Assaf Razin
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037341
- eISBN:
- 9780262344234
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037341.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The book objective is two-fold: First, the book provides rigorous analysis of some of the major globalization episodes during the decade's long emergence of the economy of Israel. Second, the book ...
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The book objective is two-fold: First, the book provides rigorous analysis of some of the major globalization episodes during the decade's long emergence of the economy of Israel. Second, the book spells out, empirically, how the globalization played a crucial role in advancing Israel's economic progress. That is, economists and policy makers can gain insights as to how a globalized economy takes advantage of international trade, labor mobility, its international financial links, and at the same time push up against globalization headwinds, such as those triggered by the 2008 global financial crisis. A general lesson which comes out is that once a gradual opening up process is set, time-consistent macroeconomic policy is adapted, and well-regulated institutional setup is put in place, Israel’s economy has been able ride on growth-enhancing globalization flows, and weather its chilly storms. The book analyzes these game-changing events, evaluates their role in Israel remarkable development, and compares these developments to groups of developed and emerging- market economies in similar circumstances. To gain broader perspective, the book also looks back into recent history. The unique saga of Israel’s high-inflation crisis and the long period where it rebuilt the major financial, and monetary institutions, and regulatory bodies. These elements provided better macroeconomic stability and help mitigate business cycle fluctuations, and get the economy through military conflicts and boycotts. The book also surveys trending developments that remain challenging. The exceptionally high fertility among ultra-Orthodox Jews, and Arab minority, increasing portions of the population, is the main reason for the flagging labor-force participation. High fertility diminishes skill attainment. A rise in income inequality in all advanced economies, which also takes place in Israel, has a potential for setting off social-political divide. In the case of Israel, its fast development came, however, at the cost of rising income inequality and social polarization. Israel now has the most unequal distribution of income among OECD countries and its public education has declined from one of the best to one of the worst in the OECD. Israel’s income redistributive policies, from rich to poor, from healthy to the sick and from young to old, is significantly less comprehensive in scope, compared to the European systems. It has been becoming even less so over the last decades. Israel has an unusually high fertility rate among the developed economies. The book endeavors to marry economic theory, empirical evidence, and narrative presentation. It does so in a way that is enlightening to the specialist, but remains digestible for the non-professional reader. It provides an opportunity for the reader to look through the rear mirror at the saga of Israel’s high-inflation, and the inflation conquest. To connect to the earlier literature, the book provides a review of books surveys of the earlier phases in the development of the economy of Israel. There could be at least two potential groups of readers: a. Policy makers, academic and non-academic (international institutions, banks, etc.) researchers and students interested in the Israeli Economy; b. Policy makers, academic and non-academic researches, interested in the effects of globalization; and, c. Advanced undergraduate, and graduate students in international macroeconomics courses.Less
The book objective is two-fold: First, the book provides rigorous analysis of some of the major globalization episodes during the decade's long emergence of the economy of Israel. Second, the book spells out, empirically, how the globalization played a crucial role in advancing Israel's economic progress. That is, economists and policy makers can gain insights as to how a globalized economy takes advantage of international trade, labor mobility, its international financial links, and at the same time push up against globalization headwinds, such as those triggered by the 2008 global financial crisis. A general lesson which comes out is that once a gradual opening up process is set, time-consistent macroeconomic policy is adapted, and well-regulated institutional setup is put in place, Israel’s economy has been able ride on growth-enhancing globalization flows, and weather its chilly storms. The book analyzes these game-changing events, evaluates their role in Israel remarkable development, and compares these developments to groups of developed and emerging- market economies in similar circumstances. To gain broader perspective, the book also looks back into recent history. The unique saga of Israel’s high-inflation crisis and the long period where it rebuilt the major financial, and monetary institutions, and regulatory bodies. These elements provided better macroeconomic stability and help mitigate business cycle fluctuations, and get the economy through military conflicts and boycotts. The book also surveys trending developments that remain challenging. The exceptionally high fertility among ultra-Orthodox Jews, and Arab minority, increasing portions of the population, is the main reason for the flagging labor-force participation. High fertility diminishes skill attainment. A rise in income inequality in all advanced economies, which also takes place in Israel, has a potential for setting off social-political divide. In the case of Israel, its fast development came, however, at the cost of rising income inequality and social polarization. Israel now has the most unequal distribution of income among OECD countries and its public education has declined from one of the best to one of the worst in the OECD. Israel’s income redistributive policies, from rich to poor, from healthy to the sick and from young to old, is significantly less comprehensive in scope, compared to the European systems. It has been becoming even less so over the last decades. Israel has an unusually high fertility rate among the developed economies. The book endeavors to marry economic theory, empirical evidence, and narrative presentation. It does so in a way that is enlightening to the specialist, but remains digestible for the non-professional reader. It provides an opportunity for the reader to look through the rear mirror at the saga of Israel’s high-inflation, and the inflation conquest. To connect to the earlier literature, the book provides a review of books surveys of the earlier phases in the development of the economy of Israel. There could be at least two potential groups of readers: a. Policy makers, academic and non-academic (international institutions, banks, etc.) researchers and students interested in the Israeli Economy; b. Policy makers, academic and non-academic researches, interested in the effects of globalization; and, c. Advanced undergraduate, and graduate students in international macroeconomics courses.
