Roger Teichmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199299331
- eISBN:
- 9780191715068
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299331.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
One of the most important philosophers of recent times, Elizabeth Anscombe wrote books and articles on a wide range of topics, including the ground-breaking monograph Intention. This book studies ...
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One of the most important philosophers of recent times, Elizabeth Anscombe wrote books and articles on a wide range of topics, including the ground-breaking monograph Intention. This book studies Anscombe's philosophical oeuvre. It presents Anscombe's main ideas, bringing out their interconnections, elaborating and discussing their implications, pointing out objections and difficulties, and aims to give a unified overview of her philosophy. Many of Anscombe's arguments are relevant to contemporary debates, and on a number of topics, what Anscombe has to say constitutes a powerful alternative to dominant or popular views. Among the writings discussed are Intention, ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, ‘Rules, Rights and Promises’, ‘On Brute Facts’, ‘The First Person’, ‘The Intentionality of Sensation’, ‘Causality and Determination’, An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus, ‘The Question of Linguistic Idealism’, and a number of other pieces, including some that are little known or hard to obtain. A complete bibliography of Anscombe's writings is also included. Ranging from the philosophy of action, through ethics, to philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and the philosophy of logic and language, this book is a study of one of the most significant bodies of work in modern philosophy, spanning more than fifty years, and one which is as pertinent today as ever.Less
One of the most important philosophers of recent times, Elizabeth Anscombe wrote books and articles on a wide range of topics, including the ground-breaking monograph Intention. This book studies Anscombe's philosophical oeuvre. It presents Anscombe's main ideas, bringing out their interconnections, elaborating and discussing their implications, pointing out objections and difficulties, and aims to give a unified overview of her philosophy. Many of Anscombe's arguments are relevant to contemporary debates, and on a number of topics, what Anscombe has to say constitutes a powerful alternative to dominant or popular views. Among the writings discussed are Intention, ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, ‘Rules, Rights and Promises’, ‘On Brute Facts’, ‘The First Person’, ‘The Intentionality of Sensation’, ‘Causality and Determination’, An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus, ‘The Question of Linguistic Idealism’, and a number of other pieces, including some that are little known or hard to obtain. A complete bibliography of Anscombe's writings is also included. Ranging from the philosophy of action, through ethics, to philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and the philosophy of logic and language, this book is a study of one of the most significant bodies of work in modern philosophy, spanning more than fifty years, and one which is as pertinent today as ever.
Gideon Yaffe
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199268559
- eISBN:
- 9780191601415
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926855X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
Manifest Activity examines Thomas Reid's efforts to provide answers to a host of traditional philosophical questions concerning the nature of the will, the powers of human beings, motivation, and the ...
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Manifest Activity examines Thomas Reid's efforts to provide answers to a host of traditional philosophical questions concerning the nature of the will, the powers of human beings, motivation, and the relation between human action and natural change. The concept of ‘active power’ stands at the centre of Reid's philosophy of action. He holds that actions are all and only the events of which some creature is the ‘efficient cause’, and he thinks a creature is the efficient cause of an event just in case it has the power to bring that event about and exerts it. Reid's conception both of human actions and changes in nature is deeply teleological. He holds that to exert a power is to direct an event towards an end, and he holds that all changes, whether actions or events in nature, flow from the exertion of power. The book explains the details of this view, Reid's reasons for holding it, and its implications to our understanding of action, agency, and our relation to the natural world.Less
Manifest Activity examines Thomas Reid's efforts to provide answers to a host of traditional philosophical questions concerning the nature of the will, the powers of human beings, motivation, and the relation between human action and natural change. The concept of ‘active power’ stands at the centre of Reid's philosophy of action. He holds that actions are all and only the events of which some creature is the ‘efficient cause’, and he thinks a creature is the efficient cause of an event just in case it has the power to bring that event about and exerts it. Reid's conception both of human actions and changes in nature is deeply teleological. He holds that to exert a power is to direct an event towards an end, and he holds that all changes, whether actions or events in nature, flow from the exertion of power. The book explains the details of this view, Reid's reasons for holding it, and its implications to our understanding of action, agency, and our relation to the natural world.
