly. At about this time, the chemist John Dalton revived the ancient idea of the atom, a word derived from the Greek “atomos,” which literally means “indivisible.” According to Dalton’s theory, all matter is made of atoms which are immutable and which cannot be further subdivided. Moreover, Dalton argued that all atoms of a given element are identical in all respects, including mass, but that atoms of different elements have different masses. Even today, Dalton’s atomic theory would be accepted by a casual reader, yet later developments have shown that it is erroneous in almost every one of its key aspects. Nevertheless, Dalton’s concept of the atom was a great advance, and, with it, he not only produced the first table of atomic weights, but also generated the concept that compounds comprise elements combined in definite proportions. His theory laid the groundwork for many other important advances in early nineteenth-century chemistry, including Avogadro’s 1811 hypothesis that equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of particles, and Prout’s 1815 hypothesis that the atomic weights of the elements are integral multiples of the weight of hydrogen. By 1870, approximately 65 elements had been identified. In that year, Mendeleev codified much of the available chemical knowledge in his “periodic table,” which basically portrayed the relationships between the chemical properties of the elements and their atomic weights. The regularities that Mendeleev found directly lead to the discovery of several “new” elements—for example, Sc, Ga, Ge, and Hf—that filled vacancies in his table and confirmed his predictions of their chemical properties and atomic weights. Similarly, shortly after Rayleigh and Ramsay isolated Ar from air in 1894, the element He was isolated from uranium minerals in 1895; the elements Ne, Kr, and Xe were found in air in 1898; and Rn was discovered in 1900.
Anne Y. Fu and Yohei Yokobayashi
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195183146
- eISBN:
- 9780197561898
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195183146.003.0009
- Subject:
- Chemistry, Physical Chemistry
This chapter describes the development of elastomeric microfabricated cell sorters that allow for high sensitivity, no cross contamination, and lower cost ...
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This chapter describes the development of elastomeric microfabricated cell sorters that allow for high sensitivity, no cross contamination, and lower cost than any conventional fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The course of this development depends heavily on two key technologies that have advanced rapidly within the past decade: microfluidics and soft lithography. Sorting in the microfabricated cell sorter is accomplished via different means of microfluidic control. This confers several advantages over the conventional sorting of aerosol droplets: novel algorithms of sorting or cell manipulation can be accomplished, dispensing of reagents and biochemical reactions can occur immediately before or after the sorting event, completely enclosed fluidic devices allow for studies of biohazardous/infectious cells or particles in a safer environment, and integration of other technologies can be implemented into the cell sorter. In addition, because of the easy fabrication process and inexpensive materials used in soft lithography, this elastomeric microfabricated cell sorter is affordable to every research laboratory and can be disposable just as a gel in gel electrophoresis, which eliminates any cross contamination from previous runs. Because of the advent of soft lithography, many inexpensive, flexible, and microfabricated devices could be designed to replace flow chambers in conventional flow cytometers. Soft lithography is a micromachining technique that uses the process of rapid prototyping and replica molding to fabricate inexpensive elastomeric microfluidic devices with materials such as plastics and polymers. The elastomeric properties of plastics and polymers allow for an easy fabrication process and for cleaning for reuse or disposal. A variety of biological assays can also be carried out as a result of the chemical compatibilities of different plastic materials with different solvents. More accurate sorting of cells can be accomplished because the sorting region is at or immediately after the interrogation point. On-chip chemical processing of cells has been accomplished and can be observed at any spot on the chip before or after sorting. Time-course measurements of a single cell for kinetic studies can be implemented using novel sorting schemes. Furthermore, linear arrays of channels on a single chip, the multiplex system, may be simultaneously detected by an array of photomultiplier tubes (PMT) for multiple analysis of different channels.