Michael Haliassos
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262018296
- eISBN:
- 9780262305495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018296.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter explores the history of inflation-indexed bond markets in the United States and the United Kingdom. It documents a massive decline in long-term real interest rates from the 1990s until ...
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This chapter explores the history of inflation-indexed bond markets in the United States and the United Kingdom. It documents a massive decline in long-term real interest rates from the 1990s until 2008, followed by a sudden spike during the financial crisis of 2008. Breakeven inflation rates, calculated from inflation-indexed and nominal government bond yields, were stable from 2003 until the fall of 2008, when they showed dramatic declines. The paper asks to what extent short-term real interest rates, bond risks, and liquidity explain the trends before 2008 and the unusual developments that followed. Low yields and high short-term volatility of returns do not invalidate the basic case for inflation-indexed bonds, which is that they provide a safe asset for long-term investors. Governments should expect inflation-indexed bonds to be a relatively cheap form of debt financing in the future, even though they have offered high returns over the past decade.Less
This chapter explores the history of inflation-indexed bond markets in the United States and the United Kingdom. It documents a massive decline in long-term real interest rates from the 1990s until 2008, followed by a sudden spike during the financial crisis of 2008. Breakeven inflation rates, calculated from inflation-indexed and nominal government bond yields, were stable from 2003 until the fall of 2008, when they showed dramatic declines. The paper asks to what extent short-term real interest rates, bond risks, and liquidity explain the trends before 2008 and the unusual developments that followed. Low yields and high short-term volatility of returns do not invalidate the basic case for inflation-indexed bonds, which is that they provide a safe asset for long-term investors. Governments should expect inflation-indexed bonds to be a relatively cheap form of debt financing in the future, even though they have offered high returns over the past decade.
Donald L. Kohn
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226066950
- eISBN:
- 9780226043555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226043555.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter presents a panel discussion with Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Donald Kohn, who emphasized the lessons that central banks need to learn after experiences such as the Great Inflation. The ...
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This chapter presents a panel discussion with Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Donald Kohn, who emphasized the lessons that central banks need to learn after experiences such as the Great Inflation. The first lesson is that central banks need to focus on price stability as their most important long-run objective, while the second is the importance of inflationary expectations for the control of inflation. The third lesson is the importance of vigorous debate inside central banks as well as the input by outside experts to safeguard against serious policy errors. The fourth lesson is that once inflation becomes embedded in inflationary expectations, to avoid high economic and social costs, central bankers should go to great lengths to diffuse them. Kohn’s final lesson is for central banks to be humble about what they know.Less
This chapter presents a panel discussion with Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Donald Kohn, who emphasized the lessons that central banks need to learn after experiences such as the Great Inflation. The first lesson is that central banks need to focus on price stability as their most important long-run objective, while the second is the importance of inflationary expectations for the control of inflation. The third lesson is the importance of vigorous debate inside central banks as well as the input by outside experts to safeguard against serious policy errors. The fourth lesson is that once inflation becomes embedded in inflationary expectations, to avoid high economic and social costs, central bankers should go to great lengths to diffuse them. Kohn’s final lesson is for central banks to be humble about what they know.
Mike Berry
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199686506
- eISBN:
- 9780191766374
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686506.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
A major outcome of the affluent society’s fixation on fighting scarcity, inequality and insecurity by maximizing production arises in the form of the tendency to permanent inflation. Inflation is ...