Raymond Plant
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199281756
- eISBN:
- 9780191713040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281756.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
It is a central thesis of neo‐liberalism that social justice is an incoherent moral ideal and should play no part in proper identification of the real purposes and scope of the state. Social justice ...
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It is a central thesis of neo‐liberalism that social justice is an incoherent moral ideal and should play no part in proper identification of the real purposes and scope of the state. Social justice is central to both Social Democracy and Socialism and the critique of social justice is crucial for the neo‐liberal claim to differentiate itself in a categorical way from these other political, social, and economic positions. The chapter looks in detail at the different arguments used by neo‐liberal thinkers to criticize social justice. It is also part of the neo‐liberal position that social justice as a policy aim cannot be made compatible with the idea of the rule of law. The reasons for this are explored in detail.Less
It is a central thesis of neo‐liberalism that social justice is an incoherent moral ideal and should play no part in proper identification of the real purposes and scope of the state. Social justice is central to both Social Democracy and Socialism and the critique of social justice is crucial for the neo‐liberal claim to differentiate itself in a categorical way from these other political, social, and economic positions. The chapter looks in detail at the different arguments used by neo‐liberal thinkers to criticize social justice. It is also part of the neo‐liberal position that social justice as a policy aim cannot be made compatible with the idea of the rule of law. The reasons for this are explored in detail.
Jenny Teichman
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197262788
- eISBN:
- 9780191754210
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262788.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
Elizabeth Anscombe, Fellow of the British Academy and an Honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was a philosopher who worked at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Her ...
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Elizabeth Anscombe, Fellow of the British Academy and an Honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was a philosopher who worked at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Her published works include Intention (1957, 1963, 2000) and An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus (1959). Obituary by Jenny Teichman.Less
Elizabeth Anscombe, Fellow of the British Academy and an Honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was a philosopher who worked at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Her published works include Intention (1957, 1963, 2000) and An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus (1959). Obituary by Jenny Teichman.
Joseph Raz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195382440
- eISBN:
- 9780199870158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382440.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The chapter examines the main argument for, and the presuppositions of the claim that intentional actions are actions taken in, and because of, a belief that there is some good in them. An analysis ...
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The chapter examines the main argument for, and the presuppositions of the claim that intentional actions are actions taken in, and because of, a belief that there is some good in them. An analysis of intentional actions, and of action for a (normative) reason, followed by a consideration of a number of objections to the thesis of the Guise of the Good force various revisions and refinements of the thesis yielding a defensible version of it. It is argued that the revised thesis is supported by the same argument that inspired the Guise of the Good from the beginning and that the thesis plays a crucial role in uniting theories of action, rationality, and normativity.Less
The chapter examines the main argument for, and the presuppositions of the claim that intentional actions are actions taken in, and because of, a belief that there is some good in them. An analysis of intentional actions, and of action for a (normative) reason, followed by a consideration of a number of objections to the thesis of the Guise of the Good force various revisions and refinements of the thesis yielding a defensible version of it. It is argued that the revised thesis is supported by the same argument that inspired the Guise of the Good from the beginning and that the thesis plays a crucial role in uniting theories of action, rationality, and normativity.
Christopher Hutton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748633500
- eISBN:
- 9780748671489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748633500.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Applied Linguistics and Pedagogy
This chapter looks at legal dilemmas in relation to representation, and the question of how and whether law is concerned with the intention of the person producing or circulating an image. It looks ...
