Catherine Osborne
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199282067
- eISBN:
- 9780191712944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282067.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This introductory chapter presents a discussion of Blake's ‘Auguries of Innocence’ and ‘The Fly’, and of an extract from Shakespeare's Henry IV Part One. It illustrates the claim that not all ...
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This introductory chapter presents a discussion of Blake's ‘Auguries of Innocence’ and ‘The Fly’, and of an extract from Shakespeare's Henry IV Part One. It illustrates the claim that not all philosophical persuasion takes the form of academic argument; that literature can be more effective in this role; that moral understanding involves having one's sensibilities aligned with genuine value, so as to be able to see it right; and that science cannot tell us what to value, or how to construct a moral taxonomy. The chapter compares the appreciation of value in nature with the appreciation of value in art, and questions the idea that human life is of supreme value, just in virtue of being human.Less
This introductory chapter presents a discussion of Blake's ‘Auguries of Innocence’ and ‘The Fly’, and of an extract from Shakespeare's Henry IV Part One. It illustrates the claim that not all philosophical persuasion takes the form of academic argument; that literature can be more effective in this role; that moral understanding involves having one's sensibilities aligned with genuine value, so as to be able to see it right; and that science cannot tell us what to value, or how to construct a moral taxonomy. The chapter compares the appreciation of value in nature with the appreciation of value in art, and questions the idea that human life is of supreme value, just in virtue of being human.
Brian T. Edwards
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231174008
- eISBN:
- 9780231540551
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231174008.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
In the digital age, American culture is taken up in the Middle East and North Africa in ways that detach the cultural product from its American referent and thereby shatters the presumptions of ...
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In the digital age, American culture is taken up in the Middle East and North Africa in ways that detach the cultural product from its American referent and thereby shatters the presumptions of Luce's American Century. Response to "Innocence of Muslims" in Arab world discussed as example of speed of circulation in digital age and power of culture to affect politics.Less
In the digital age, American culture is taken up in the Middle East and North Africa in ways that detach the cultural product from its American referent and thereby shatters the presumptions of Luce's American Century. Response to "Innocence of Muslims" in Arab world discussed as example of speed of circulation in digital age and power of culture to affect politics.
Morton D. Paley
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199262175
- eISBN:
- 9780191698828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262175.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter examines the interpretation and explanation of the topics of apocalypse and millennium in the works of English Romantic poet William Blake. In his The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Blake ...
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This chapter examines the interpretation and explanation of the topics of apocalypse and millennium in the works of English Romantic poet William Blake. In his The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Blake has introduced millennium that is coeval with apocalypse. He has shown in this work his knowledge of millenarian tradition and the apocalyptic destruction of the world. These topics have been a central concern in Blake's prophetic poems written in the 1790s and can also be observed in his other poems including Songs of Innocence and The French Revolution.Less
This chapter examines the interpretation and explanation of the topics of apocalypse and millennium in the works of English Romantic poet William Blake. In his The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Blake has introduced millennium that is coeval with apocalypse. He has shown in this work his knowledge of millenarian tradition and the apocalyptic destruction of the world. These topics have been a central concern in Blake's prophetic poems written in the 1790s and can also be observed in his other poems including Songs of Innocence and The French Revolution.
Helena Liu
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529200041
- eISBN:
- 9781529200096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529200041.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Having interrogated hegemonic white masculinity in the previous chapter, this chapter presents a critique of white femininity and the rise of postfeminism. Entrenched in imperialist notions of ...
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Having interrogated hegemonic white masculinity in the previous chapter, this chapter presents a critique of white femininity and the rise of postfeminism. Entrenched in imperialist notions of beauty, delicacy and purity, this chapter examines the fraught performances of white femininity in our current age as it attempts to balance between asserting dominance and maintaining an idealised innocence. The chapter investigates the ways organisations prioritise a white patriarchal feminine subject, for example, how research of women in leadership has overwhelmingly focussed on the needs and interests of elite professional women at the expense of queer, working-class and non-white women. Consequently, organisations waving the banner for ‘gender equality’ can often end up reproducing heterosexism, classism and racism. Carolyn McCall and Sheryl Sandberg’s media profiles are analysed to explore white femininities in leadership.Less
Having interrogated hegemonic white masculinity in the previous chapter, this chapter presents a critique of white femininity and the rise of postfeminism. Entrenched in imperialist notions of beauty, delicacy and purity, this chapter examines the fraught performances of white femininity in our current age as it attempts to balance between asserting dominance and maintaining an idealised innocence. The chapter investigates the ways organisations prioritise a white patriarchal feminine subject, for example, how research of women in leadership has overwhelmingly focussed on the needs and interests of elite professional women at the expense of queer, working-class and non-white women. Consequently, organisations waving the banner for ‘gender equality’ can often end up reproducing heterosexism, classism and racism. Carolyn McCall and Sheryl Sandberg’s media profiles are analysed to explore white femininities in leadership.