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A major outcome of the affluent society’s fixation on fighting scarcity, inequality and insecurity by maximizing production arises in the form of the tendency to permanent inflation. Inflation is inevitable in Galbraith’s eyes, once governments are committed to running the economy at near full employment and waiting complacently for the benefits of growth to trickle down throughout society. This situation is institutionalized through the interaction of wages and prices and the bifurcated industrial structure of modern capitalism. Moreover, he argues that the conventional economic weapons of fiscal and monetary policy are inadequate to the task of keeping inflationary pressures at bay, a fact widely known but just as widely ignored in polite society. Galbraith’s arguments turn out to be prescient in the light of developments in the 1970s and 1980s but need substantial qualification when looking at what has happened over the past 20 years. Deflation rather than inflation threatens in the wake of the GFC, as happened in the early 1930s and, In Japan, in the 1990s.Less
A major outcome of the affluent society’s fixation on fighting scarcity, inequality and insecurity by maximizing production arises in the form of the tendency to permanent inflation. Inflation is inevitable in Galbraith’s eyes, once governments are committed to running the economy at near full employment and waiting complacently for the benefits of growth to trickle down throughout society. This situation is institutionalized through the interaction of wages and prices and the bifurcated industrial structure of modern capitalism. Moreover, he argues that the conventional economic weapons of fiscal and monetary policy are inadequate to the task of keeping inflationary pressures at bay, a fact widely known but just as widely ignored in polite society. Galbraith’s arguments turn out to be prescient in the light of developments in the 1970s and 1980s but need substantial qualification when looking at what has happened over the past 20 years. Deflation rather than inflation threatens in the wake of the GFC, as happened in the early 1930s and, In Japan, in the 1990s.
Niv Horesh
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804787192
- eISBN:
- 9780804788540
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804787192.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book offers an interpretation of the Chinese monetary system, charting its evolution by examining key moments in history – from BCE 600 up to the present. It places these moments in ...
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This book offers an interpretation of the Chinese monetary system, charting its evolution by examining key moments in history – from BCE 600 up to the present. It places these moments in international perspective by comparing primary sources in multiple languages and across three millennia. The book begins exploring the trajectory of Chinese currency at the birth of coinage around the world and ends with the implications of the current global financial crisis for China and the rest of the world. Its narrative highlights the way that Chinese money developed in relation to the currencies of other countries, paying special attention to the origins of paper money, the relationship between the West’s ascendancy and its mineral riches, the linkages between pre-modern finance, debasement, and then inflation with the emergence of nation-statehood. The book then looks ahead to the possible globalization of the RMB, the currency of the People’s Republic of China against the backdrop of growing global uncertainties as to America’s federal debt.Less
This book offers an interpretation of the Chinese monetary system, charting its evolution by examining key moments in history – from BCE 600 up to the present. It places these moments in international perspective by comparing primary sources in multiple languages and across three millennia. The book begins exploring the trajectory of Chinese currency at the birth of coinage around the world and ends with the implications of the current global financial crisis for China and the rest of the world. Its narrative highlights the way that Chinese money developed in relation to the currencies of other countries, paying special attention to the origins of paper money, the relationship between the West’s ascendancy and its mineral riches, the linkages between pre-modern finance, debasement, and then inflation with the emergence of nation-statehood. The book then looks ahead to the possible globalization of the RMB, the currency of the People’s Republic of China against the backdrop of growing global uncertainties as to America’s federal debt.
Thomas Docherty
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526132741
- eISBN:
- 9781526138965
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526132741.003.0006
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
The crisis in higher education is also simultaneously a crisis in constitutional democracies; and the two are intimately linked. The corruption of language that shapes managerialist discourse enables ...
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The crisis in higher education is also simultaneously a crisis in constitutional democracies; and the two are intimately linked. The corruption of language that shapes managerialist discourse enables a corruption in the communications among citizens that are vital in any democracy. Democracy becomes recast first as an alleged ‘will of the people’, but a will whose semantic content is prone to political manipulation. In turn this opens the way to a validation of demagogic populism that masquerades as democracy when it is in fact the very thing that undermines democracy. When the University sector becomes complicit with this – as it is in our times – then it engages in a fundamental betrayal of the actual people in the society it claims to serve. Populism thrives on the celebration of anti-intellectual ignorance and the contempt for expertise, preferring instead the supposedly more ‘natural’ claims of instinctive faith over reason. Lurking within this is a form of class warfare that treats real and actual working class life as contemptible.Less
The crisis in higher education is also simultaneously a crisis in constitutional democracies; and the two are intimately linked. The corruption of language that shapes managerialist discourse enables a corruption in the communications among citizens that are vital in any democracy. Democracy becomes recast first as an alleged ‘will of the people’, but a will whose semantic content is prone to political manipulation. In turn this opens the way to a validation of demagogic populism that masquerades as democracy when it is in fact the very thing that undermines democracy. When the University sector becomes complicit with this – as it is in our times – then it engages in a fundamental betrayal of the actual people in the society it claims to serve. Populism thrives on the celebration of anti-intellectual ignorance and the contempt for expertise, preferring instead the supposedly more ‘natural’ claims of instinctive faith over reason. Lurking within this is a form of class warfare that treats real and actual working class life as contemptible.
