Mark S. Cladis
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195125542
- eISBN:
- 9780199834082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195125541.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Charts the course of the Fall from the simple contentment, invulnerability, and innocence of the Garden to the complex gratifications, vulnerability, and corruption of the City. This is a story of ...
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Charts the course of the Fall from the simple contentment, invulnerability, and innocence of the Garden to the complex gratifications, vulnerability, and corruption of the City. This is a story of costly progress: the Solitaire must sacrifice itself in order to release its inner potential for development, and thereby give birth to a new creation, the social human. The Fall is cast in seven stages that are based on Rousseau's discourse, “On the Origin of Inequality.” The first four stages are considered in Ch. 3, concluding with stage four, the Second Garden, which represents Rousseau's vision of happy humans precariously balanced between solitude and community, invulnerability and vulnerability, and independence and dependence.Less
Charts the course of the Fall from the simple contentment, invulnerability, and innocence of the Garden to the complex gratifications, vulnerability, and corruption of the City. This is a story of costly progress: the Solitaire must sacrifice itself in order to release its inner potential for development, and thereby give birth to a new creation, the social human. The Fall is cast in seven stages that are based on Rousseau's discourse, “On the Origin of Inequality.” The first four stages are considered in Ch. 3, concluding with stage four, the Second Garden, which represents Rousseau's vision of happy humans precariously balanced between solitude and community, invulnerability and vulnerability, and independence and dependence.
Mark S. Cladis
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195125542
- eISBN:
- 9780199834082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195125541.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Discusses how the precarious joy and liberty of the Second Garden (as discussed in the previous chapter) collapsed and paved the road to the pain and slavery of the corrupt City. From the division of ...
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Discusses how the precarious joy and liberty of the Second Garden (as discussed in the previous chapter) collapsed and paved the road to the pain and slavery of the corrupt City. From the division of labor came the multiplication of commodities and complex systems of exchange; from these came a heightened sense of private property and public justice; and from rules of justice came conventions of inequality and the attending humiliation. This genealogy of sorrow is driven by both psychological and sociological developments, chiefly the progression of amour‐propre (anxious self‐love) and the division of labor.Less
Discusses how the precarious joy and liberty of the Second Garden (as discussed in the previous chapter) collapsed and paved the road to the pain and slavery of the corrupt City. From the division of labor came the multiplication of commodities and complex systems of exchange; from these came a heightened sense of private property and public justice; and from rules of justice came conventions of inequality and the attending humiliation. This genealogy of sorrow is driven by both psychological and sociological developments, chiefly the progression of amour‐propre (anxious self‐love) and the division of labor.
Paula Chakravartty and Katharine Sarikakis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748618491
- eISBN:
- 9780748670970
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748618491.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This volume investigates media and communications policy and provides a comprehensive account of issues that are central to the study of the field. It addresses profound gaps in the study of policy ...
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This volume investigates media and communications policy and provides a comprehensive account of issues that are central to the study of the field. It addresses profound gaps in the study of policy by demonstrating the centrality of historical, social and political context in debates that may appear solely technical or bound by geography. The book covers the institutional changes in the communication policy arena by examining the changing role of the state, technology and the market and the role of civil society in the process of global governance. It discusses the development of policy areas in broadcasting, telecommunications and the information society, and examines the often-overlooked normative dimensions of communications policy.Less
This volume investigates media and communications policy and provides a comprehensive account of issues that are central to the study of the field. It addresses profound gaps in the study of policy by demonstrating the centrality of historical, social and political context in debates that may appear solely technical or bound by geography. The book covers the institutional changes in the communication policy arena by examining the changing role of the state, technology and the market and the role of civil society in the process of global governance. It discusses the development of policy areas in broadcasting, telecommunications and the information society, and examines the often-overlooked normative dimensions of communications policy.
Mugambi Jouet
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520293298
- eISBN:
- 9780520966468
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520293298.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Americans are far more divided than other Westerners over basic issues, including wealth inequality, health care, climate change, evolution, the literal truth of the Bible, apocalyptical prophecies, ...