Andrew Talle
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252040849
- eISBN:
- 9780252099342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252040849.003.0013
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The conclusion of Beyond Bach affirms the principle that music is not an object but rather a means by which human beings relate to one another. In Bach’s Germany, those who heard keyboard ...
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The conclusion of Beyond Bach affirms the principle that music is not an object but rather a means by which human beings relate to one another. In Bach’s Germany, those who heard keyboard performances listened not only to the notes and rhythms themselves but also for what they revealed about the character of those who played them. While keyboards were regarded by Bach’s contemporaries as having a civilizing effect, the innocence with which they were associated often veiled more controversial activities. Bach himself was universally admired for his extraordinary skills but many listeners found his music frustrating for its challenges. For a relatively small group of connoisseurs, however, his work embodied the noble ideal that music could do more than entertain.Less
The conclusion of Beyond Bach affirms the principle that music is not an object but rather a means by which human beings relate to one another. In Bach’s Germany, those who heard keyboard performances listened not only to the notes and rhythms themselves but also for what they revealed about the character of those who played them. While keyboards were regarded by Bach’s contemporaries as having a civilizing effect, the innocence with which they were associated often veiled more controversial activities. Bach himself was universally admired for his extraordinary skills but many listeners found his music frustrating for its challenges. For a relatively small group of connoisseurs, however, his work embodied the noble ideal that music could do more than entertain.
Lisa Bortolotti
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- August 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198863984
- eISBN:
- 9780191896262
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198863984.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Ideally, we would have beliefs that satisfy norms of truth and rationality, as well as fostering the acquisition, retention and use of other relevant information. In reality, we have limited ...
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Ideally, we would have beliefs that satisfy norms of truth and rationality, as well as fostering the acquisition, retention and use of other relevant information. In reality, we have limited cognitive capacities and are subject to motivational biases on an everyday basis, and may also experience impairments in perception, memory, learning, and reasoning in the course of our lives. Such limitations and impairments give rise to distorted memory beliefs, confabulated explanations, elaborated delusional beliefs, motivated delusional beliefs, and optimistically biased beliefs. In the book, Bortolotti argues that some irrational beliefs qualify as epistemically innocent, where the notion of epistemic innocence captures the fact that in some contexts the adoption, maintenance or reporting of the beliefs delivers significant epistemic benefits that could not be easily attained otherwise. Epistemic innocence is a weaker notion than epistemic justification, as it does not imply that the epistemic benefits of the irrational belief outweigh its epistemic costs. However, it clarifies the relationship between the epistemic and psychological effects of irrational beliefs on agency. It is misleading to assume that epistemic rationality and psychological adaptiveness always go hand-in-hand, but also that there is a straight-forward trade off between them. Rather, epistemic irrationality can lead to psychological adaptiveness and psychological adaptiveness in turn can support the attainment of epistemic goals. Recognising the circumstances in which irrational beliefs enhance or restore epistemic performance informs our mutual interactions and enables us to take measures to reduce their irrationality without undermining the conditions for epistemic success.Less
Ideally, we would have beliefs that satisfy norms of truth and rationality, as well as fostering the acquisition, retention and use of other relevant information. In reality, we have limited cognitive capacities and are subject to motivational biases on an everyday basis, and may also experience impairments in perception, memory, learning, and reasoning in the course of our lives. Such limitations and impairments give rise to distorted memory beliefs, confabulated explanations, elaborated delusional beliefs, motivated delusional beliefs, and optimistically biased beliefs. In the book, Bortolotti argues that some irrational beliefs qualify as epistemically innocent, where the notion of epistemic innocence captures the fact that in some contexts the adoption, maintenance or reporting of the beliefs delivers significant epistemic benefits that could not be easily attained otherwise. Epistemic innocence is a weaker notion than epistemic justification, as it does not imply that the epistemic benefits of the irrational belief outweigh its epistemic costs. However, it clarifies the relationship between the epistemic and psychological effects of irrational beliefs on agency. It is misleading to assume that epistemic rationality and psychological adaptiveness always go hand-in-hand, but also that there is a straight-forward trade off between them. Rather, epistemic irrationality can lead to psychological adaptiveness and psychological adaptiveness in turn can support the attainment of epistemic goals. Recognising the circumstances in which irrational beliefs enhance or restore epistemic performance informs our mutual interactions and enables us to take measures to reduce their irrationality without undermining the conditions for epistemic success.