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This chapter describes the development of elastomeric microfabricated cell sorters that allow for high sensitivity, no cross contamination, and lower cost than any conventional fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The course of this development depends heavily on two key technologies that have advanced rapidly within the past decade: microfluidics and soft lithography. Sorting in the microfabricated cell sorter is accomplished via different means of microfluidic control. This confers several advantages over the conventional sorting of aerosol droplets: novel algorithms of sorting or cell manipulation can be accomplished, dispensing of reagents and biochemical reactions can occur immediately before or after the sorting event, completely enclosed fluidic devices allow for studies of biohazardous/infectious cells or particles in a safer environment, and integration of other technologies can be implemented into the cell sorter. In addition, because of the easy fabrication process and inexpensive materials used in soft lithography, this elastomeric microfabricated cell sorter is affordable to every research laboratory and can be disposable just as a gel in gel electrophoresis, which eliminates any cross contamination from previous runs. Because of the advent of soft lithography, many inexpensive, flexible, and microfabricated devices could be designed to replace flow chambers in conventional flow cytometers. Soft lithography is a micromachining technique that uses the process of rapid prototyping and replica molding to fabricate inexpensive elastomeric microfluidic devices with materials such as plastics and polymers. The elastomeric properties of plastics and polymers allow for an easy fabrication process and for cleaning for reuse or disposal. A variety of biological assays can also be carried out as a result of the chemical compatibilities of different plastic materials with different solvents. More accurate sorting of cells can be accomplished because the sorting region is at or immediately after the interrogation point. On-chip chemical processing of cells has been accomplished and can be observed at any spot on the chip before or after sorting. Time-course measurements of a single cell for kinetic studies can be implemented using novel sorting schemes. Furthermore, linear arrays of channels on a single chip, the multiplex system, may be simultaneously detected by an array of photomultiplier tubes (PMT) for multiple analysis of different channels.
Tom Gallagher
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719077432
- eISBN:
- 9781781702260
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719077432.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter explores the first major steps in the relationship between the European Union (EU) and Romania, culminating in the start of entry negotiations in 2000 and the return to power in 2001 of ...
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This chapter explores the first major steps in the relationship between the European Union (EU) and Romania, culminating in the start of entry negotiations in 2000 and the return to power in 2001 of the Social Democratic Party, which would be the chief Romanian interlocutor with the EU over the next four years. Ion Iliescu's strategy of cautious democratisation without meaningful de-communisation remained largely intact. Progress with the EU application appeared to be the most realistic option for strengthening ties with the West. The EU's institutions of multilevel governance proved remarkably prone to lobbying from the Romanian state and the allies it had meanwhile cultivated in Western Europe in order to advance its cause. The 1999–2000 medium-term economic strategy proved to be an ephemeral document and the EU failed to prioritise vital areas such as administrative reform. The EU's multi-layered decision-making system failed to produce a hard-headed cost-benefit analysis.Less
This chapter explores the first major steps in the relationship between the European Union (EU) and Romania, culminating in the start of entry negotiations in 2000 and the return to power in 2001 of the Social Democratic Party, which would be the chief Romanian interlocutor with the EU over the next four years. Ion Iliescu's strategy of cautious democratisation without meaningful de-communisation remained largely intact. Progress with the EU application appeared to be the most realistic option for strengthening ties with the West. The EU's institutions of multilevel governance proved remarkably prone to lobbying from the Romanian state and the allies it had meanwhile cultivated in Western Europe in order to advance its cause. The 1999–2000 medium-term economic strategy proved to be an ephemeral document and the EU failed to prioritise vital areas such as administrative reform. The EU's multi-layered decision-making system failed to produce a hard-headed cost-benefit analysis.
Craig M. Bethke
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195094756
- eISBN:
- 9780197560778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0010
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Geochemistry
Having derived a set of equations describing the equilibrium state of a multicomponent system and devised a scheme for solving them, we can begin to model the ...