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Americans are far more divided than other Westerners over basic issues, including wealth inequality, health care, climate change, evolution, the literal truth of the Bible, apocalyptical prophecies, gender roles, abortion, gay rights, sexual education, gun control, mass incarceration, the death penalty, torture, human rights, and war. The intense polarization of U.S. conservatives and liberals has become a key dimension of American exceptionalism—an idea widely misunderstood as American superiority. It is rather what makes America an exception, for better or worse. While exceptionalism once was largely a source of strength, it may now spell decline, as unique features of U.S. history, politics, law, culture, religion, and race relations foster grave conflicts and injustices. They also shed light on the peculiar ideological evolution of American conservatism, which long predated Trumpism. Anti-intellectualism, conspiracy-mongering, radical anti-governmentalism, and Christian fundamentalism are far more common in America than Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Drawing inspiration from Alexis de Tocqueville, Mugambi Jouet explores American exceptionalism’s intriguing roots as a multicultural outsider-insider. Raised in Paris by a French mother and Kenyan father, he then lived throughout America, from the Bible Belt to New York, California, and beyond. His articles have notably been featured in The New Republic, Slate, The San Francisco Chronicle, The Huffington Post, and Le Monde. He teaches at Stanford Law School.Less
Americans are far more divided than other Westerners over basic issues, including wealth inequality, health care, climate change, evolution, the literal truth of the Bible, apocalyptical prophecies, gender roles, abortion, gay rights, sexual education, gun control, mass incarceration, the death penalty, torture, human rights, and war. The intense polarization of U.S. conservatives and liberals has become a key dimension of American exceptionalism—an idea widely misunderstood as American superiority. It is rather what makes America an exception, for better or worse. While exceptionalism once was largely a source of strength, it may now spell decline, as unique features of U.S. history, politics, law, culture, religion, and race relations foster grave conflicts and injustices. They also shed light on the peculiar ideological evolution of American conservatism, which long predated Trumpism. Anti-intellectualism, conspiracy-mongering, radical anti-governmentalism, and Christian fundamentalism are far more common in America than Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Drawing inspiration from Alexis de Tocqueville, Mugambi Jouet explores American exceptionalism’s intriguing roots as a multicultural outsider-insider. Raised in Paris by a French mother and Kenyan father, he then lived throughout America, from the Bible Belt to New York, California, and beyond. His articles have notably been featured in The New Republic, Slate, The San Francisco Chronicle, The Huffington Post, and Le Monde. He teaches at Stanford Law School.
Yue Chim Richard Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390625
- eISBN:
- 9789888390373
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
When discussing inequality and poverty in Hong Kong, scholars and politicians often focus on the failures of government policy and push for an increase in social welfare. Richard Wong argues in ...
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When discussing inequality and poverty in Hong Kong, scholars and politicians often focus on the failures of government policy and push for an increase in social welfare. Richard Wong argues in Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong that universal retirement support, minimum wage, and standard hours of work are of limited effect in shrinking the inequality gap. By comparing Hong Kong with Singapore, he points out that Hong Kong needs a new and long-term strategy on human resource policy. He recommends more investment in education, focusing on early education and immigration policy reforms to attract highly educated and skilled people to join the workforce. In analyzing what causes inequality, this book ties disparate issues together into a coherent framework, such as Hong Kong’s aging population, lack of investment in human capital, and family breakdowns. Rising divorce rates among low-income households have worsened the housing shortage, driving rents and property prices upwards. Housing problems created a bigger gap between those who own housing and have the ability to invest in their children’s human capital and those who cannot, thus adversely impacting intergenerational upward mobility. This is the third of Richard Wong’s collections of articles on society and economy in Hong Kong. Diversity and Occasional Anarchy and Hong Kong Land for Hong Kong People, published by Hong Kong University Press in 2013 and 2015 respectively, discuss growing economic and social contradictions in Hong Kong and current housing problems and their solutions.Less
When discussing inequality and poverty in Hong Kong, scholars and politicians often focus on the failures of government policy and push for an increase in social welfare. Richard Wong argues in Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong that universal retirement support, minimum wage, and standard hours of work are of limited effect in shrinking the inequality gap. By comparing Hong Kong with Singapore, he points out that Hong Kong needs a new and long-term strategy on human resource policy. He recommends more investment in education, focusing on early education and immigration policy reforms to attract highly educated and skilled people to join the workforce. In analyzing what causes inequality, this book ties disparate issues together into a coherent framework, such as Hong Kong’s aging population, lack of investment in human capital, and family breakdowns. Rising divorce rates among low-income households have worsened the housing shortage, driving rents and property prices upwards. Housing problems created a bigger gap between those who own housing and have the ability to invest in their children’s human capital and those who cannot, thus adversely impacting intergenerational upward mobility. This is the third of Richard Wong’s collections of articles on society and economy in Hong Kong. Diversity and Occasional Anarchy and Hong Kong Land for Hong Kong People, published by Hong Kong University Press in 2013 and 2015 respectively, discuss growing economic and social contradictions in Hong Kong and current housing problems and their solutions.
