Phyllis N Butow and Sarah Ford
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199238361
- eISBN:
- 9780191730290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238361.003.0061
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
It is now well accepted that communication between the health-professional and the patient is a critical component of quality patient care and that poor communication can adversely affect both ...
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It is now well accepted that communication between the health-professional and the patient is a critical component of quality patient care and that poor communication can adversely affect both patient and health professional outcomes. However, audits of doctor and nurse communication with patients have consistently revealed deficits, prompting the growth of communication skills training for both junior and senior clinicians, and the publication of communication guidelines for various challenging situations. Interaction analysis systems (IAS) enable the analysis of communication between the doctor, patient, family, and other health professionals in a qualitative and quantitative fashion. Two types of IAS can be identified: ‘content’ systems, which describe task-oriented behaviour, and ‘process’ systems, which measure socio-emotional behaviour (although most combine the two in varying degrees). This chapter assesses three IAS for reliability and validity: CANCODE, Roter Interaction Analysis System, and Medical Interaction Process System.Less
It is now well accepted that communication between the health-professional and the patient is a critical component of quality patient care and that poor communication can adversely affect both patient and health professional outcomes. However, audits of doctor and nurse communication with patients have consistently revealed deficits, prompting the growth of communication skills training for both junior and senior clinicians, and the publication of communication guidelines for various challenging situations. Interaction analysis systems (IAS) enable the analysis of communication between the doctor, patient, family, and other health professionals in a qualitative and quantitative fashion. Two types of IAS can be identified: ‘content’ systems, which describe task-oriented behaviour, and ‘process’ systems, which measure socio-emotional behaviour (although most combine the two in varying degrees). This chapter assesses three IAS for reliability and validity: CANCODE, Roter Interaction Analysis System, and Medical Interaction Process System.
F. M. Kamm
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195144024
- eISBN:
- 9780199870998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195144023.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Considers a new use for non‐standardly equalized cases of killing and letting die, comparing cross‐definitionally equalized killing and non‐cross‐definitionally equalized killing cases to collect ...
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Considers a new use for non‐standardly equalized cases of killing and letting die, comparing cross‐definitionally equalized killing and non‐cross‐definitionally equalized killing cases to collect evidence for the truth or falsity of Thesis E (Thesis of the Moral Equivalence of Killing and Letting Die). In addition, a comparison is made of cross‐definitionally equalized killing and letting‐die cases to test for the moral significance of what is called here ‘non‐exportable’ definitional properties of killing or letting die. With this as a foundation, two arguments are presented against Thesis E: one argument focuses on the significance of certain definitional properties of killing and letting die, and one on the transitivity argument. The first argument may tell us why killing and letting die differ morally per se, not only that they do. Two methodological issues in making these arguments are also addressed: the Principle of Contextual Interaction, and the possible failure of transitivity.Less
Considers a new use for non‐standardly equalized cases of killing and letting die, comparing cross‐definitionally equalized killing and non‐cross‐definitionally equalized killing cases to collect evidence for the truth or falsity of Thesis E (Thesis of the Moral Equivalence of Killing and Letting Die). In addition, a comparison is made of cross‐definitionally equalized killing and letting‐die cases to test for the moral significance of what is called here ‘non‐exportable’ definitional properties of killing or letting die. With this as a foundation, two arguments are presented against Thesis E: one argument focuses on the significance of certain definitional properties of killing and letting die, and one on the transitivity argument. The first argument may tell us why killing and letting die differ morally per se, not only that they do. Two methodological issues in making these arguments are also addressed: the Principle of Contextual Interaction, and the possible failure of transitivity.
Anne Warfield Rawls and Waverly Duck
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780226703558
- eISBN:
- 9780226703725
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226703725.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
Every time we interact with another person, we draw unconsciously on a set of expectations to guide us through the encounter. What many of us in the United States—especially White people—do not ...