Erica R. Meiners
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780816692750
- eISBN:
- 9781452955247
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816692750.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
For the Children argues that the child is a critical figure to the understanding of the struggle to dismantle America’s prison nation. The child--and all producing institutions including schools, ...
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For the Children argues that the child is a critical figure to the understanding of the struggle to dismantle America’s prison nation. The child--and all producing institutions including schools, families, and juvenile justice systems--is a key technology of a shifting carceral regime. New forms of surveillance are invented to safeguard children, and new categories of crimes are required to mold the child into an appropriate adult. Childhood has historically never been available to all. Yet in the work to challenge or dismantle this carceral apparatus all too often naturalizes and invokes the very artifacts and technologies--the child--that reproduces and expands the logics at the core of the prison nation. As the nation begins to engage in rethinking facets of our prison nation, the child represents a significant and intimate thread, one that anti-prison organizers, prisons, and educational studies scholars must examine.Less
For the Children argues that the child is a critical figure to the understanding of the struggle to dismantle America’s prison nation. The child--and all producing institutions including schools, families, and juvenile justice systems--is a key technology of a shifting carceral regime. New forms of surveillance are invented to safeguard children, and new categories of crimes are required to mold the child into an appropriate adult. Childhood has historically never been available to all. Yet in the work to challenge or dismantle this carceral apparatus all too often naturalizes and invokes the very artifacts and technologies--the child--that reproduces and expands the logics at the core of the prison nation. As the nation begins to engage in rethinking facets of our prison nation, the child represents a significant and intimate thread, one that anti-prison organizers, prisons, and educational studies scholars must examine.
Susan G. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252042614
- eISBN:
- 9780252051456
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042614.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
From the late 1970s until his final illness, Legman worked to bring his big projects to press and to write his memoirs. Turning back to his work on erotic folk song, Legman aimed to complete his ...
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From the late 1970s until his final illness, Legman worked to bring his big projects to press and to write his memoirs. Turning back to his work on erotic folk song, Legman aimed to complete his long-delayed “Ballad” manuscript but decided that it was more important to bring out Vance Randolph’s unpublished manuscripts on erotic folklore of the Ozarks. These became two volumes edited and introduced by Legman, Roll Me in Your Arms and Blow the Candle Out (1992). Legman also began his memoir, Peregrine Penis: An Autobiography of Innocence, detailing his growing up, his self-education in sex research, and his erotic and publishing adventures. This chapter shows Legman reconstructing and evaluating past incidents with his correspondents, especially Jay Landesman. In 1986 he made his last visit to the United States for a lecture tour. In France he continued to receive writers who interviewed him about his life’s work and views on sex and censorship. After a long period of ill health, Legman died of the results of a stroke in February 1999. A conclusion to this chapter emphasizes Legman’s bibliographic contributions to the history of erotica and sexuality and evaluates his place in folklore scholarship, a discipline that received him with ambivalence.Less
From the late 1970s until his final illness, Legman worked to bring his big projects to press and to write his memoirs. Turning back to his work on erotic folk song, Legman aimed to complete his long-delayed “Ballad” manuscript but decided that it was more important to bring out Vance Randolph’s unpublished manuscripts on erotic folklore of the Ozarks. These became two volumes edited and introduced by Legman, Roll Me in Your Arms and Blow the Candle Out (1992). Legman also began his memoir, Peregrine Penis: An Autobiography of Innocence, detailing his growing up, his self-education in sex research, and his erotic and publishing adventures. This chapter shows Legman reconstructing and evaluating past incidents with his correspondents, especially Jay Landesman. In 1986 he made his last visit to the United States for a lecture tour. In France he continued to receive writers who interviewed him about his life’s work and views on sex and censorship. After a long period of ill health, Legman died of the results of a stroke in February 1999. A conclusion to this chapter emphasizes Legman’s bibliographic contributions to the history of erotica and sexuality and evaluates his place in folklore scholarship, a discipline that received him with ambivalence.
Henry Erlich, Eric Stover, and Thomas J. White (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190909444
- eISBN:
- 9780197539958
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190909444.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Forensic DNA evidence has helped convict the guilty, exonerate the wrongfully convicted, identify victims of genocide, and reunite families torn apart by war and repressive regimes. Yet many of the ...