Garrett Hardin
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195078114
- eISBN:
- 9780197560716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195078114.003.0012
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Economic Geography
One of the Rothschilds is credited with saying that "Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world." How so? Because interest makes money grow, ...
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One of the Rothschilds is credited with saying that "Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world." How so? Because interest makes money grow, supposedly without limit. Ecologists regard the claim as arrant nonsense, for it implies a denial of Epicurean conservation. Like putative records of lifeless money in savings banks, real populations of living organisms grow by compound interest, but this biological reality does not move scientists to reverence. Biologists know that the growth of animals or plants does not violate conservation principles; biological growth merely involves the transfer of matter from the nonliving world to the living. Though new arrangements of matter— new chemical molecules—are created, the quantity of matter/energy remains the same. Before delving deeper into population theory (the topic of the next chapter) we need to see what scientific sense can be made of growth phenomena in the world of finance. In developing the argument there will be quite a bit of manipulation of numbers, but no great precision in numbers is called for. The conclusions reached will be robust, a curious academic word that means that the illustrative data can be varied over quite a wide range of values without affecting the practical conclusions. To accept compound interest at face value is to be confronted with an apparent creation of wealth. A bank account earning 5 percent compound interest per year doubles in value every 14 years. Let us indicate the initial deposit by D and time (in units of 14 years) by t. (For instance, when the number of years is 28, t = 2.) The value of the account at the end of time t is given by a simple equation: Since time (t) is written as an exponent of the number 2 we speak of this as an exponential equation and say that the value of the account grows exponentially. (There are other ways of representing the growth function, but they too involve exponents.) Figure 8-1 is a graph of the exponential growth of a bank account that draws compound interest.
Less
One of the Rothschilds is credited with saying that "Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world." How so? Because interest makes money grow, supposedly without limit. Ecologists regard the claim as arrant nonsense, for it implies a denial of Epicurean conservation. Like putative records of lifeless money in savings banks, real populations of living organisms grow by compound interest, but this biological reality does not move scientists to reverence. Biologists know that the growth of animals or plants does not violate conservation principles; biological growth merely involves the transfer of matter from the nonliving world to the living. Though new arrangements of matter— new chemical molecules—are created, the quantity of matter/energy remains the same. Before delving deeper into population theory (the topic of the next chapter) we need to see what scientific sense can be made of growth phenomena in the world of finance. In developing the argument there will be quite a bit of manipulation of numbers, but no great precision in numbers is called for. The conclusions reached will be robust, a curious academic word that means that the illustrative data can be varied over quite a wide range of values without affecting the practical conclusions. To accept compound interest at face value is to be confronted with an apparent creation of wealth. A bank account earning 5 percent compound interest per year doubles in value every 14 years. Let us indicate the initial deposit by D and time (in units of 14 years) by t. (For instance, when the number of years is 28, t = 2.) The value of the account at the end of time t is given by a simple equation: Since time (t) is written as an exponent of the number 2 we speak of this as an exponential equation and say that the value of the account grows exponentially. (There are other ways of representing the growth function, but they too involve exponents.) Figure 8-1 is a graph of the exponential growth of a bank account that draws compound interest.
Marko Dimitrijević and Timothy Mistele
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231170444
- eISBN:
- 9780231542357
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231170444.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Looks at the macro- and microeconomic and “headline” risks of investing in frontier markets.
Looks at the macro- and microeconomic and “headline” risks of investing in frontier markets.
Niv Horesh
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804787192
- eISBN:
- 9780804788540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804787192.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Western sources by and large did not provide an incisive answer as to the question of precisely why government and privately-issued paper money went into decline in China through much of the late ...
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Western sources by and large did not provide an incisive answer as to the question of precisely why government and privately-issued paper money went into decline in China through much of the late imperial era: how and precisely when privately issued notes reemerged and how important a component they were within the late imperial monetary system. Neither did they explain in great detail whether the gradual reemergence of privately issued banknotes in China—which could be traced back to the latter part of the eighteenth century at the earliest—had anything to do with global financial stimuli. This chapter is designed to correct the gap in the academic literature on these issues.Less
Western sources by and large did not provide an incisive answer as to the question of precisely why government and privately-issued paper money went into decline in China through much of the late imperial era: how and precisely when privately issued notes reemerged and how important a component they were within the late imperial monetary system. Neither did they explain in great detail whether the gradual reemergence of privately issued banknotes in China—which could be traced back to the latter part of the eighteenth century at the earliest—had anything to do with global financial stimuli. This chapter is designed to correct the gap in the academic literature on these issues.