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Every time we interact with another person, we draw unconsciously on a set of expectations to guide us through the encounter. What many of us in the United States—especially White people—do not recognize is that centuries of institutional racism have inescapably molded those expectations into taken-for-granted practices that reproduce the biases in our society. These practices can shape everything from how we greet our neighbors to whether we take a second look at a résumé. This is tacit racism, and it is one of the most pernicious threats to our nation. In this book we show how racism is coded into “everyday” expectations of social interaction, in what we call Interaction Orders of Race, in “tacit” taken-for-granted ways. This unconscious racism is coded into greeting and introductory sequences, perceptions of who can hold high status identities, and basic expectations about honesty, health and masculinity. We explore the Interaction Order expectations of Black Americans and their neighborhoods finding not only that social order among African Americans is different than for White Americans, but that it is more democratic. Because Race has been institutionalized in social expectations, acting on racism doesn’t require conscious intent: actions are racist if Race is coded into them. This tacit racism divides the nation, providing fertile ground for manipulation of issues associated with Race (e.g. healthcare, guns, voting rights and immigration) by foreign powers and wealthy special interests, such that Race divisions now pose a clear and present danger to the nation and our democracy.Less
Every time we interact with another person, we draw unconsciously on a set of expectations to guide us through the encounter. What many of us in the United States—especially White people—do not recognize is that centuries of institutional racism have inescapably molded those expectations into taken-for-granted practices that reproduce the biases in our society. These practices can shape everything from how we greet our neighbors to whether we take a second look at a résumé. This is tacit racism, and it is one of the most pernicious threats to our nation. In this book we show how racism is coded into “everyday” expectations of social interaction, in what we call Interaction Orders of Race, in “tacit” taken-for-granted ways. This unconscious racism is coded into greeting and introductory sequences, perceptions of who can hold high status identities, and basic expectations about honesty, health and masculinity. We explore the Interaction Order expectations of Black Americans and their neighborhoods finding not only that social order among African Americans is different than for White Americans, but that it is more democratic. Because Race has been institutionalized in social expectations, acting on racism doesn’t require conscious intent: actions are racist if Race is coded into them. This tacit racism divides the nation, providing fertile ground for manipulation of issues associated with Race (e.g. healthcare, guns, voting rights and immigration) by foreign powers and wealthy special interests, such that Race divisions now pose a clear and present danger to the nation and our democracy.
Erich Goode
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479878574
- eISBN:
- 9781479872718
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479878574.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This book addresses the matter of how social audiences, both formal agents of social control (the NYPD and the Park Enforcement Control) and the ordinary, everyday park-goer, react when they ...
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This book addresses the matter of how social audiences, both formal agents of social control (the NYPD and the Park Enforcement Control) and the ordinary, everyday park-goer, react when they encounter what they consider wrongdoing, or “deviance.” The focus is on the micro or face-to-face interactional level; the larger structural forces are held in abeyance and assumed to operate, but they are not analysed or accounted for here. Likewise, literary and philosophical speculations as well as considering political and ideological implications have been left to other analysts. What constitutes deviance in an unconventional public setting remains the central issue throughout the volume. Visitors to the park—one that is known for celebrating difference and diversity—observe behaviour or utterances by an actor or a speaker in their presence that, they feel goes too far in violating their sense of acceptable norms. What do they do? How do they sanction the offender? The analysis in this book presents the reader with a series of anecdotes—events or episodes observed or statements overheard by the researcher that audiences, judging by their reactions, consider untoward. The action-reaction-interaction dynamics constitutes the lodestone of this volume. Washington Square Park is a “text”; this book represents a sociological “reading” of that text.Less
This book addresses the matter of how social audiences, both formal agents of social control (the NYPD and the Park Enforcement Control) and the ordinary, everyday park-goer, react when they encounter what they consider wrongdoing, or “deviance.” The focus is on the micro or face-to-face interactional level; the larger structural forces are held in abeyance and assumed to operate, but they are not analysed or accounted for here. Likewise, literary and philosophical speculations as well as considering political and ideological implications have been left to other analysts. What constitutes deviance in an unconventional public setting remains the central issue throughout the volume. Visitors to the park—one that is known for celebrating difference and diversity—observe behaviour or utterances by an actor or a speaker in their presence that, they feel goes too far in violating their sense of acceptable norms. What do they do? How do they sanction the offender? The analysis in this book presents the reader with a series of anecdotes—events or episodes observed or statements overheard by the researcher that audiences, judging by their reactions, consider untoward. The action-reaction-interaction dynamics constitutes the lodestone of this volume. Washington Square Park is a “text”; this book represents a sociological “reading” of that text.
James Tabery
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027373
- eISBN:
- 9780262324144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027373.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The origin of research on the interaction of nature and nurture is really a story of origins. For, in the 1920s and 1930s, two British biologists separately considered how nature and nurture might ...
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The origin of research on the interaction of nature and nurture is really a story of origins. For, in the 1920s and 1930s, two British biologists separately considered how nature and nurture might interact to bring about the development of human traits and differences in those traits. R. A. Fisher introduced what came to be the “biometric concept of interaction”, while Lancelot Hogben introduced what came to be the “developmental concept of interaction”. Most importantly, Fisher came to think of interaction as a nuisance and rare in nature, while Hogben thought of interaction as common in nature and vitally important to biological explanation. Fisher and Hogben, vehemently arguing during the height of the eugenics controversy, laid the framework for all future debates about the interaction of nature and nurture.Less
The origin of research on the interaction of nature and nurture is really a story of origins. For, in the 1920s and 1930s, two British biologists separately considered how nature and nurture might interact to bring about the development of human traits and differences in those traits. R. A. Fisher introduced what came to be the “biometric concept of interaction”, while Lancelot Hogben introduced what came to be the “developmental concept of interaction”. Most importantly, Fisher came to think of interaction as a nuisance and rare in nature, while Hogben thought of interaction as common in nature and vitally important to biological explanation. Fisher and Hogben, vehemently arguing during the height of the eugenics controversy, laid the framework for all future debates about the interaction of nature and nurture.