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Forensic DNA evidence has helped convict the guilty, exonerate the wrongfully convicted, identify victims of genocide, and reunite families torn apart by war and repressive regimes. Yet many of the scientific, legal, and ethical concepts that underpin forensic DNA evidence remain unclear to the general public; judges; prosecutors; defense attorneys; and students of law, forensic sciences, ethics, and genetics. This book examines the history and development of DNA forensics; its applications in the courtroom and humanitarian settings; and the relevant scientific, legal, and psychosocial issues. It describes the DNA technology used to compare the genetic profile of a crime scene sample to that of a suspect, as well as the statistical interpretation of a match. It also reviews how databases can be searched to identify suspects and how DNA evidence can be used to exonerate the wrongfully convicted. Recent developments in DNA technology are reviewed, as are strategies for analyzing samples with multiple contributors. The book recounts how the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo searched for children kidnapped during military rule in Argentina, as well as more recent efforts to locate missing children in El Salvador. Other chapters examine the role that DNA forensics played in the identification of victims of genocide in Bosnia and of terrorism in the post-9/11 era. Social anthropologists, legal scholars, and scientists explore current applications of DNA analysis in human trafficking and mass catastrophes; border policies affecting immigration; and the ethical issues associated with privacy, informed consent, and the potential misuse of genetic data.Less
Forensic DNA evidence has helped convict the guilty, exonerate the wrongfully convicted, identify victims of genocide, and reunite families torn apart by war and repressive regimes. Yet many of the scientific, legal, and ethical concepts that underpin forensic DNA evidence remain unclear to the general public; judges; prosecutors; defense attorneys; and students of law, forensic sciences, ethics, and genetics. This book examines the history and development of DNA forensics; its applications in the courtroom and humanitarian settings; and the relevant scientific, legal, and psychosocial issues. It describes the DNA technology used to compare the genetic profile of a crime scene sample to that of a suspect, as well as the statistical interpretation of a match. It also reviews how databases can be searched to identify suspects and how DNA evidence can be used to exonerate the wrongfully convicted. Recent developments in DNA technology are reviewed, as are strategies for analyzing samples with multiple contributors. The book recounts how the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo searched for children kidnapped during military rule in Argentina, as well as more recent efforts to locate missing children in El Salvador. Other chapters examine the role that DNA forensics played in the identification of victims of genocide in Bosnia and of terrorism in the post-9/11 era. Social anthropologists, legal scholars, and scientists explore current applications of DNA analysis in human trafficking and mass catastrophes; border policies affecting immigration; and the ethical issues associated with privacy, informed consent, and the potential misuse of genetic data.
Tim O’Farrell
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474429245
- eISBN:
- 9781474464772
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429245.003.0008
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter argues for a complex spatialisation of time and memory in Grant Gee’s essay film Innocence of Memories (2019). Focusing on issues of narrative, the indexical and memory, the author sees ...
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This chapter argues for a complex spatialisation of time and memory in Grant Gee’s essay film Innocence of Memories (2019). Focusing on issues of narrative, the indexical and memory, the author sees Gee’s film functioning in multiple registers, principally as a kind of palimpsest, referring to and writing over Nobel Laureate Orhan Pamuk’s novel The Museum of Innocence (2009) and also referencing in multi-layered and intricate ways the real museum of the same name, located prominently in the centre of Istanbul. Both film and novel, as Tim O’ Farrell shows in an extended reading of the works, straddle a deep love of the past, a desire to preserve and understand it, and a fascination with the inexorability of time, transformation and notions of progress. Fact and fiction are thereby multiply entangled, produced by and supporting the disjunctive practice and interstitiality of the essay film, as the author points out with reference to Laura Rascaroli’s theoretical work How the Essay Film Thinks (2017).Less
This chapter argues for a complex spatialisation of time and memory in Grant Gee’s essay film Innocence of Memories (2019). Focusing on issues of narrative, the indexical and memory, the author sees Gee’s film functioning in multiple registers, principally as a kind of palimpsest, referring to and writing over Nobel Laureate Orhan Pamuk’s novel The Museum of Innocence (2009) and also referencing in multi-layered and intricate ways the real museum of the same name, located prominently in the centre of Istanbul. Both film and novel, as Tim O’ Farrell shows in an extended reading of the works, straddle a deep love of the past, a desire to preserve and understand it, and a fascination with the inexorability of time, transformation and notions of progress. Fact and fiction are thereby multiply entangled, produced by and supporting the disjunctive practice and interstitiality of the essay film, as the author points out with reference to Laura Rascaroli’s theoretical work How the Essay Film Thinks (2017).
Kevin Newmark
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823240128
- eISBN:
- 9780823240166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823240128.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Where in the 20th century might one locate the survival of ironic thinking, reading, and writing as initiated by Schlegel and carried forward by Kierkegaard and Nietzsche? This chapter suggests that ...