Michael D. Bordo and Athanasios Orphanides (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226066950
- eISBN:
- 9780226043555
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226043555.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Controlling inflation is among the most important objectives of economic policy. By maintaining price stability, policy makers are able to reduce uncertainty, improve price-monitoring mechanisms, and ...
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Controlling inflation is among the most important objectives of economic policy. By maintaining price stability, policy makers are able to reduce uncertainty, improve price-monitoring mechanisms, and facilitate more efficient planning and allocation of resources, thereby raising productivity. This book focuses on understanding the causes of the Great Inflation of the 1970s and 1980s, which saw rising inflation in many nations, and which propelled interest rates across the developing world into the double digits. In the decades since, the immediate cause of the period’s rise in inflation has been the subject of considerable debate. Among the areas of contention are the role of monetary policy in driving inflation and the implications this had both for policy design and for evaluating the performance of those who set the policy. Here, contributors map monetary policy from the 1960s to the present, shedding light on the ways in which the lessons of the Great Inflation were absorbed and applied to today’s global and increasingly complex economic environment.Less
Controlling inflation is among the most important objectives of economic policy. By maintaining price stability, policy makers are able to reduce uncertainty, improve price-monitoring mechanisms, and facilitate more efficient planning and allocation of resources, thereby raising productivity. This book focuses on understanding the causes of the Great Inflation of the 1970s and 1980s, which saw rising inflation in many nations, and which propelled interest rates across the developing world into the double digits. In the decades since, the immediate cause of the period’s rise in inflation has been the subject of considerable debate. Among the areas of contention are the role of monetary policy in driving inflation and the implications this had both for policy design and for evaluating the performance of those who set the policy. Here, contributors map monetary policy from the 1960s to the present, shedding light on the ways in which the lessons of the Great Inflation were absorbed and applied to today’s global and increasingly complex economic environment.
Sara Seager and Adolfo Plasencia
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036016
- eISBN:
- 9780262339308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036016.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
Sara Seager, the pioneering astrophysicist, mathematician and planetary scientist reflects in this dialogue about how exoplanets, the purpose of her science, discovered her before she discovered ...
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Sara Seager, the pioneering astrophysicist, mathematician and planetary scientist reflects in this dialogue about how exoplanets, the purpose of her science, discovered her before she discovered them. She also explains her relationship with mathematics and why for her physics is the most beautiful way to describe the universe, as well as explaining the growing scientific interest to discover planets that orbit a star different to our sun. Later, Sara explains that all astrophysics projects she works on are very long term and is consequently concerned about whether there will be enough young people in this world of immediacy with sufficient patience to become astronomers. She also goes on to explain why life capable of travelling across galaxies will be non biological, as well as discussing how, and with what help, she is facing the greatest challenge of her life: trying to find another Earth, in other words, another planet like Earth with signs of life.Less
Sara Seager, the pioneering astrophysicist, mathematician and planetary scientist reflects in this dialogue about how exoplanets, the purpose of her science, discovered her before she discovered them. She also explains her relationship with mathematics and why for her physics is the most beautiful way to describe the universe, as well as explaining the growing scientific interest to discover planets that orbit a star different to our sun. Later, Sara explains that all astrophysics projects she works on are very long term and is consequently concerned about whether there will be enough young people in this world of immediacy with sufficient patience to become astronomers. She also goes on to explain why life capable of travelling across galaxies will be non biological, as well as discussing how, and with what help, she is facing the greatest challenge of her life: trying to find another Earth, in other words, another planet like Earth with signs of life.
Y. Y. Kueh
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9789888083824
- eISBN:
- 9789888180158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083824.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter aims at studying the interplay between the so-called “China factor” and the dollar peg in Hong Kong in the run up to the 1997 handover, through the Asian financial crisis and beyond. It ...