Børge Bakken (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888208661
- eISBN:
- 9789888455119
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208661.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
“Crime and the Chinese Dream” is edited by Børge Bakken. Although official propaganda emphasizes the Chinese Dream as the dream of all Chinese - a strong China with a prosperous population - but the ...
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“Crime and the Chinese Dream” is edited by Børge Bakken. Although official propaganda emphasizes the Chinese Dream as the dream of all Chinese - a strong China with a prosperous population - but the opportunities of achieving prosperity by legal means are distributed unequally. Crime and the Chinese Dream reveals how people on the margins of Chinese society find their way to the Chinese Dream through illegal or deviant behaviours. The case studies in this book include corrupt doctors in public hospitals in Beijing, fraudsters in a village called “cake uncles”, illegal motorcycle taxi drivers in Guangzhou, drug users being “re-educated” in detention centres, and alleged internet addicts who are treated as criminals by the system in boot camps under an unqualified and uncertified psychiatric regime. Despite the patriotic and collectivistic tint of the official dream metaphor, the contributors to this volume show that the Chinese Dream is essentially a state capitalist dream, which is embedded within the problems and opportunities of capitalism, as well as a dream of control where a vast number of people are excluded from achieving the official dream of prosperity.Less
“Crime and the Chinese Dream” is edited by Børge Bakken. Although official propaganda emphasizes the Chinese Dream as the dream of all Chinese - a strong China with a prosperous population - but the opportunities of achieving prosperity by legal means are distributed unequally. Crime and the Chinese Dream reveals how people on the margins of Chinese society find their way to the Chinese Dream through illegal or deviant behaviours. The case studies in this book include corrupt doctors in public hospitals in Beijing, fraudsters in a village called “cake uncles”, illegal motorcycle taxi drivers in Guangzhou, drug users being “re-educated” in detention centres, and alleged internet addicts who are treated as criminals by the system in boot camps under an unqualified and uncertified psychiatric regime. Despite the patriotic and collectivistic tint of the official dream metaphor, the contributors to this volume show that the Chinese Dream is essentially a state capitalist dream, which is embedded within the problems and opportunities of capitalism, as well as a dream of control where a vast number of people are excluded from achieving the official dream of prosperity.
Yue Chim Richard Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390625
- eISBN:
- 9789888390373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The contribution of recent immigrants to income dispersion has grown slightly. This reflects the fact that their numbers have been rising over time and that they tend to have a higher proportion of ...
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The contribution of recent immigrants to income dispersion has grown slightly. This reflects the fact that their numbers have been rising over time and that they tend to have a higher proportion of lower-productivity individuals. Immigration policy is of course another form of human capital investment policy. In a free society, the decision to emigrate is an individual right over which government should not exercise control. But in Hong Kong, government policy decides who is allowed to emigrate here. Family reunion cases are also related to human rights, although what constitutes family is subject to policy delineation. To sum up, then, the increase in individual income dispersion is primarily affected by education. Other factors contribute, too, but none is as significant. Education policy must therefore be at the center of efforts to tackle the rising inequality in individual incomes. This sets up the analysis understand what underlies the rise of household income dispersion over this period.Less
The contribution of recent immigrants to income dispersion has grown slightly. This reflects the fact that their numbers have been rising over time and that they tend to have a higher proportion of lower-productivity individuals. Immigration policy is of course another form of human capital investment policy. In a free society, the decision to emigrate is an individual right over which government should not exercise control. But in Hong Kong, government policy decides who is allowed to emigrate here. Family reunion cases are also related to human rights, although what constitutes family is subject to policy delineation. To sum up, then, the increase in individual income dispersion is primarily affected by education. Other factors contribute, too, but none is as significant. Education policy must therefore be at the center of efforts to tackle the rising inequality in individual incomes. This sets up the analysis understand what underlies the rise of household income dispersion over this period.