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Where in the 20th century might one locate the survival of ironic thinking, reading, and writing as initiated by Schlegel and carried forward by Kierkegaard and Nietzsche? This chapter suggests that two of the most likely candidates would be French: Maurice Blanchot and Jean Paulhan, shadowy figures of ironic theory and its shadowy practice. Paulhan's 1941 text, The Flowers of Tarbes, responds to the unavoidable but perplexing question: what is literature? Far from offering an innocent description of the founding distinction between figural and literal language, Paulhan's text, as read by Blanchot, testifies to a mysterious and dangerous experience of terror constantly repeated in writing. The terror at issue is at once literary, philosophical, social, and political. The experience of this terror found in letters, which includes the paradoxical potential to enable thought as well as to erase it in mindlessly mechanical clichés, is named by both Blanchot and Paulhan: irony.Less
Where in the 20th century might one locate the survival of ironic thinking, reading, and writing as initiated by Schlegel and carried forward by Kierkegaard and Nietzsche? This chapter suggests that two of the most likely candidates would be French: Maurice Blanchot and Jean Paulhan, shadowy figures of ironic theory and its shadowy practice. Paulhan's 1941 text, The Flowers of Tarbes, responds to the unavoidable but perplexing question: what is literature? Far from offering an innocent description of the founding distinction between figural and literal language, Paulhan's text, as read by Blanchot, testifies to a mysterious and dangerous experience of terror constantly repeated in writing. The terror at issue is at once literary, philosophical, social, and political. The experience of this terror found in letters, which includes the paradoxical potential to enable thought as well as to erase it in mindlessly mechanical clichés, is named by both Blanchot and Paulhan: irony.
Darrell William Davis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099845
- eISBN:
- 9789882206731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099845.003.0008
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter reflects on the themes of technology and Chinese ethnicity using two animated films by Oshii Mamoru: Ghost in the Shell (1995) and sequel Innocence (2004). In these animations, a ...
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This chapter reflects on the themes of technology and Chinese ethnicity using two animated films by Oshii Mamoru: Ghost in the Shell (1995) and sequel Innocence (2004). In these animations, a post-photographic world is dress rehearsal for ethnic transmutations. Ethnicity, like gender, body, and space itself, is exchangeable, fundamentally refigured in new media forms. Chinatown feels familiar in these animated environments, yet it pushes toward defamiliarized, alien, life-like zones of informational identity. Prompted by Oshii's animation, this chapter rethinks ethnicity as remediated or produced through technology, rather than reproduced from profilmic origins.Less
This chapter reflects on the themes of technology and Chinese ethnicity using two animated films by Oshii Mamoru: Ghost in the Shell (1995) and sequel Innocence (2004). In these animations, a post-photographic world is dress rehearsal for ethnic transmutations. Ethnicity, like gender, body, and space itself, is exchangeable, fundamentally refigured in new media forms. Chinatown feels familiar in these animated environments, yet it pushes toward defamiliarized, alien, life-like zones of informational identity. Prompted by Oshii's animation, this chapter rethinks ethnicity as remediated or produced through technology, rather than reproduced from profilmic origins.
Helen Brocklehurst
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748620746
- eISBN:
- 9780748672042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748620746.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Jus in bello's category of “discrimination” critically depends upon an ability to draw morally meaningful distinctions between those who are rightly liable to die in war (which includes the just as ...
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Jus in bello's category of “discrimination” critically depends upon an ability to draw morally meaningful distinctions between those who are rightly liable to die in war (which includes the just as well as unjust combatants) and the “innocent” : those whose deaths should be minimised as far as possible. It is a staple of debate about the theory that this distinction is difficult to draw, but this chapter argues that the extent of this difficulty continues in fact to be underestimated by neglecting the peculiarities and problems of “the child” as a moral and political subject in war. Through numerous examples and suggestive analyses, not least some which problematise the very concept of “childhood”, the chapter proposes that some fundamental categories of just war theory may be significantly disrupted once we think clearly about the role and status of children (for example, child soldiers) in contemporary warfare.Less
Jus in bello's category of “discrimination” critically depends upon an ability to draw morally meaningful distinctions between those who are rightly liable to die in war (which includes the just as well as unjust combatants) and the “innocent” : those whose deaths should be minimised as far as possible. It is a staple of debate about the theory that this distinction is difficult to draw, but this chapter argues that the extent of this difficulty continues in fact to be underestimated by neglecting the peculiarities and problems of “the child” as a moral and political subject in war. Through numerous examples and suggestive analyses, not least some which problematise the very concept of “childhood”, the chapter proposes that some fundamental categories of just war theory may be significantly disrupted once we think clearly about the role and status of children (for example, child soldiers) in contemporary warfare.