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Having derived a set of equations describing the equilibrium state of a multicomponent system and devised a scheme for solving them, we can begin to model the chemistries of natural waters. In this chapter we construct four models, each posing special challenges, and look in detail at the meaning of the calculation results. In each case, we use program REACT and employ an extended form of the Debye-Hückel equation for calculating species' activity coefficients, as discussed in Chapter 7. In running REACT, you work interactively following the general procedure: • Swap into the basis any needed species, minerals, or gases. Table 6.1 shows the basis in its original configuration (as it exists when you start the program). You might want to change the basis by replacing SiO2(aq) with quartz so that equilibrium with this mineral can be used to constrain the model. Or to set a fugacity buffer you might swap CO2(g) for either H+ or HCO-3. • Set a constraint for each basis member that you want to include in the calculation. For instance, the constraint might be the total concentration of sodium in the fluid, the free mass of a mineral, or the fugacity of a gas. You may also set temperature (25°C, by default) or special program options. • Run the program by typing go. • Revise the basis or constraints and reexecute the program as often as you wish. In this book, input scripts for running the various programs are set in a "typewriter" typeface. Unless a script is marked as a continuation of the previous script, you should start the program anew or type reset to clear your previous configuration. For a first chemical model, we calculate the distribution of species in surface seawater, a problem first undertaken by Garrels and Thompson (1962; see also Thompson, 1992). We base our calculation on the major element composition of seawater (Table 6.2), as determined by chemical analysis. To set pH, we assume equilibrium with CO2 in the atmosphere (Table 6.3).
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Having derived a set of equations describing the equilibrium state of a multicomponent system and devised a scheme for solving them, we can begin to model the chemistries of natural waters. In this chapter we construct four models, each posing special challenges, and look in detail at the meaning of the calculation results. In each case, we use program REACT and employ an extended form of the Debye-Hückel equation for calculating species' activity coefficients, as discussed in Chapter 7. In running REACT, you work interactively following the general procedure: • Swap into the basis any needed species, minerals, or gases. Table 6.1 shows the basis in its original configuration (as it exists when you start the program). You might want to change the basis by replacing SiO2(aq) with quartz so that equilibrium with this mineral can be used to constrain the model. Or to set a fugacity buffer you might swap CO2(g) for either H+ or HCO-3. • Set a constraint for each basis member that you want to include in the calculation. For instance, the constraint might be the total concentration of sodium in the fluid, the free mass of a mineral, or the fugacity of a gas. You may also set temperature (25°C, by default) or special program options. • Run the program by typing go. • Revise the basis or constraints and reexecute the program as often as you wish. In this book, input scripts for running the various programs are set in a "typewriter" typeface. Unless a script is marked as a continuation of the previous script, you should start the program anew or type reset to clear your previous configuration. For a first chemical model, we calculate the distribution of species in surface seawater, a problem first undertaken by Garrels and Thompson (1962; see also Thompson, 1992). We base our calculation on the major element composition of seawater (Table 6.2), as determined by chemical analysis. To set pH, we assume equilibrium with CO2 in the atmosphere (Table 6.3).
Craig M. Bethke
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195094756
- eISBN:
- 9780197560778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0011
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Geochemistry
Among the most vexing tasks for geochemical modelers, especially when they work with concentrated solutions, is estimating values for the activity coefficients of ...
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Among the most vexing tasks for geochemical modelers, especially when they work with concentrated solutions, is estimating values for the activity coefficients of electrolyte species. To understand in a qualitative sense why activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions vary, we can imagine how solution concentration affects species activities. In the solution, electrical attraction draws anions around cations and cations around anions. We might think of a dilute solution as an imperfect crystal of loosely packed, hydrated ions that, within a matrix of solvent water, is constantly rearranging itself by Brownian motion. A solution of uncharged, nonpolar species, by contrast, would be nearly random in structure. The electrolyte solution is lower in free energy G than it would be if the species did not interact electrically because of the energy liberated by moving ions of opposite charge together while separating those of like charge. The chemical potentials of the species, for the same reason, are smaller than they would be in the absence of electrostatic forces.
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Among the most vexing tasks for geochemical modelers, especially when they work with concentrated solutions, is estimating values for the activity coefficients of electrolyte species. To understand in a qualitative sense why activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions vary, we can imagine how solution concentration affects species activities. In the solution, electrical attraction draws anions around cations and cations around anions. We might think of a dilute solution as an imperfect crystal of loosely packed, hydrated ions that, within a matrix of solvent water, is constantly rearranging itself by Brownian motion. A solution of uncharged, nonpolar species, by contrast, would be nearly random in structure. The electrolyte solution is lower in free energy G than it would be if the species did not interact electrically because of the energy liberated by moving ions of opposite charge together while separating those of like charge. The chemical potentials of the species, for the same reason, are smaller than they would be in the absence of electrostatic forces.