Venkat Venkatasubramanian
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231180726
- eISBN:
- 9780231543224
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231180726.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
Many in the United States feel that the nation’s current level of economic inequality is unfair and that capitalism is not working for 90% of the population. Yet some inequality is inevitable. The ...
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Many in the United States feel that the nation’s current level of economic inequality is unfair and that capitalism is not working for 90% of the population. Yet some inequality is inevitable. The question is: What level of inequality is fair? Mainstream economics has offered little guidance on fairness and the ideal distribution of income. Political philosophy, meanwhile, has much to say about fairness yet relies on qualitative theories that cannot be verified by empirical data. To address inequality, we need to know what the goal is—and for this, we need a quantitative, testable theory of fairness for free-market capitalism. How Much Inequality Is Fair? synthesizes concepts from economics, political philosophy, game theory, information theory, statistical mechanics, and systems engineering into a mathematical framework for a fair free-market society. The key to this framework is the insight that maximizing fairness means maximizing entropy, which makes it possible to determine the fairest possible level of pay inequality. The framework therefore provides a moral justification for capitalism in mathematical terms. Venkat Venkatasubramanian also compares his theory’s predictions to actual inequality data from various countries—showing, for instance, that Scandinavia has near-ideal fairness, while the United States is markedly unfair—and discusses the theory’s implications for tax policy, social programs, and executive compensation.Less
Many in the United States feel that the nation’s current level of economic inequality is unfair and that capitalism is not working for 90% of the population. Yet some inequality is inevitable. The question is: What level of inequality is fair? Mainstream economics has offered little guidance on fairness and the ideal distribution of income. Political philosophy, meanwhile, has much to say about fairness yet relies on qualitative theories that cannot be verified by empirical data. To address inequality, we need to know what the goal is—and for this, we need a quantitative, testable theory of fairness for free-market capitalism. How Much Inequality Is Fair? synthesizes concepts from economics, political philosophy, game theory, information theory, statistical mechanics, and systems engineering into a mathematical framework for a fair free-market society. The key to this framework is the insight that maximizing fairness means maximizing entropy, which makes it possible to determine the fairest possible level of pay inequality. The framework therefore provides a moral justification for capitalism in mathematical terms. Venkat Venkatasubramanian also compares his theory’s predictions to actual inequality data from various countries—showing, for instance, that Scandinavia has near-ideal fairness, while the United States is markedly unfair—and discusses the theory’s implications for tax policy, social programs, and executive compensation.
Jagdish N. Bhagwati, Pravin Krishna, and Arvind Panagariya (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035231
- eISBN:
- 9780262337687
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035231.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) metamorphosed into the WTO in 1994, it seemed that the third pillar of the international economic superstructure was finally put in place. And ...
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When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) metamorphosed into the WTO in 1994, it seemed that the third pillar of the international economic superstructure was finally put in place. And yet with the failure if member countries to close the Doha Round of trade negotiations and the emergence of bilateral and plurilateral preferential trade agreements (PTAs) such as the Trans-Pacific-Partnership (TPP) , the future of the world trade system seems uncertain. In this volume leading economists examine issues in trade policy that have arisen during this shift. The contributors discuss trends in the world trade system and discuss such topics as the effect of the trade on poverty and inequality, the use of antidumping measures within trade agreements, PTAs and litigation between trading partners, the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement and the relationship between trade liberalization and food security. They also offer regional perspectives on the TPP and transatlantic free trade.Less
When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) metamorphosed into the WTO in 1994, it seemed that the third pillar of the international economic superstructure was finally put in place. And yet with the failure if member countries to close the Doha Round of trade negotiations and the emergence of bilateral and plurilateral preferential trade agreements (PTAs) such as the Trans-Pacific-Partnership (TPP) , the future of the world trade system seems uncertain. In this volume leading economists examine issues in trade policy that have arisen during this shift. The contributors discuss trends in the world trade system and discuss such topics as the effect of the trade on poverty and inequality, the use of antidumping measures within trade agreements, PTAs and litigation between trading partners, the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement and the relationship between trade liberalization and food security. They also offer regional perspectives on the TPP and transatlantic free trade.
Assaf Razin
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037341
- eISBN:
- 9780262344234
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037341.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The book objective is two-fold: First, the book provides rigorous analysis of some of the major globalization episodes during the decade's long emergence of the economy of Israel. Second, the book ...