Debra Roter
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199238361
- eISBN:
- 9780191730290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238361.003.0062
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
Technological advances have made the observation and analysis of large numbers of medical visits feasible, and indeed, the number of empirical studies of communication between doctors and patients ...
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Technological advances have made the observation and analysis of large numbers of medical visits feasible, and indeed, the number of empirical studies of communication between doctors and patients has grown markedly over the last three decades. The Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) has emerged over this period as the single most widely used system of medical interaction assessment worldwide. It has been used in more than 150 communication studies conducted in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These studies have described communication across a spectrum of medical specialties and healthcare settings, including adult and paediatric primary care, emergency medicine, obstetrics and gynaecology, surgery, nursing, podiatry, genetic counselling, family planning services, dentistry, and veterinarian practice, as well as cancer care and palliative care. This chapter provides a broad overview of the characteristics of RIAS and illustrates its contribution to the field of cancer communication by reviewing a body of cancer and palliative care studies in which the RIAS has been used.Less
Technological advances have made the observation and analysis of large numbers of medical visits feasible, and indeed, the number of empirical studies of communication between doctors and patients has grown markedly over the last three decades. The Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) has emerged over this period as the single most widely used system of medical interaction assessment worldwide. It has been used in more than 150 communication studies conducted in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These studies have described communication across a spectrum of medical specialties and healthcare settings, including adult and paediatric primary care, emergency medicine, obstetrics and gynaecology, surgery, nursing, podiatry, genetic counselling, family planning services, dentistry, and veterinarian practice, as well as cancer care and palliative care. This chapter provides a broad overview of the characteristics of RIAS and illustrates its contribution to the field of cancer communication by reviewing a body of cancer and palliative care studies in which the RIAS has been used.
F. M. Kamm
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195144024
- eISBN:
- 9780199870998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195144023.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Returns to a problem first raised in Ch. 8, namely, reconciling the existence of prerogatives not to maximize overall good (allowing for some such acts to be supererogatory) with restrictions on the ...
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Returns to a problem first raised in Ch. 8, namely, reconciling the existence of prerogatives not to maximize overall good (allowing for some such acts to be supererogatory) with restrictions on the pursuit of one's personal good. This problem becomes especially pressing since, despite the earlier emphasis on the existence of restrictions to pursuing the greater good, it is sometimes the case that greater good may permissibly take precedence over restrictions, for example, negative and positive duties (obligations) or rights; if personal good may take precedence over greater good (allowing some acts for greater good to be supererogatory), and these supererogatory acts may take precedence over restrictions, why may not personal good take precedence over restrictions — why does transitivity fail here? An attempt is made to prove each premise in this argument separately, and the associated objections and duties are presented. The third section of the chapter considers whether the intransitivity arises only because different factors account for precedence relations in each step of the argument, or whether the results obtained in the first two sections of the chapter are more general, and, indeed, another instance of the Principle of Contextual Interaction; consideration is also given to whether the intransitivities discussed share the cycling property characteristic of other intransitivities. Concludes by applying these results to a further discussion of those who never allow duty to be subordinated to supererogation, to Scheffler's Hybrid Theory, and to Parfit's problem of the Repugnant Conclusion.Less
Returns to a problem first raised in Ch. 8, namely, reconciling the existence of prerogatives not to maximize overall good (allowing for some such acts to be supererogatory) with restrictions on the pursuit of one's personal good. This problem becomes especially pressing since, despite the earlier emphasis on the existence of restrictions to pursuing the greater good, it is sometimes the case that greater good may permissibly take precedence over restrictions, for example, negative and positive duties (obligations) or rights; if personal good may take precedence over greater good (allowing some acts for greater good to be supererogatory), and these supererogatory acts may take precedence over restrictions, why may not personal good take precedence over restrictions — why does transitivity fail here? An attempt is made to prove each premise in this argument separately, and the associated objections and duties are presented. The third section of the chapter considers whether the intransitivity arises only because different factors account for precedence relations in each step of the argument, or whether the results obtained in the first two sections of the chapter are more general, and, indeed, another instance of the Principle of Contextual Interaction; consideration is also given to whether the intransitivities discussed share the cycling property characteristic of other intransitivities. Concludes by applying these results to a further discussion of those who never allow duty to be subordinated to supererogation, to Scheffler's Hybrid Theory, and to Parfit's problem of the Repugnant Conclusion.