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This chapter looks at legal dilemmas in relation to representation, and the question of how and whether law is concerned with the intention of the person producing or circulating an image. It looks at the case of a case of a T-shirt in Hong Kong which made reference to gangster culture, a counterfeit artist who made images or partial reproductions of currency, the idea of words and images that cause hurt or harm (and might be forbidden under a tort of racial insult), and the notion of speech as a form of social action. This can be hate speech on US campuses, the burning of the United States flag, swearing, pornography, etc. the key question is how law can and should allocate responsibility for meaning between the utterer and the utterer's presumed intention, the medium and the addressee, in cases where some taboo is breached.Less
This chapter looks at legal dilemmas in relation to representation, and the question of how and whether law is concerned with the intention of the person producing or circulating an image. It looks at the case of a case of a T-shirt in Hong Kong which made reference to gangster culture, a counterfeit artist who made images or partial reproductions of currency, the idea of words and images that cause hurt or harm (and might be forbidden under a tort of racial insult), and the notion of speech as a form of social action. This can be hate speech on US campuses, the burning of the United States flag, swearing, pornography, etc. the key question is how law can and should allocate responsibility for meaning between the utterer and the utterer's presumed intention, the medium and the addressee, in cases where some taboo is breached.
Neil Sinhababu
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198783893
- eISBN:
- 9780191826542
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198783893.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This book defends the Humean Theory of Motivation, according to which desire drives all human action and practical reasoning. In addition to motivating action, desire causes pleasant and unpleasant ...
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This book defends the Humean Theory of Motivation, according to which desire drives all human action and practical reasoning. In addition to motivating action, desire causes pleasant and unpleasant feelings depending on our thoughts concerning its object, directs our attention towards its object, and is amplified by vivid representations of its object. These properties of desire help the Humean Theory provide illuminating accounts of moral judgment, intention, willpower, and agency, and account for a variety of psychological phenomena that its opponents believe it can’t explain. Emotional dispositions that include desires cause moral beliefs and are the sources of moral concepts. Intentions are desires combined with means–end beliefs, and their role in planning is derived from desire’s ability to direct attention. We exercise willpower by intentionally redirecting attention in ways that raise the vividness of our goals or decrease the vividness of temptation. Our selves are constituted by all of our desires, and the activity of these desires constitutes our practical agency. The Humean Theory reveals that a variety of contemporary rationalist and noncognitivist theories leave humans incapable of moral judgment, and supports a cognitivist and externalist theory that is consistent with our Humean nature.Less
This book defends the Humean Theory of Motivation, according to which desire drives all human action and practical reasoning. In addition to motivating action, desire causes pleasant and unpleasant feelings depending on our thoughts concerning its object, directs our attention towards its object, and is amplified by vivid representations of its object. These properties of desire help the Humean Theory provide illuminating accounts of moral judgment, intention, willpower, and agency, and account for a variety of psychological phenomena that its opponents believe it can’t explain. Emotional dispositions that include desires cause moral beliefs and are the sources of moral concepts. Intentions are desires combined with means–end beliefs, and their role in planning is derived from desire’s ability to direct attention. We exercise willpower by intentionally redirecting attention in ways that raise the vividness of our goals or decrease the vividness of temptation. Our selves are constituted by all of our desires, and the activity of these desires constitutes our practical agency. The Humean Theory reveals that a variety of contemporary rationalist and noncognitivist theories leave humans incapable of moral judgment, and supports a cognitivist and externalist theory that is consistent with our Humean nature.
A. Whitney Sanford
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813168630
- eISBN:
- 9780813168951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813168630.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Being the Change explores how intentional communities such as ecovillages, cohousing communities, and Catholic worker houses have tested alternative models of eating, building, and governing and what ...