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The book objective is two-fold: First, the book provides rigorous analysis of some of the major globalization episodes during the decade's long emergence of the economy of Israel. Second, the book spells out, empirically, how the globalization played a crucial role in advancing Israel's economic progress. That is, economists and policy makers can gain insights as to how a globalized economy takes advantage of international trade, labor mobility, its international financial links, and at the same time push up against globalization headwinds, such as those triggered by the 2008 global financial crisis. A general lesson which comes out is that once a gradual opening up process is set, time-consistent macroeconomic policy is adapted, and well-regulated institutional setup is put in place, Israel’s economy has been able ride on growth-enhancing globalization flows, and weather its chilly storms. The book analyzes these game-changing events, evaluates their role in Israel remarkable development, and compares these developments to groups of developed and emerging- market economies in similar circumstances. To gain broader perspective, the book also looks back into recent history. The unique saga of Israel’s high-inflation crisis and the long period where it rebuilt the major financial, and monetary institutions, and regulatory bodies. These elements provided better macroeconomic stability and help mitigate business cycle fluctuations, and get the economy through military conflicts and boycotts. The book also surveys trending developments that remain challenging. The exceptionally high fertility among ultra-Orthodox Jews, and Arab minority, increasing portions of the population, is the main reason for the flagging labor-force participation. High fertility diminishes skill attainment. A rise in income inequality in all advanced economies, which also takes place in Israel, has a potential for setting off social-political divide. In the case of Israel, its fast development came, however, at the cost of rising income inequality and social polarization. Israel now has the most unequal distribution of income among OECD countries and its public education has declined from one of the best to one of the worst in the OECD. Israel’s income redistributive policies, from rich to poor, from healthy to the sick and from young to old, is significantly less comprehensive in scope, compared to the European systems. It has been becoming even less so over the last decades. Israel has an unusually high fertility rate among the developed economies. The book endeavors to marry economic theory, empirical evidence, and narrative presentation. It does so in a way that is enlightening to the specialist, but remains digestible for the non-professional reader. It provides an opportunity for the reader to look through the rear mirror at the saga of Israel’s high-inflation, and the inflation conquest. To connect to the earlier literature, the book provides a review of books surveys of the earlier phases in the development of the economy of Israel. There could be at least two potential groups of readers: a. Policy makers, academic and non-academic (international institutions, banks, etc.) researchers and students interested in the Israeli Economy; b. Policy makers, academic and non-academic researches, interested in the effects of globalization; and, c. Advanced undergraduate, and graduate students in international macroeconomics courses.Less
The book objective is two-fold: First, the book provides rigorous analysis of some of the major globalization episodes during the decade's long emergence of the economy of Israel. Second, the book spells out, empirically, how the globalization played a crucial role in advancing Israel's economic progress. That is, economists and policy makers can gain insights as to how a globalized economy takes advantage of international trade, labor mobility, its international financial links, and at the same time push up against globalization headwinds, such as those triggered by the 2008 global financial crisis. A general lesson which comes out is that once a gradual opening up process is set, time-consistent macroeconomic policy is adapted, and well-regulated institutional setup is put in place, Israel’s economy has been able ride on growth-enhancing globalization flows, and weather its chilly storms. The book analyzes these game-changing events, evaluates their role in Israel remarkable development, and compares these developments to groups of developed and emerging- market economies in similar circumstances. To gain broader perspective, the book also looks back into recent history. The unique saga of Israel’s high-inflation crisis and the long period where it rebuilt the major financial, and monetary institutions, and regulatory bodies. These elements provided better macroeconomic stability and help mitigate business cycle fluctuations, and get the economy through military conflicts and boycotts. The book also surveys trending developments that remain challenging. The exceptionally high fertility among ultra-Orthodox Jews, and Arab minority, increasing portions of the population, is the main reason for the flagging labor-force participation. High fertility diminishes skill attainment. A rise in income inequality in all advanced economies, which also takes place in Israel, has a potential for setting off social-political divide. In the case of Israel, its fast development came, however, at the cost of rising income inequality and social polarization. Israel now has the most unequal distribution of income among OECD countries and its public education has declined from one of the best to one of the worst in the OECD. Israel’s income redistributive policies, from rich to poor, from healthy to the sick and from young to old, is significantly less comprehensive in scope, compared to the European systems. It has been becoming even less so over the last decades. Israel has an unusually high fertility rate among the developed economies. The book endeavors to marry economic theory, empirical evidence, and narrative presentation. It does so in a way that is enlightening to the specialist, but remains digestible for the non-professional reader. It provides an opportunity for the reader to look through the rear mirror at the saga of Israel’s high-inflation, and the inflation conquest. To connect to the earlier literature, the book provides a review of books surveys of the earlier phases in the development of the economy of Israel. There could be at least two potential groups of readers: a. Policy makers, academic and non-academic (international institutions, banks, etc.) researchers and students interested in the Israeli Economy; b. Policy makers, academic and non-academic researches, interested in the effects of globalization; and, c. Advanced undergraduate, and graduate students in international macroeconomics courses.