Philip Isett
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691174822
- eISBN:
- 9781400885428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Computational Mathematics / Optimization
This chapter provides a more technical outline of the construction, starting with a solution to the Euler-Reynolds system and a correction v₁ = v + V, p₁ = p + P. The correction V is a divergence ...
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This chapter provides a more technical outline of the construction, starting with a solution to the Euler-Reynolds system and a correction v₁ = v + V, p₁ = p + P. The correction V is a divergence free vector field which oscillates rapidly compared to v. In the construction, there will always be a bounded number of waves Vsubscript I (at most 192) which are nonzero at any given time t. Each individual wave Vsubscript I composing V is a complex-valued, divergence free vector field that oscillates rapidly in only one direction. The chapter introduces several ways in which to represent each Vsubscript I. Finally, it presents five main error terms: the Transport term, the High–Low Interaction term, the High–High Interference terms, the Stress term, and the Mollification terms.Less
This chapter provides a more technical outline of the construction, starting with a solution to the Euler-Reynolds system and a correction v₁ = v + V, p₁ = p + P. The correction V is a divergence free vector field which oscillates rapidly compared to v. In the construction, there will always be a bounded number of waves Vsubscript I (at most 192) which are nonzero at any given time t. Each individual wave Vsubscript I composing V is a complex-valued, divergence free vector field that oscillates rapidly in only one direction. The chapter introduces several ways in which to represent each Vsubscript I. Finally, it presents five main error terms: the Transport term, the High–Low Interaction term, the High–High Interference terms, the Stress term, and the Mollification terms.
Philip Isett
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691174822
- eISBN:
- 9781400885428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Computational Mathematics / Optimization
This chapter shows how to measure the Hölder regularity of the weak solutions that are constructed when the scheme is executed more carefully. For this aspect of the convex integration scheme, a ...
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This chapter shows how to measure the Hölder regularity of the weak solutions that are constructed when the scheme is executed more carefully. For this aspect of the convex integration scheme, a notion of frequency energy levels is introduced. This notion is meant to accurately record the bounds which apply to the (v, p, R) coming from the previous stage of the construction. The chapter presents an example of a candidate definition for frequency and energy levels. Based on this definition, the effect of one iteration of the convex integration procedure can be summarized in a single lemma, which states that there is a solution to the Euler-Reynolds equations with new frequency and energy levels. The chapter also considers the High–Low Interaction term and the Transport term.Less
This chapter shows how to measure the Hölder regularity of the weak solutions that are constructed when the scheme is executed more carefully. For this aspect of the convex integration scheme, a notion of frequency energy levels is introduced. This notion is meant to accurately record the bounds which apply to the (v, p, R) coming from the previous stage of the construction. The chapter presents an example of a candidate definition for frequency and energy levels. Based on this definition, the effect of one iteration of the convex integration procedure can be summarized in a single lemma, which states that there is a solution to the Euler-Reynolds equations with new frequency and energy levels. The chapter also considers the High–Low Interaction term and the Transport term.
Philip Isett
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691174822
- eISBN:
- 9781400885428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0026
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Computational Mathematics / Optimization
This chapter estimates the terms in the stress which involve solving a divergence equation of the form ∂ⱼQsuperscript jl = Usuperscript l = esuperscript iGreek Small Letter Lamda Greek Small Letter ...
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This chapter estimates the terms in the stress which involve solving a divergence equation of the form ∂ⱼQsuperscript jl = Usuperscript l = esuperscript iGreek Small Letter Lamda Greek Small Letter Xiusuperscript l. These terms are the High–Low Interaction term, the main High–High terms, the remainder of the High–High terms, and the Transport term. For each of these factors, the parametrix expansion for the divergence equation is used. The error of the expansion is eliminated by solving the divergence equation. The chapter also considers the bounds which are obeyed for the parametrices of the oscillatory terms and concludes by applying the parametrix.Less
This chapter estimates the terms in the stress which involve solving a divergence equation of the form ∂ⱼQsuperscript jl = Usuperscript l = esuperscript iGreek Small Letter Lamda Greek Small Letter Xiusuperscript l. These terms are the High–Low Interaction term, the main High–High terms, the remainder of the High–High terms, and the Transport term. For each of these factors, the parametrix expansion for the divergence equation is used. The error of the expansion is eliminated by solving the divergence equation. The chapter also considers the bounds which are obeyed for the parametrices of the oscillatory terms and concludes by applying the parametrix.
John Sturzaker and Alexander Nurse
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447350774
- eISBN:
- 9781447350828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447350774.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter summarises and synthesises the preceding chapters, discussing a series of themes which have emerged. The first is the interaction between the levels of devolution which have been the ...