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Being the Change explores how intentional communities such as ecovillages, cohousing communities, and Catholic worker houses have tested alternative models of eating, building, and governing and what these communities can teach the rest of us about sustainable and harmonious living. The introduction lays out the book’s central arguments, introduces the communities, and highlights the language of intention, that we can be intentional about nonviolence, participatory democracy, and voluntary simplicity in our communities. Communities including Catholic Worker houses and farms, ecovillages, and cohousing communities illustrate how some communities have translated these values into practice.Less
Being the Change explores how intentional communities such as ecovillages, cohousing communities, and Catholic worker houses have tested alternative models of eating, building, and governing and what these communities can teach the rest of us about sustainable and harmonious living. The introduction lays out the book’s central arguments, introduces the communities, and highlights the language of intention, that we can be intentional about nonviolence, participatory democracy, and voluntary simplicity in our communities. Communities including Catholic Worker houses and farms, ecovillages, and cohousing communities illustrate how some communities have translated these values into practice.
Lasana T. Harris
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035965
- eISBN:
- 9780262339049
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035965.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The six chapter presents a thought experiment that examines why flexible social cognition may have been evolutionarily preserved. It introduces the human capacity for deception as a possible ...
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The six chapter presents a thought experiment that examines why flexible social cognition may have been evolutionarily preserved. It introduces the human capacity for deception as a possible situational factor that promoted flexible social cognition related to human migratory patterns during the ancestral past. It examines the interplay between the self and social groups, before revisiting the thought experiment set in modern society instead of human’s ancestral past. It then explores deception, intention, and complex mental life as situational factors that would affect the outcome of the thought experiment in this modern context.Less
The six chapter presents a thought experiment that examines why flexible social cognition may have been evolutionarily preserved. It introduces the human capacity for deception as a possible situational factor that promoted flexible social cognition related to human migratory patterns during the ancestral past. It examines the interplay between the self and social groups, before revisiting the thought experiment set in modern society instead of human’s ancestral past. It then explores deception, intention, and complex mental life as situational factors that would affect the outcome of the thought experiment in this modern context.
Giacomo Rizzolatti and Maddalena Fabbri-Destro
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199692972
- eISBN:
- 9780191758515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692972.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
There are several ways in which one can understand action, intention and emotion of others. There is however only one way in which others can be understood “from inside”. This way is based on the ...
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There are several ways in which one can understand action, intention and emotion of others. There is however only one way in which others can be understood “from inside”. This way is based on the activation of the mirror mechanism. When an individual sees an action done by another individual, mirror neurons are activated. This activation ignites a complex motor network that transforms sensory information into a motor copy of the observed action. This activation is similar to that endogenously elicited during motor execution or during emotions determined by natural stimuli. In this chapter we will illustrate the mirror mechanism and discuss the possible relation between the mirror mechanism and autism.Less
There are several ways in which one can understand action, intention and emotion of others. There is however only one way in which others can be understood “from inside”. This way is based on the activation of the mirror mechanism. When an individual sees an action done by another individual, mirror neurons are activated. This activation ignites a complex motor network that transforms sensory information into a motor copy of the observed action. This activation is similar to that endogenously elicited during motor execution or during emotions determined by natural stimuli. In this chapter we will illustrate the mirror mechanism and discuss the possible relation between the mirror mechanism and autism.
Mira Balberg
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520295926
- eISBN:
- 9780520968660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520295926.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The first chapter aims to reconstruct the rabbinic paradigm of sacrifice as a religious practice, and to examine how the rabbis understand the workings and value of the sacrificial process. Its point ...