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This chapter aims at studying the interplay between the so-called “China factor” and the dollar peg in Hong Kong in the run up to the 1997 handover, through the Asian financial crisis and beyond. It begins by describing the general changes in the economy following the adoption of the peg, and the factors precipitating the complete migration of Hong Kong's manufacturing industries across the border to China. This is followed by a detailed analysis of how the manufacturers’ exodus helped to expand the economic base of Hong Kong's export industries on the one hand, while keeping Hong Kong's exports internationally competitive on the other, despite a bout of accelerated domestic inflation caused by the peg before 1997/1998. This chapter concludes that despite the increased integration of the Hong Kong and mainland China economies, the likelihood of the Hong Kong dollar being de-pegged from the US dollar and re-pegged to the Chinese currency is yet remote.Less
This chapter aims at studying the interplay between the so-called “China factor” and the dollar peg in Hong Kong in the run up to the 1997 handover, through the Asian financial crisis and beyond. It begins by describing the general changes in the economy following the adoption of the peg, and the factors precipitating the complete migration of Hong Kong's manufacturing industries across the border to China. This is followed by a detailed analysis of how the manufacturers’ exodus helped to expand the economic base of Hong Kong's export industries on the one hand, while keeping Hong Kong's exports internationally competitive on the other, despite a bout of accelerated domestic inflation caused by the peg before 1997/1998. This chapter concludes that despite the increased integration of the Hong Kong and mainland China economies, the likelihood of the Hong Kong dollar being de-pegged from the US dollar and re-pegged to the Chinese currency is yet remote.
Guillermo Calvo
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035415
- eISBN:
- 9780262336017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035415.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
The chapter shows that existence of a unique Rational Expectations equilibrium can be ensured even if the Taylor Principle – stating that the policy interest rate increases by more than the increase ...
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The chapter shows that existence of a unique Rational Expectations equilibrium can be ensured even if the Taylor Principle – stating that the policy interest rate increases by more than the increase in the expected rate of inflation – does not hold. This is shown by extending a barebones' central bank monetary model to the case in which liquidity is produced by both money and public bonds. The discussion concludes that liquidity considerations may have a critical impact on the monetary policy implications derived from the mainstream model.Less
The chapter shows that existence of a unique Rational Expectations equilibrium can be ensured even if the Taylor Principle – stating that the policy interest rate increases by more than the increase in the expected rate of inflation – does not hold. This is shown by extending a barebones' central bank monetary model to the case in which liquidity is produced by both money and public bonds. The discussion concludes that liquidity considerations may have a critical impact on the monetary policy implications derived from the mainstream model.
Lallit Anand and Sanjay Govindjee
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198864721
- eISBN:
- 9780191896767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198864721.003.0031
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter presents several technologically important constitutive relations for elastomeric materials. In particular, the Neo-Hookean, Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden, Arruda-Boyce, and Gent free energy ...
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This chapter presents several technologically important constitutive relations for elastomeric materials. In particular, the Neo-Hookean, Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden, Arruda-Boyce, and Gent free energy functions are discussed in the context of incompressible response. Extensions to the slightly compressible case are also detailed, this includes a presentation of a number of possible volumetric response relations and their properties.Less
This chapter presents several technologically important constitutive relations for elastomeric materials. In particular, the Neo-Hookean, Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden, Arruda-Boyce, and Gent free energy functions are discussed in the context of incompressible response. Extensions to the slightly compressible case are also detailed, this includes a presentation of a number of possible volumetric response relations and their properties.
Huw Pill and Frank Smets
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262018340
- eISBN:
- 9780262305921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018340.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
In the eyes of some, the great financial crisis has raised questions about whether price-stability oriented monetary policy frameworks – that, until only a few years ago, were credited with ...
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In the eyes of some, the great financial crisis has raised questions about whether price-stability oriented monetary policy frameworks – that, until only a few years ago, were credited with supporting a long period of global economic stability – remain appropriate. This chapter evaluates these claims on the basis of the ECB's experience. It argues that: (a) nonstandard policy measures targeted at repairing malfunctioning markets are potentially more efficient instruments to address financial crisis than reducing policy rates to their lower bound. By tackling malfunctioning financial markets directly and re-establishing monetary policy transmission, such measures enhance the effectiveness of the standard interest rate policy instrument and thus serve to achieve macro-stabilisation without inducing greater interest rate volatility; (b) a solid anchoring of inflation expectations stemming from the establishment of credible price stability-oriented policy frameworks has played a crucial role during the crisis, both as an automatic stabiliser and in preventing the emergence of a debt-deflation spiral; (c) analysis of monetary developments helps identify the excessive credit expansion underlying the creation of financial imbalances. All in all, the chapter concludes that the conduct of monetary policy should neither be changed fundamentally nor overburdened with additional objectives.Less
In the eyes of some, the great financial crisis has raised questions about whether price-stability oriented monetary policy frameworks – that, until only a few years ago, were credited with supporting a long period of global economic stability – remain appropriate. This chapter evaluates these claims on the basis of the ECB's experience. It argues that: (a) nonstandard policy measures targeted at repairing malfunctioning markets are potentially more efficient instruments to address financial crisis than reducing policy rates to their lower bound. By tackling malfunctioning financial markets directly and re-establishing monetary policy transmission, such measures enhance the effectiveness of the standard interest rate policy instrument and thus serve to achieve macro-stabilisation without inducing greater interest rate volatility; (b) a solid anchoring of inflation expectations stemming from the establishment of credible price stability-oriented policy frameworks has played a crucial role during the crisis, both as an automatic stabiliser and in preventing the emergence of a debt-deflation spiral; (c) analysis of monetary developments helps identify the excessive credit expansion underlying the creation of financial imbalances. All in all, the chapter concludes that the conduct of monetary policy should neither be changed fundamentally nor overburdened with additional objectives.