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This chapter summarises and synthesises the preceding chapters, discussing a series of themes which have emerged. The first is the interaction between the levels of devolution which have been the focus of each chapter, reflecting upon overlaps between them and cumulative impacts of changes to different levels of governance. The second is that Brexit has dominated UK governance to an unhealthy degree, casting a long shadow over other issues, including localism. The third is the impact of ‘austerity’ and the reductions in central and local state spending consequent on it, and the fourth follows – that poorer people are consistently losing out from every round and type of reform. Our conclusion is, therefore, that localism as it has been instantiated in the UK has overall been a regressive force, but that this need not necessarily be the case – whilst we identify few lessons for other places, there is scope to work within and around formal governance frameworks to have a more positive impact.Less
This chapter summarises and synthesises the preceding chapters, discussing a series of themes which have emerged. The first is the interaction between the levels of devolution which have been the focus of each chapter, reflecting upon overlaps between them and cumulative impacts of changes to different levels of governance. The second is that Brexit has dominated UK governance to an unhealthy degree, casting a long shadow over other issues, including localism. The third is the impact of ‘austerity’ and the reductions in central and local state spending consequent on it, and the fourth follows – that poorer people are consistently losing out from every round and type of reform. Our conclusion is, therefore, that localism as it has been instantiated in the UK has overall been a regressive force, but that this need not necessarily be the case – whilst we identify few lessons for other places, there is scope to work within and around formal governance frameworks to have a more positive impact.
Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195104271
- eISBN:
- 9780197560983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195104271.003.0014
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Computer Architecture and Logic Design
A major concern to the founders of modern logic—Frege, Peirce, Russell, and Hilbert—was to give an account of the logical structure of valid reasoning. ...
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A major concern to the founders of modern logic—Frege, Peirce, Russell, and Hilbert—was to give an account of the logical structure of valid reasoning. Taking valid reasoning in mathematics as paradigmatic, these pioneers led the way in developing the accounts of logic which we teach today and that underwrite the work in model theory, proof theory, and definability theory. The resulting notions of proof, model, formal system, soundness, and completeness are things that no one claiming familiarity with logic can fail to understand, and they have also played an enormous role in the revolution known as computer science. The success of this model of inference led to an explosion of results and applications. But it also led most logicians—and those computer scientists most influenced by the logic tradition—to neglect forms of reasoning that did not fit well within this model. We are thinking, of course, of reasoning that uses devices like diagrams, graphs, charts, frames, nets, maps, and pictures. The attitude of the traditional logician to these forms of representation is evident in the quotation of Neil Tennant in Chapter I, which expresses the standard view of the role of diagrams in geometrical proofs. One aim of our work, as explained there, is to demonstrate that this dogma is misguided. We believe that many of the problems people have putting their knowledge of logic to work, whether in machines or in their own lives, stems from the logocentricity that has pervaded its study for the past hundred years. Recently, some researchers outside the logic tradition have explored uses of diagrams in knowledge representation and automated reasoning, finding inspiration in the work of Euler, Venn, and especially C. S. Peirce. This volume is a testament to this resurgence of interest in nonlinguistic representations in reasoning. While we applaud this resurgence, the aim of this chapter is to strike a cautionary note or two. Enchanted by the potential of nonlinguistic representations, it is all too easy to overreact and so to repeat the errors of the past.
Less
A major concern to the founders of modern logic—Frege, Peirce, Russell, and Hilbert—was to give an account of the logical structure of valid reasoning. Taking valid reasoning in mathematics as paradigmatic, these pioneers led the way in developing the accounts of logic which we teach today and that underwrite the work in model theory, proof theory, and definability theory. The resulting notions of proof, model, formal system, soundness, and completeness are things that no one claiming familiarity with logic can fail to understand, and they have also played an enormous role in the revolution known as computer science. The success of this model of inference led to an explosion of results and applications. But it also led most logicians—and those computer scientists most influenced by the logic tradition—to neglect forms of reasoning that did not fit well within this model. We are thinking, of course, of reasoning that uses devices like diagrams, graphs, charts, frames, nets, maps, and pictures. The attitude of the traditional logician to these forms of representation is evident in the quotation of Neil Tennant in Chapter I, which expresses the standard view of the role of diagrams in geometrical proofs. One aim of our work, as explained there, is to demonstrate that this dogma is misguided. We believe that many of the problems people have putting their knowledge of logic to work, whether in machines or in their own lives, stems from the logocentricity that has pervaded its study for the past hundred years. Recently, some researchers outside the logic tradition have explored uses of diagrams in knowledge representation and automated reasoning, finding inspiration in the work of Euler, Venn, and especially C. S. Peirce. This volume is a testament to this resurgence of interest in nonlinguistic representations in reasoning. While we applaud this resurgence, the aim of this chapter is to strike a cautionary note or two. Enchanted by the potential of nonlinguistic representations, it is all too easy to overreact and so to repeat the errors of the past.