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The first chapter aims to reconstruct the rabbinic paradigm of sacrifice as a religious practice, and to examine how the rabbis understand the workings and value of the sacrificial process. Its point of departure is the biblical model of sacrifice, which is an interactive model in essence. In contrast, the chapter argues, the rabbis reconfigure the sacrificial process in a distinctly and emphatically non-interactive model by underplaying both the giver and receiver in the process. This chapter focuses on the role of the offerer (or “owner”) in rabbinic sacrificial legislation, arguing that the rabbis significantly restrict the function and agency of individual offerers within the sacrificial process, both in terms of physical participation and in terms of mental impact, and thereby create a model of sacrifice that is explicitly non-personal and non-communicative.Less
The first chapter aims to reconstruct the rabbinic paradigm of sacrifice as a religious practice, and to examine how the rabbis understand the workings and value of the sacrificial process. Its point of departure is the biblical model of sacrifice, which is an interactive model in essence. In contrast, the chapter argues, the rabbis reconfigure the sacrificial process in a distinctly and emphatically non-interactive model by underplaying both the giver and receiver in the process. This chapter focuses on the role of the offerer (or “owner”) in rabbinic sacrificial legislation, arguing that the rabbis significantly restrict the function and agency of individual offerers within the sacrificial process, both in terms of physical participation and in terms of mental impact, and thereby create a model of sacrifice that is explicitly non-personal and non-communicative.
Michelle Bentley
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781526104717
- eISBN:
- 9781526120861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526104717.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
Chapter 2 applies the strategic interpretation outlined previously to US foreign policy on Syria, explicitly understood as a reference to Obama’s redline. It demonstrates that this is not the ...
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Chapter 2 applies the strategic interpretation outlined previously to US foreign policy on Syria, explicitly understood as a reference to Obama’s redline. It demonstrates that this is not the hardline ultimatum it was made out to be; but is in fact a calculated construct that expresses Obama’s own preferences concerning US involvement in the crisis. Specifically, it analyses Obama’s real intentions in setting the redline to reveal that these have been misinterpreted. More specifically, that pre-existing ideas surrounding the chemical weapons taboo have caused Obama’s statement to be misconstrued as a be-all-and-end-all of US foreign policy on Syria. It examines the wider policy context at the time to demonstrate that this interpretation was diametrically opposed to Obama’s professed position and that the redline actually comprises a much softer and moderate allusion to the taboo.Less
Chapter 2 applies the strategic interpretation outlined previously to US foreign policy on Syria, explicitly understood as a reference to Obama’s redline. It demonstrates that this is not the hardline ultimatum it was made out to be; but is in fact a calculated construct that expresses Obama’s own preferences concerning US involvement in the crisis. Specifically, it analyses Obama’s real intentions in setting the redline to reveal that these have been misinterpreted. More specifically, that pre-existing ideas surrounding the chemical weapons taboo have caused Obama’s statement to be misconstrued as a be-all-and-end-all of US foreign policy on Syria. It examines the wider policy context at the time to demonstrate that this interpretation was diametrically opposed to Obama’s professed position and that the redline actually comprises a much softer and moderate allusion to the taboo.
Irene O'Daly
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526109491
- eISBN:
- 9781526132338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526109491.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter discusses the significance of the term natura in John’s works and the notion of ‘living in accordance with nature’ - a guideline borrowed from the works of Cicero. It compares John’s ...
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This chapter discusses the significance of the term natura in John’s works and the notion of ‘living in accordance with nature’ - a guideline borrowed from the works of Cicero. It compares John’s views to those of his contemporaries, illustrating how he transformed the Ciceronian trope into one that had direct application in a Christian context. It examines the role played by reason in this transformation, and looks particularly at the example of intention to illustrate how the interior character of the individual was the principal factor in determining the worth of an act.Less
This chapter discusses the significance of the term natura in John’s works and the notion of ‘living in accordance with nature’ - a guideline borrowed from the works of Cicero. It compares John’s views to those of his contemporaries, illustrating how he transformed the Ciceronian trope into one that had direct application in a Christian context. It examines the role played by reason in this transformation, and looks particularly at the example of intention to illustrate how the interior character of the individual was the principal factor in determining the worth of an act.
Niall Rudd
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781904675488
- eISBN:
- 9781781385043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781904675488.003.0017
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
This essay traces the changes and developments of the kinds of criticism and critical assumptions brought to bear on Classical literature in particular from the mid to end of the twentieth century. ...