Kaushik Basu
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029629
- eISBN:
- 9780262331678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029629.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Inflation was a major concern during the three years that the book covers in extra detail. But the economics of inflation and the science of monetary and fiscal policy, especially in an emerging ...
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Inflation was a major concern during the three years that the book covers in extra detail. But the economics of inflation and the science of monetary and fiscal policy, especially in an emerging economy, are inadequately understood. The chapter provides a dissection of monetary policy including some conundrums of how to control inflation while keeping growth up.Less
Inflation was a major concern during the three years that the book covers in extra detail. But the economics of inflation and the science of monetary and fiscal policy, especially in an emerging economy, are inadequately understood. The chapter provides a dissection of monetary policy including some conundrums of how to control inflation while keeping growth up.
Chris Miller
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469640662
- eISBN:
- 9781469640679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640662.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter examines the economy that Vladimir Putin inherited when he took power. During the 1990s, Russian President Boris Yeltsin had begun moving Russia toward a market economy, eliminating ...
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This chapter examines the economy that Vladimir Putin inherited when he took power. During the 1990s, Russian President Boris Yeltsin had begun moving Russia toward a market economy, eliminating price controls and privatizing industries and real estate. Yeltsin’s reforms, however, were overshadowed by a deeper structural problem: the collapse of the Soviet state led to an enduring budget crisis. The tax system had stopped functioning; the government funded its deficit by printing money, causing high inflation; and the economy lurched from crisis to crisis throughout the 1990s. Given the disastrous macroeconomic climate, Yeltsin’s team made only halting progress in restructuring industry, rebuilding the state, or establishing a business climate that promoted investment. This was Putin’s economic inheritance.
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This chapter examines the economy that Vladimir Putin inherited when he took power. During the 1990s, Russian President Boris Yeltsin had begun moving Russia toward a market economy, eliminating price controls and privatizing industries and real estate. Yeltsin’s reforms, however, were overshadowed by a deeper structural problem: the collapse of the Soviet state led to an enduring budget crisis. The tax system had stopped functioning; the government funded its deficit by printing money, causing high inflation; and the economy lurched from crisis to crisis throughout the 1990s. Given the disastrous macroeconomic climate, Yeltsin’s team made only halting progress in restructuring industry, rebuilding the state, or establishing a business climate that promoted investment. This was Putin’s economic inheritance.
Chris Miller
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469640662
- eISBN:
- 9781469640679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640662.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The 2000s were boom years for energy, as prices skyrocketed and oil producers reaped windfall profits. Vladimir Putin’s Russia had its fair share of excess, yet what is more remarkable is how much ...
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The 2000s were boom years for energy, as prices skyrocketed and oil producers reaped windfall profits. Vladimir Putin’s Russia had its fair share of excess, yet what is more remarkable is how much Russia saved. Over the course of the 2000s, over half a trillion dollars were put in in long-terms savings funds. Putin had seen the tumult of the 1991 and 1998 crises, and knew that hard times would come again. He wanted a large stock of financial firepower to deal with any contingency. He also took steps to restructure the country’s banking system. High inflation had plagued Russia since 1991, but Putin assembled a talented team of managers at the Finance Ministry and Central Bank who managed to get inflation down and keep it fairly low. Though Putin’s government is often rightly noted to include many former KGB agents and judo buddies, it is also notable the extent to which the economic ministries recruited talented—and economically orthodox—managers. By the mid-2000s, Russia had the most stable financial environment it had ever known.