Norman J. Morgenstern Horing
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198791942
- eISBN:
- 9780191834165
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198791942.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
The methods of coupled quantum field theory, which had great initial success in relativistic elementary particle physics and have subsequently played a major role in the extensive development of ...
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The methods of coupled quantum field theory, which had great initial success in relativistic elementary particle physics and have subsequently played a major role in the extensive development of non-relativistic quantum many-particle theory and condensed matter physics, are at the core of this book. As an introduction to the subject, this presentation is intended to facilitate delivery of the material in an easily digestible form to students at a relatively early stage of their scientific development, specifically advanced undergraduates (rather than second or third year graduate students), who are mathematically strong physics majors. The mechanism to accomplish this is the early introduction of variational calculus with particle sources and the Schwinger Action Principle, accompanied by Green’s functions, and, in addition, a brief derivation of quantum mechanical ensemble theory introducing statistical thermodynamics. Important achievements of the theory in condensed matter and quantum statistical physics are reviewed in detail to help develop research capability. These include the derivation of coupled field Green’s function equations of motion for a model electron-hole-phonon system, extensive discussions of retarded, thermodynamic and non-equilibrium Green’s functions, and their associated spectral representations and approximation procedures. Phenomenology emerging in these discussions includes quantum plasma dynamic, nonlocal screening, plasmons, polaritons, linear electromagnetic response, excitons, polarons, phonons, magnetic Landau quantization, van der Waals interactions, chemisorption, etc. Considerable attention is also given to low-dimensional and nanostructured systems, including quantum wells, wires, dots and superlattices, as well as materials having exceptional conduction properties such as superconductors, superfluids and graphene.Less
The methods of coupled quantum field theory, which had great initial success in relativistic elementary particle physics and have subsequently played a major role in the extensive development of non-relativistic quantum many-particle theory and condensed matter physics, are at the core of this book. As an introduction to the subject, this presentation is intended to facilitate delivery of the material in an easily digestible form to students at a relatively early stage of their scientific development, specifically advanced undergraduates (rather than second or third year graduate students), who are mathematically strong physics majors. The mechanism to accomplish this is the early introduction of variational calculus with particle sources and the Schwinger Action Principle, accompanied by Green’s functions, and, in addition, a brief derivation of quantum mechanical ensemble theory introducing statistical thermodynamics. Important achievements of the theory in condensed matter and quantum statistical physics are reviewed in detail to help develop research capability. These include the derivation of coupled field Green’s function equations of motion for a model electron-hole-phonon system, extensive discussions of retarded, thermodynamic and non-equilibrium Green’s functions, and their associated spectral representations and approximation procedures. Phenomenology emerging in these discussions includes quantum plasma dynamic, nonlocal screening, plasmons, polaritons, linear electromagnetic response, excitons, polarons, phonons, magnetic Landau quantization, van der Waals interactions, chemisorption, etc. Considerable attention is also given to low-dimensional and nanostructured systems, including quantum wells, wires, dots and superlattices, as well as materials having exceptional conduction properties such as superconductors, superfluids and graphene.
Dan K. Yoshimoto, Alyson Shapiro, Kelly O’Brien, and John M. Gottman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198529620
- eISBN:
- 9780191689673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529620.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The comprehensive approach of studying nonverbal behavior is exemplified best in observational studies assessing dyadic interaction in intimate relationships, such as between couples and parents with ...
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The comprehensive approach of studying nonverbal behavior is exemplified best in observational studies assessing dyadic interaction in intimate relationships, such as between couples and parents with their children. The study of couple and parent–child relationships within the family are important because they are some of the most influential and defining relationships human establish in people–s lives. This chapter focuses on various nonverbal behavioral coding systems used in the laboratory when studying committed relationships. Various coding system such as Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF), Triadic Interaction Coding System (TICS), and psychophysiological assessment were used in this study. The discussion of each coding system is organized into sections providing information about the background and evolution of these coding systems, equipment required to implement these systems into the laboratory used for this study, guidelines for training, some significant findings as a result of the implementation of these coding systems, and some recommendations for future research.Less
The comprehensive approach of studying nonverbal behavior is exemplified best in observational studies assessing dyadic interaction in intimate relationships, such as between couples and parents with their children. The study of couple and parent–child relationships within the family are important because they are some of the most influential and defining relationships human establish in people–s lives. This chapter focuses on various nonverbal behavioral coding systems used in the laboratory when studying committed relationships. Various coding system such as Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF), Triadic Interaction Coding System (TICS), and psychophysiological assessment were used in this study. The discussion of each coding system is organized into sections providing information about the background and evolution of these coding systems, equipment required to implement these systems into the laboratory used for this study, guidelines for training, some significant findings as a result of the implementation of these coding systems, and some recommendations for future research.