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This essay traces the changes and developments of the kinds of criticism and critical assumptions brought to bear on Classical literature in particular from the mid to end of the twentieth century. Marx, Freud, historicism, feminism, anthropology, sociology are all shown to have refined the previously heavily philological and grammatical study of ancient texts. Some theories are rejected as inappropriate, others shown to be useful with proper application, especially intention. Classical Humanism is advocated as the study of texts to reveal both the differences and abiding similarities between people of different ages and civilisations, often shown in shared concerns in their literature.Less
This essay traces the changes and developments of the kinds of criticism and critical assumptions brought to bear on Classical literature in particular from the mid to end of the twentieth century. Marx, Freud, historicism, feminism, anthropology, sociology are all shown to have refined the previously heavily philological and grammatical study of ancient texts. Some theories are rejected as inappropriate, others shown to be useful with proper application, especially intention. Classical Humanism is advocated as the study of texts to reveal both the differences and abiding similarities between people of different ages and civilisations, often shown in shared concerns in their literature.
Anthony Trewavas
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199539543
- eISBN:
- 9780191788291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539543.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter describes the varieties of behaviour exhibited by plants, all of which indicates a remarkable degree of sensory perception, assessment, forecasting, and purpose. Higher plants can ...
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This chapter describes the varieties of behaviour exhibited by plants, all of which indicates a remarkable degree of sensory perception, assessment, forecasting, and purpose. Higher plants can discriminate among different environments and choose those that are more beneficial. Once decisions are initially made, they can be corrected after due assessment. Much research shows that plants have the ability to sense each other and avoid entanglement. Competition from other plants causes growth to be redirected away from competitors. Alternatively, phenotypic changes are used to outstrip competitors. Various chemicals can be sensed, including numerous volatiles, and growth can be directed along a gradient of them. Light or mineral gradients are equally used to direct to better growth resources. Behaviour to herbivores, disease pests, and various stresses can be modified by priming. On receipt of a first signal, subsequent responses are faster and larger in the primed plant. Habituation and conditioned behaviour have also been recorded. The ability to investigate, search, survey, examine, and discover is also reported in the literature. Much plant response requires an assessment of likely futures and is active, rather than passive. Phenotypic adjustment is slow, assessing a potential future is essential to avoid the response arriving when the original signal or environment has fundamentally changed. Such behaviour is purposeful, goal-directed, and probably intentional. Finally, plants can assess cost against benefits in situations that may require multiple possible decisions. Although phenotypic adjustment is considered irreversible, except for abscission, at the molecular level, behaviour is reversible.Less
This chapter describes the varieties of behaviour exhibited by plants, all of which indicates a remarkable degree of sensory perception, assessment, forecasting, and purpose. Higher plants can discriminate among different environments and choose those that are more beneficial. Once decisions are initially made, they can be corrected after due assessment. Much research shows that plants have the ability to sense each other and avoid entanglement. Competition from other plants causes growth to be redirected away from competitors. Alternatively, phenotypic changes are used to outstrip competitors. Various chemicals can be sensed, including numerous volatiles, and growth can be directed along a gradient of them. Light or mineral gradients are equally used to direct to better growth resources. Behaviour to herbivores, disease pests, and various stresses can be modified by priming. On receipt of a first signal, subsequent responses are faster and larger in the primed plant. Habituation and conditioned behaviour have also been recorded. The ability to investigate, search, survey, examine, and discover is also reported in the literature. Much plant response requires an assessment of likely futures and is active, rather than passive. Phenotypic adjustment is slow, assessing a potential future is essential to avoid the response arriving when the original signal or environment has fundamentally changed. Such behaviour is purposeful, goal-directed, and probably intentional. Finally, plants can assess cost against benefits in situations that may require multiple possible decisions. Although phenotypic adjustment is considered irreversible, except for abscission, at the molecular level, behaviour is reversible.