Craig M. Bethke
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195094756
- eISBN:
- 9780197560778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0012
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Geochemistry
An important consideration in constructing certain types of geochemical models, especially those applied to environmental problems, is to account for the sorption of ...
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An important consideration in constructing certain types of geochemical models, especially those applied to environmental problems, is to account for the sorption of ions from solution onto mineral surfaces. Metal oxides and aluminosilicate minerals, as well as other phases, can sorb electrolytes strongly because of their high reactivities and large surface areas (e.g., Davis and Kent, 1990). When a fluid comes in contact with minerals such as iron or aluminum oxides and zeolites, sorption may significantly diminish the mobility of dissolved components in solution, especially those present in minor amounts. Sorption, for example, may retard the spread of radionuclides near a radioactive waste repository or the migration of contaminants away from a polluting landfill. In acid mine drainages, ferric oxide sorbs heavy metals from surface water, helping limit their downstream movement (see Chapter 23). A geochemical model useful in investigating such cases must provide an accurate assessment of the effects of surface reactions. Many of the sorption theories now in use are too simplistic to be incorporated into a geochemical model intended for general use. To be useful in modeling electrolyte sorption, a theory must account for the electrical charge on the mineral surface and provide for mass balance on the sorbing sites. In addition, an internally consistent and sufficiently broad database of sorption reactions must accompany the theory. The Freundlich and Langmuir theories, which use distribution coefficients Kd to set the ratios of sorbed to dissolved ions, are applied widely in groundwater studies (Domenico and Schwartz, 1990) and used with considerable success to describe sorption of uncharged organic molecules (Adamson, 1976). The models, however, do not account for the electrical state of the surface, which varies sharply with pH, ionic strength, and solution composition. Freundlich theory prescribes no concept of mass balance, so that a surface might be predicted to sorb from solution without limit. Both theories require that distribution coefficients be determined experimentally for individual fluid and rock compositions, and hence both theories lack generality. Ion exchange theory (Stumm and Morgan, 1981; Sposito, 1989) suffers from similar limitations. Surface complexation models, on the other hand, account explicitly for the electrical state of the sorbing surface (e.g., Adamson, 1976; Stumm, 1992).
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An important consideration in constructing certain types of geochemical models, especially those applied to environmental problems, is to account for the sorption of ions from solution onto mineral surfaces. Metal oxides and aluminosilicate minerals, as well as other phases, can sorb electrolytes strongly because of their high reactivities and large surface areas (e.g., Davis and Kent, 1990). When a fluid comes in contact with minerals such as iron or aluminum oxides and zeolites, sorption may significantly diminish the mobility of dissolved components in solution, especially those present in minor amounts. Sorption, for example, may retard the spread of radionuclides near a radioactive waste repository or the migration of contaminants away from a polluting landfill. In acid mine drainages, ferric oxide sorbs heavy metals from surface water, helping limit their downstream movement (see Chapter 23). A geochemical model useful in investigating such cases must provide an accurate assessment of the effects of surface reactions. Many of the sorption theories now in use are too simplistic to be incorporated into a geochemical model intended for general use. To be useful in modeling electrolyte sorption, a theory must account for the electrical charge on the mineral surface and provide for mass balance on the sorbing sites. In addition, an internally consistent and sufficiently broad database of sorption reactions must accompany the theory. The Freundlich and Langmuir theories, which use distribution coefficients Kd to set the ratios of sorbed to dissolved ions, are applied widely in groundwater studies (Domenico and Schwartz, 1990) and used with considerable success to describe sorption of uncharged organic molecules (Adamson, 1976). The models, however, do not account for the electrical state of the surface, which varies sharply with pH, ionic strength, and solution composition. Freundlich theory prescribes no concept of mass balance, so that a surface might be predicted to sorb from solution without limit. Both theories require that distribution coefficients be determined experimentally for individual fluid and rock compositions, and hence both theories lack generality. Ion exchange theory (Stumm and Morgan, 1981; Sposito, 1989) suffers from similar limitations. Surface complexation models, on the other hand, account explicitly for the electrical state of the sorbing surface (e.g., Adamson, 1976; Stumm, 1992).