Michael C. Medlock
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- March 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198794844
- eISBN:
- 9780191836336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198794844.003.0007
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy, Computational Mathematics / Optimization
This chapter provides bite-sized summaries of the most common methods of the Games User Research field. It then focuses on the questions to be considered when constructing and combining GUR methods. ...
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This chapter provides bite-sized summaries of the most common methods of the Games User Research field. It then focuses on the questions to be considered when constructing and combining GUR methods. It concludes with a discussion of what methods best address what questions.Less
This chapter provides bite-sized summaries of the most common methods of the Games User Research field. It then focuses on the questions to be considered when constructing and combining GUR methods. It concludes with a discussion of what methods best address what questions.
Wolfgang Banzhaf and Lidia Yamamoto
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029438
- eISBN:
- 9780262329460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029438.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
The introduction to Artificial Chemistries discusses its root in Artificial Life research before explaining with a simple example from the mathematical area of Arithmetic what we can imagine under an ...
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The introduction to Artificial Chemistries discusses its root in Artificial Life research before explaining with a simple example from the mathematical area of Arithmetic what we can imagine under an artificial chemistry. It explains how some fundamental questions of Artificial Life are connected to questions of Artificial Chemistry and shows a few of the general features we’d expect to be exhibited by an AC.Less
The introduction to Artificial Chemistries discusses its root in Artificial Life research before explaining with a simple example from the mathematical area of Arithmetic what we can imagine under an artificial chemistry. It explains how some fundamental questions of Artificial Life are connected to questions of Artificial Chemistry and shows a few of the general features we’d expect to be exhibited by an AC.
James Tabery
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027373
- eISBN:
- 9780262324144
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027373.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
If everyone now agrees that human traits arise not from nature or nurture but from the interaction of nature and nurture, then why does the “nature versus nurture” debate persist? In Beyond Versus, ...
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If everyone now agrees that human traits arise not from nature or nurture but from the interaction of nature and nurture, then why does the “nature versus nurture” debate persist? In Beyond Versus, James Tabery argues that the persistence stems from a century-long struggle to understand the interaction of nature and nurture—a struggle to define what the interaction of nature and nurture is, how it should be investigated, and what counts as evidence for it. Tabery tells the story of the past, takes stock of the present, and considers the future of research on the interaction of nature and nurture. From the eugenics controversy of the 1930s regarding sterilization, to the IQ controversy of the 1970s in behaviour genetics regarding race, to the 21st century debate over the causes of depression, Tabery argues that the polarization in these discussions can be attributed to what he calls an “explanatory divide”—a disagreement over how explanation works in science, which in turn has created two very different concepts of interaction. Drawing on recent developments in the philosophy of science, Tabery then offers a way to integratively bridge this explanatory divide and integratively bridge these different concepts. Looking to the future, Tabery evaluates the bioethical issues that surround genetic testing (in the form of whole genome sequencing) for genes implicated in interactions of nature and nurture, pointing to what the future does (and does not) hold for a science that continues to make headlines and raise controversy.Less
If everyone now agrees that human traits arise not from nature or nurture but from the interaction of nature and nurture, then why does the “nature versus nurture” debate persist? In Beyond Versus, James Tabery argues that the persistence stems from a century-long struggle to understand the interaction of nature and nurture—a struggle to define what the interaction of nature and nurture is, how it should be investigated, and what counts as evidence for it. Tabery tells the story of the past, takes stock of the present, and considers the future of research on the interaction of nature and nurture. From the eugenics controversy of the 1930s regarding sterilization, to the IQ controversy of the 1970s in behaviour genetics regarding race, to the 21st century debate over the causes of depression, Tabery argues that the polarization in these discussions can be attributed to what he calls an “explanatory divide”—a disagreement over how explanation works in science, which in turn has created two very different concepts of interaction. Drawing on recent developments in the philosophy of science, Tabery then offers a way to integratively bridge this explanatory divide and integratively bridge these different concepts. Looking to the future, Tabery evaluates the bioethical issues that surround genetic testing (in the form of whole genome sequencing) for genes implicated in interactions of nature and nurture, pointing to what the future does (and does not) hold for a science that continues to make headlines and raise controversy.
Alexandre Todorov
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034685
- eISBN:
- 9780262335522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034685.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
The aim of the RELIEF algorithm is to filter out features (e.g., genes, environmental factors) that are relevant to a trait of interest, starting from a set of that may include thousands of ...