Jeffrey A. Summit
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199844081
- eISBN:
- 9780190497071
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199844081.003.0009
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
In Chapter 9, I examine the musical elements used to convey the narrative of the text: the melodies of the trope, dynamics and ornamentation. I go on to consider subjective aesthetics judgments that ...
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In Chapter 9, I examine the musical elements used to convey the narrative of the text: the melodies of the trope, dynamics and ornamentation. I go on to consider subjective aesthetics judgments that congregants make in the reception of the reading: gauging the reader’s intention (kavanah) and the reader’s ability to create a “sense of occasion” when chanting. I then step into the congregation and consider the reception of chant. I ask worshippers, “What are you actually doing during the Torah reading?” Finally, I consider two contemporary innovations—Bibliodrama and Storahtelling—that have been developed to promote interactive engagement with the congregation during the Torah service.Less
In Chapter 9, I examine the musical elements used to convey the narrative of the text: the melodies of the trope, dynamics and ornamentation. I go on to consider subjective aesthetics judgments that congregants make in the reception of the reading: gauging the reader’s intention (kavanah) and the reader’s ability to create a “sense of occasion” when chanting. I then step into the congregation and consider the reception of chant. I ask worshippers, “What are you actually doing during the Torah reading?” Finally, I consider two contemporary innovations—Bibliodrama and Storahtelling—that have been developed to promote interactive engagement with the congregation during the Torah service.
Neil Sinhababu
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198783893
- eISBN:
- 9780191826542
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198783893.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Chapter 6 argues that intentions are desires combined with means–end beliefs. This desire–belief account explains the role of intentions in both rational and irrational deliberation. Desire directs ...
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Chapter 6 argues that intentions are desires combined with means–end beliefs. This desire–belief account explains the role of intentions in both rational and irrational deliberation. Desire directs attention towards possible means for attaining its object, explaining the role of intentions in planning. Deliberation ends if we lack sufficient attentional resources, allowing for quick action but also for ill-considered and irrational decisions. Desire causes pleasure and displeasure as we think of its objects, explaining experiences of pleasure and displeasure in revising intentions. Joint intentions share these features of individual intentions, suggesting that they’re made of individual intentions which in turn are made of desire–belief pairs.Less
Chapter 6 argues that intentions are desires combined with means–end beliefs. This desire–belief account explains the role of intentions in both rational and irrational deliberation. Desire directs attention towards possible means for attaining its object, explaining the role of intentions in planning. Deliberation ends if we lack sufficient attentional resources, allowing for quick action but also for ill-considered and irrational decisions. Desire causes pleasure and displeasure as we think of its objects, explaining experiences of pleasure and displeasure in revising intentions. Joint intentions share these features of individual intentions, suggesting that they’re made of individual intentions which in turn are made of desire–belief pairs.
Mary Kate McGowan
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198829706
- eISBN:
- 9780191868207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198829706.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter argues that the phenomenon of conversational exercitives generalizes. It is not just verbal contributions to conversations that enact norms; verbal contributions to other norm-governed ...
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This chapter argues that the phenomenon of conversational exercitives generalizes. It is not just verbal contributions to conversations that enact norms; verbal contributions to other norm-governed activities also do so. Such covert exercitives are developed and the complex role of intention is clarified and explored. It is also argued that the covert enacting of a permissibility fact (by a covert or conversational exercitive) does not depend on the communication of the intention to enact that permissibility fact. As a result, such exercitives are not a communicative (illocutionary) phenomenon. Rather, they constitute what is here called a parallel act.Less
This chapter argues that the phenomenon of conversational exercitives generalizes. It is not just verbal contributions to conversations that enact norms; verbal contributions to other norm-governed activities also do so. Such covert exercitives are developed and the complex role of intention is clarified and explored. It is also argued that the covert enacting of a permissibility fact (by a covert or conversational exercitive) does not depend on the communication of the intention to enact that permissibility fact. As a result, such exercitives are not a communicative (illocutionary) phenomenon. Rather, they constitute what is here called a parallel act.