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The 2000s were boom years for energy, as prices skyrocketed and oil producers reaped windfall profits. Vladimir Putin’s Russia had its fair share of excess, yet what is more remarkable is how much Russia saved. Over the course of the 2000s, over half a trillion dollars were put in in long-terms savings funds. Putin had seen the tumult of the 1991 and 1998 crises, and knew that hard times would come again. He wanted a large stock of financial firepower to deal with any contingency. He also took steps to restructure the country’s banking system. High inflation had plagued Russia since 1991, but Putin assembled a talented team of managers at the Finance Ministry and Central Bank who managed to get inflation down and keep it fairly low. Though Putin’s government is often rightly noted to include many former KGB agents and judo buddies, it is also notable the extent to which the economic ministries recruited talented—and economically orthodox—managers. By the mid-2000s, Russia had the most stable financial environment it had ever known.
Alan S. Blinder and Jeremy B. Rudd
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226066950
- eISBN:
- 9780226043555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226043555.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Previous studies have concluded that the two OPEC shocks, the two roughly contemporaneous food price shocks, and the removal of wage-price controls in 1973–1974 played key roles in the macroeconomic ...
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Previous studies have concluded that the two OPEC shocks, the two roughly contemporaneous food price shocks, and the removal of wage-price controls in 1973–1974 played key roles in the macroeconomic events which constituted the Great Stagflation. This chapter reexamines the supply-shock explanation in the light of new facts, new models, and new econometric findings, and shows that the “old-fashioned” supply-shock explanation holds up quite well. It is organized as follows. Section 2.2 outlines and slightly modernizes the basic conceptual framework, reexamining it in the light of much new theory and many new empirical findings, while Section 2.3 takes a fresh look at the evidence on the Great Inflation in the United States, once again using new data, new theory, and new econometric findings. Section 2.4 deals with a series of objections to the supply-shock explanation, while Section 2.5 looks beyond the narrow historical confines of the 1972 to 1982 period, considering supply shocks both prior to and after the Great Stagflation; and Section 2.6 concludes.Less
Previous studies have concluded that the two OPEC shocks, the two roughly contemporaneous food price shocks, and the removal of wage-price controls in 1973–1974 played key roles in the macroeconomic events which constituted the Great Stagflation. This chapter reexamines the supply-shock explanation in the light of new facts, new models, and new econometric findings, and shows that the “old-fashioned” supply-shock explanation holds up quite well. It is organized as follows. Section 2.2 outlines and slightly modernizes the basic conceptual framework, reexamining it in the light of much new theory and many new empirical findings, while Section 2.3 takes a fresh look at the evidence on the Great Inflation in the United States, once again using new data, new theory, and new econometric findings. Section 2.4 deals with a series of objections to the supply-shock explanation, while Section 2.5 looks beyond the narrow historical confines of the 1972 to 1982 period, considering supply shocks both prior to and after the Great Stagflation; and Section 2.6 concludes.
Athanasios Orphanides and John C. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226066950
- eISBN:
- 9780226043555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226043555.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter uses a three-equation model based on a New Keynesian Phillips curve, real-time data on the unemployment gap, and forecasted survey data on expected inflation to test the efficiency of ...
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This chapter uses a three-equation model based on a New Keynesian Phillips curve, real-time data on the unemployment gap, and forecasted survey data on expected inflation to test the efficiency of the Federal Reserve’s pursuit of an optimal control approach to monetary policy that approximates the fine-tuning views of the New Economics prevalent in the 1960s and 1970s. It shows that the fine-tuning approach to monetary policy, with its emphasis on stabilizing the level of real activity, might have succeeded in stabilizing the economy if policymakers had possessed accurate real-time assessments of the natural rate of unemployment. In the event they did not, and failed to account for their imperfect information regarding the economy’s potential and the effects of these misperceptions on the evolution of inflation expectations and inflation.Less
This chapter uses a three-equation model based on a New Keynesian Phillips curve, real-time data on the unemployment gap, and forecasted survey data on expected inflation to test the efficiency of the Federal Reserve’s pursuit of an optimal control approach to monetary policy that approximates the fine-tuning views of the New Economics prevalent in the 1960s and 1970s. It shows that the fine-tuning approach to monetary policy, with its emphasis on stabilizing the level of real activity, might have succeeded in stabilizing the economy if policymakers had possessed accurate real-time assessments of the natural rate of unemployment. In the event they did not, and failed to account for their imperfect information regarding the economy’s potential and the effects of these misperceptions on the evolution of inflation expectations and inflation.