John Perry
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198812821
- eISBN:
- 9780191850615
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198812821.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
I argue that Frege’s treatment of propositional attitudes in “On Sense and Reference” put the philosophy of language on a detour. His doctrine of “indirect reference” reflected and reinforced the ...
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I argue that Frege’s treatment of propositional attitudes in “On Sense and Reference” put the philosophy of language on a detour. His doctrine of “indirect reference” reflected and reinforced the view that beliefs, desires, etc. consist in having relations to propositions. According to this doctrine expressions in embedded sentences in indirect discourse and propositional attitude reports do refer as they do when unembedded, but instead refer to their ordinary senses, so sentences refer to Thoughts, Frege’s version of what are now callled general or qualitative propositions. Davidson call this move abandoning “semantic innocence” which is the view that such embedded sentences work as they usually do. I agree with Davidson, that semantic innocence should not be abandonned. I argue that such cognitive states have truth-conditions in virtue of their causal and informational roles, which can be encoded in a variety of ways for different purposes, and provide a better explanation of the considerations that drove Frege to abandon innocence. I trace the problems I see to Frege’s abandonment of the framework of his early work, the Begriffsschrift. I argue that by adding the levels of senses and Thoughts to his Begriffsschriftframework, and retaining “circumstances” as the referents of sentences containing singular terms, Frege could have avoided the doctrine of indirect reference, and philosophy could have taken a different path.Less
I argue that Frege’s treatment of propositional attitudes in “On Sense and Reference” put the philosophy of language on a detour. His doctrine of “indirect reference” reflected and reinforced the view that beliefs, desires, etc. consist in having relations to propositions. According to this doctrine expressions in embedded sentences in indirect discourse and propositional attitude reports do refer as they do when unembedded, but instead refer to their ordinary senses, so sentences refer to Thoughts, Frege’s version of what are now callled general or qualitative propositions. Davidson call this move abandoning “semantic innocence” which is the view that such embedded sentences work as they usually do. I agree with Davidson, that semantic innocence should not be abandonned. I argue that such cognitive states have truth-conditions in virtue of their causal and informational roles, which can be encoded in a variety of ways for different purposes, and provide a better explanation of the considerations that drove Frege to abandon innocence. I trace the problems I see to Frege’s abandonment of the framework of his early work, the Begriffsschrift. I argue that by adding the levels of senses and Thoughts to his Begriffsschriftframework, and retaining “circumstances” as the referents of sentences containing singular terms, Frege could have avoided the doctrine of indirect reference, and philosophy could have taken a different path.
Allison D. Redlich and Vanessa A. Edkins (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190689247
- eISBN:
- 9780190689278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190689247.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This volume has gathered together research from multiple disciplines, integrated into one overall picture of the current state of our justice system. The system of pleas that defendants inhabit means ...
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This volume has gathered together research from multiple disciplines, integrated into one overall picture of the current state of our justice system. The system of pleas that defendants inhabit means that while plea bargaining is thoroughly entrenched in our present-day notion of justice, the law has not caught up. In this concluding chapter of the book, our goal is twofold. First we highlight two major themes that cut across the chapters. Although there were many possible themes to choose among, we focus on Innocence (with a capital ‘I’) and plea decision-making. Second, we summarize chapter authors’ suggestions for future research—that is, to delineate what the next generation of plea-related scholarship may look like, so that scholars and legal decision-makers alike may continue to move forward.Less
This volume has gathered together research from multiple disciplines, integrated into one overall picture of the current state of our justice system. The system of pleas that defendants inhabit means that while plea bargaining is thoroughly entrenched in our present-day notion of justice, the law has not caught up. In this concluding chapter of the book, our goal is twofold. First we highlight two major themes that cut across the chapters. Although there were many possible themes to choose among, we focus on Innocence (with a capital ‘I’) and plea decision-making. Second, we summarize chapter authors’ suggestions for future research—that is, to delineate what the next generation of plea-related scholarship may look like, so that scholars and legal decision-makers alike may continue to move forward.
Andrew Dilts
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823262410
- eISBN:
- 9780823268986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823262410.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter takes up the relationship between suffrage, slavery, and punishment in the US through a critique of Judith Shklar’s account of citizenship as standing. Shklar argues that citizenship is ...