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The aim of the RELIEF algorithm is to filter out features (e.g., genes, environmental factors) that are relevant to a trait of interest, starting from a set of that may include thousands of irrelevant features. Though widely used in many fields, its application to the study of gene-environment interaction studies has been limited thus far. We provide here an overview of this machine learning algorithm and some of its variants. Using simulated data, we then compare of the performance of RELIEF to that of logistic regression for screening for gene-environment interactions in SNP data. Even though performance degrades in larger sets of markers, RELIEF remains a competitive alternative to logistic regression, and shows clear promise as a tool for the study of gene-environment interactions. Areas for further improvements of the algorithm are then suggested.Less
The aim of the RELIEF algorithm is to filter out features (e.g., genes, environmental factors) that are relevant to a trait of interest, starting from a set of that may include thousands of irrelevant features. Though widely used in many fields, its application to the study of gene-environment interaction studies has been limited thus far. We provide here an overview of this machine learning algorithm and some of its variants. Using simulated data, we then compare of the performance of RELIEF to that of logistic regression for screening for gene-environment interactions in SNP data. Even though performance degrades in larger sets of markers, RELIEF remains a competitive alternative to logistic regression, and shows clear promise as a tool for the study of gene-environment interactions. Areas for further improvements of the algorithm are then suggested.
Martin Clayton, Byron Dueck, and Laura Leante (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199811328
- eISBN:
- 9780199369539
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199811328.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music, Performing Practice/Studies
Experience and meaning in music performance is a multi-authored work that both draws on and contributes to current debates in a wide range of disciplines, including ethnomusicology, musicology, ...
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Experience and meaning in music performance is a multi-authored work that both draws on and contributes to current debates in a wide range of disciplines, including ethnomusicology, musicology, psychology, cognitive science and several other fields The eight distinct contributions focus in different ways on its three main themes: Experience, Meaning and Performance. Performance defines the principal object of study as the moment of production—of sound or of meaning—rather than on music as model, ideal or product. Experience focuses attention away from the ideal and the ideological and towards the phenomenal: what people actually do, and what they feel, while engaging in music. Meaning, too, is understood in a broad sense. On one hand, authors examine actions that are musically successful and socially consequential, but whose initial ‘meaning’ owes little to linguistic mediation. On the other hand, the authors retain a place for how discourse shapes music: for what people try to put into a performance, and what they think they (and others) ought to get out of it. Other themes impart cut across those of the volume’s title. Three chapters examine gesture and nonverbal forms of communication, illustrating how experiences of listening, performing and musical collaboration are shaped by movement and gesture. Another trio of essays focuses on elements of temporal organisation in music, particularly pulse, rhythmic patterning, metre and groove. These chapters explore how musicians from different traditions entrain to regular patterns of pulsation in music.Less
Experience and meaning in music performance is a multi-authored work that both draws on and contributes to current debates in a wide range of disciplines, including ethnomusicology, musicology, psychology, cognitive science and several other fields The eight distinct contributions focus in different ways on its three main themes: Experience, Meaning and Performance. Performance defines the principal object of study as the moment of production—of sound or of meaning—rather than on music as model, ideal or product. Experience focuses attention away from the ideal and the ideological and towards the phenomenal: what people actually do, and what they feel, while engaging in music. Meaning, too, is understood in a broad sense. On one hand, authors examine actions that are musically successful and socially consequential, but whose initial ‘meaning’ owes little to linguistic mediation. On the other hand, the authors retain a place for how discourse shapes music: for what people try to put into a performance, and what they think they (and others) ought to get out of it. Other themes impart cut across those of the volume’s title. Three chapters examine gesture and nonverbal forms of communication, illustrating how experiences of listening, performing and musical collaboration are shaped by movement and gesture. Another trio of essays focuses on elements of temporal organisation in music, particularly pulse, rhythmic patterning, metre and groove. These chapters explore how musicians from different traditions entrain to regular patterns of pulsation in music.
Morana Alač
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262525381
- eISBN:
- 9780262319157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262525381.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
This chapter analyzes the digital materiality of scientific visuals by examining how brain images displayed on screens are manipulated and coordinated with talk and embodied gesture in neuroscience ...
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This chapter analyzes the digital materiality of scientific visuals by examining how brain images displayed on screens are manipulated and coordinated with talk and embodied gesture in neuroscience research. Drawing upon detailed fieldwork and video analysis in an fMRI laboratory, the chapter shows how brain images function as diagrammatic signs that laboratory researchers deploy in situated, multimodal interactions. By recasting brain images as integral parts of the semiotic and interactional production of research, the chapter shows how such visuals provide an interface between digital screens and lived bodies in the everyday work of science.Less
This chapter analyzes the digital materiality of scientific visuals by examining how brain images displayed on screens are manipulated and coordinated with talk and embodied gesture in neuroscience research. Drawing upon detailed fieldwork and video analysis in an fMRI laboratory, the chapter shows how brain images function as diagrammatic signs that laboratory researchers deploy in situated, multimodal interactions. By recasting brain images as integral parts of the semiotic and interactional production of research, the chapter shows how such visuals provide an interface between digital screens and lived bodies in the everyday work of science.