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This chapter takes up the relationship between suffrage, slavery, and punishment in the US through a critique of Judith Shklar’s account of citizenship as standing. Shklar argues that citizenship is an expression of a relational public standing signified by the rights to work and vote, rather than a legal status. Shklar does not acknowledge, however, that these rights are instrumental in producing the identities of groups within a polity, causing her to insist that universal suffrage has been achieved in the US despite the longstanding exclusion of criminals. This “blindness” to criminal exclusions is symptomatic of a broader liberal blindness to the discursive fabrication of criminological figures. Through the work of Joel Olson, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Ida B Wells, this chapter demonstrates Shklar’s presumption of an underlying “truth” to the moral standing of criminals. Yet there is little reason to assume that categories of “guilty” and “innocent” are stable reflections of one’s actions, but rather are built on previous notions of membership and labor under chattel slavery. The perverse outcome is that voting becomes a fetish object; it is not simply a demonstration of membership and political standing but an expression of innocence purchased on the backs of felons.Less
This chapter takes up the relationship between suffrage, slavery, and punishment in the US through a critique of Judith Shklar’s account of citizenship as standing. Shklar argues that citizenship is an expression of a relational public standing signified by the rights to work and vote, rather than a legal status. Shklar does not acknowledge, however, that these rights are instrumental in producing the identities of groups within a polity, causing her to insist that universal suffrage has been achieved in the US despite the longstanding exclusion of criminals. This “blindness” to criminal exclusions is symptomatic of a broader liberal blindness to the discursive fabrication of criminological figures. Through the work of Joel Olson, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Ida B Wells, this chapter demonstrates Shklar’s presumption of an underlying “truth” to the moral standing of criminals. Yet there is little reason to assume that categories of “guilty” and “innocent” are stable reflections of one’s actions, but rather are built on previous notions of membership and labor under chattel slavery. The perverse outcome is that voting becomes a fetish object; it is not simply a demonstration of membership and political standing but an expression of innocence purchased on the backs of felons.
Meredith L. Goldsmith and Emily J. Orlando
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062815
- eISBN:
- 9780813051772
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062815.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This introductory chapter explores Wharton’s cosmopolitan engagements, beginning with a reading of The Age of Innocence. Distinguishing between the immersive cosmopolitanism of Ellen Olenska and the ...
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This introductory chapter explores Wharton’s cosmopolitan engagements, beginning with a reading of The Age of Innocence. Distinguishing between the immersive cosmopolitanism of Ellen Olenska and the liberal, yet dilettantish cosmopolitanism of Newland Archer, the chapter argues that Wharton would balance disparate cosmopolitanisms throughout her career. Positioning Wharton’s career in relation to cosmopolitan theory, in particular the work of Kwame Anthony Appiah and Bruce Robbins, the chapter argues that viewing Wharton’s global and transnational engagements offers new insights into her work. In addition, it argues for reading Wharton’s work more actively across genre, demonstrating how critics have made a false division between Wharton’s fiction, political writings, and non-fiction prose.Less
This introductory chapter explores Wharton’s cosmopolitan engagements, beginning with a reading of The Age of Innocence. Distinguishing between the immersive cosmopolitanism of Ellen Olenska and the liberal, yet dilettantish cosmopolitanism of Newland Archer, the chapter argues that Wharton would balance disparate cosmopolitanisms throughout her career. Positioning Wharton’s career in relation to cosmopolitan theory, in particular the work of Kwame Anthony Appiah and Bruce Robbins, the chapter argues that viewing Wharton’s global and transnational engagements offers new insights into her work. In addition, it argues for reading Wharton’s work more actively across genre, demonstrating how critics have made a false division between Wharton’s fiction, political writings, and non-fiction prose.
Hugh Adlington
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780746312957
- eISBN:
- 9781789629224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9780746312957.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter examines the four ‘late’ novels that are the peak of Penelope Fitzgerald’s achievement as a writer: Innocence, The Beginning of Spring, The Gate of Angels, The Blue Flower. Each novel ...
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This chapter examines the four ‘late’ novels that are the peak of Penelope Fitzgerald’s achievement as a writer: Innocence, The Beginning of Spring, The Gate of Angels, The Blue Flower. Each novel is, at least superficially, a work of historical fiction in that it is set in the past: in 1950s Italy, in revolutionary Russia, in Edwardian England, and in late-eighteenth-century Germany respectively. But history is decidedly not the defining feature of these novels. Rather, as this chapter shows, all four works are characterized by their bold experimentation with narrative form and style, reflecting an intense concern with profound questions of body, mind and spirit that culminates in Fitzgerald’s haunting masterpiece, the story of the idealized yearning of the German Romantic poet Novalis both for Sophie von Kühn, his ‘heart’s heart’, and for revelation. Through close analysis of Fitzgerald’s methods of research, composition and editing, this chapter proposes fresh ways of thinking about the stylistic means by which these late novels create fictional worlds that expand to fill the reader’s imagination, and even appear to possess an existence independent of the novels themselves.Less
This chapter examines the four ‘late’ novels that are the peak of Penelope Fitzgerald’s achievement as a writer: Innocence, The Beginning of Spring, The Gate of Angels, The Blue Flower. Each novel is, at least superficially, a work of historical fiction in that it is set in the past: in 1950s Italy, in revolutionary Russia, in Edwardian England, and in late-eighteenth-century Germany respectively. But history is decidedly not the defining feature of these novels. Rather, as this chapter shows, all four works are characterized by their bold experimentation with narrative form and style, reflecting an intense concern with profound questions of body, mind and spirit that culminates in Fitzgerald’s haunting masterpiece, the story of the idealized yearning of the German Romantic poet Novalis both for Sophie von Kühn, his ‘heart’s heart’, and for revelation. Through close analysis of Fitzgerald’s methods of research, composition and editing, this chapter proposes fresh ways of thinking about the stylistic means by which these late novels create fictional worlds that expand to fill the reader’s imagination, and even appear to possess an existence independent of the novels themselves.
Harriet Kramer Linkin
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781789621778
- eISBN:
- 9781800341463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789621778.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter looks at three poets—William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Mary Tighe—who integrate print and manuscript technologies to produce a new materiality in autographic texts that capture ...
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This chapter looks at three poets—William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Mary Tighe—who integrate print and manuscript technologies to produce a new materiality in autographic texts that capture their idiolectic voices. They deploy scribal practices in print media to inscribe individuality, autographing the print copies of their works to transform them from uniform products into objects embodying vital processes. Illuminated printing enables Blake to make each copy of his texts a unique graphic object, most expansively in Songs of Innocence and of Experience. Coleridge’s habitual revision of his printed texts destabilizes each version to re-engage the immediacy of poetic vision through a vocalized experience, most dramatically in ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’. Tighe initially rejects print publication for the affective palpability of scribal publication but then inscribes privately printed copies of Psyche; or, the Legend of Love to specific members of her coterie, a process her coterie continues after Tighe dies. All three explore the implications of being bound in bookish or human form in their poems even as they use the materiality of their autographic texts to reconfigure a print publication system that might otherwise lock them or their texts into fixed identities or commodities.Less
This chapter looks at three poets—William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Mary Tighe—who integrate print and manuscript technologies to produce a new materiality in autographic texts that capture their idiolectic voices. They deploy scribal practices in print media to inscribe individuality, autographing the print copies of their works to transform them from uniform products into objects embodying vital processes. Illuminated printing enables Blake to make each copy of his texts a unique graphic object, most expansively in Songs of Innocence and of Experience. Coleridge’s habitual revision of his printed texts destabilizes each version to re-engage the immediacy of poetic vision through a vocalized experience, most dramatically in ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’. Tighe initially rejects print publication for the affective palpability of scribal publication but then inscribes privately printed copies of Psyche; or, the Legend of Love to specific members of her coterie, a process her coterie continues after Tighe dies. All three explore the implications of being bound in bookish or human form in their poems even as they use the materiality of their autographic texts to reconfigure a print publication system that might otherwise lock them or their texts into fixed identities or commodities.
Tokumitsu Kifune and Sonoko Ishida
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781617038099
- eISBN:
- 9781621039594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781617038099.003.0015
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
Digital technology has paved the way for the development of advanced techniques in Japanese animation production. In addition to widening the variety of production methodology in animation, ...
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Digital technology has paved the way for the development of advanced techniques in Japanese animation production. In addition to widening the variety of production methodology in animation, digitalization has also made it possible for people with little experience, such as students, to be involved in the production of animated films for theatrical release. This chapter discusses the use of 3D computer graphics in the making of two Japanese animated films—Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004) and Doraemon (2004)—both of which were produced by IKIF+, a company founded by animators Ishida Sonoko and Kifune Tokumitsu. It also describes a Doraemon project called “Renewal,” when the voice actors of the television series were changed and a new production system was used. The focus is on the animated opening title sequences that enabled artists to challenge visual experiments.Less
Digital technology has paved the way for the development of advanced techniques in Japanese animation production. In addition to widening the variety of production methodology in animation, digitalization has also made it possible for people with little experience, such as students, to be involved in the production of animated films for theatrical release. This chapter discusses the use of 3D computer graphics in the making of two Japanese animated films—Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004) and Doraemon (2004)—both of which were produced by IKIF+, a company founded by animators Ishida Sonoko and Kifune Tokumitsu. It also describes a Doraemon project called “Renewal,” when the voice actors of the television series were changed and a new production system was used. The focus is on the animated opening title sequences that enabled artists to challenge visual experiments.