Shane Blackman and Ruth Rogers (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447330523
- eISBN:
- 9781447330578
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447330523.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
The book critically engages with neo-liberal policies and media representations of youth austerity as a constructed social crisis but remaining the mechanism used by both government and media to ...
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The book critically engages with neo-liberal policies and media representations of youth austerity as a constructed social crisis but remaining the mechanism used by both government and media to exert control over young adults;
It explores the diversity of intersections relating to youth marginality across social class, gender and racial boundaries; looking into contemporary theory of advanced youth marginality.
It challenges the dominant notions of youth ‘underclass’ and marginalisation and the representation of ‘youth as trouble’ through participatory research methods to project young people’s ‘real’ experience and voice in spheres of leisure and recreation from street corners to open spaces in relation to surveillance and sanctions;
It develops an understanding of the importance of personal, emotional, familial and collective experiences of poverty and austerity and the strategies of resistance and survival, or consent under social hardship and discrimination from the Police;
It critically assesses the dynamics of social, cultural and educational policies in the shaping social life of young adults as refugees, looked after young people in Care, young mothers, working class youth and young people from diverse ethnic backgrounds, with reference to contemporary debates on neo-liberalism.Less
The book critically engages with neo-liberal policies and media representations of youth austerity as a constructed social crisis but remaining the mechanism used by both government and media to exert control over young adults;
It explores the diversity of intersections relating to youth marginality across social class, gender and racial boundaries; looking into contemporary theory of advanced youth marginality.
It challenges the dominant notions of youth ‘underclass’ and marginalisation and the representation of ‘youth as trouble’ through participatory research methods to project young people’s ‘real’ experience and voice in spheres of leisure and recreation from street corners to open spaces in relation to surveillance and sanctions;
It develops an understanding of the importance of personal, emotional, familial and collective experiences of poverty and austerity and the strategies of resistance and survival, or consent under social hardship and discrimination from the Police;
It critically assesses the dynamics of social, cultural and educational policies in the shaping social life of young adults as refugees, looked after young people in Care, young mothers, working class youth and young people from diverse ethnic backgrounds, with reference to contemporary debates on neo-liberalism.
William L. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263310
- eISBN:
- 9780191734144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263310.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This book outlines the association between Scotland and England since the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Individual chapters range in focus from the late nineteenth century to the foreseeable future. ...
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This book outlines the association between Scotland and England since the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Individual chapters range in focus from the late nineteenth century to the foreseeable future. They cover topics from the monarchy, constitution, parliamentary procedure, public policy and finance to the attitudes, experiences and identities of the ordinary Scots and English — both as majorities and as minorities in each other's country. They also include the natural inequality of the union in consequence of population sizes; trends in culture and identity; the changing role of the state; cross-border sympathy; and the pressure of adversarial politics. Gini's ‘Coefficient of Inequality’ is used to calculate the concentration of income or wealth within countries. Culture and identity are not merely conceptually and empirically distinct, they seem to be trending in opposite directions: cultures are merging, identities diverging. An overview of the chapters included in this book is shown.Less
This book outlines the association between Scotland and England since the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Individual chapters range in focus from the late nineteenth century to the foreseeable future. They cover topics from the monarchy, constitution, parliamentary procedure, public policy and finance to the attitudes, experiences and identities of the ordinary Scots and English — both as majorities and as minorities in each other's country. They also include the natural inequality of the union in consequence of population sizes; trends in culture and identity; the changing role of the state; cross-border sympathy; and the pressure of adversarial politics. Gini's ‘Coefficient of Inequality’ is used to calculate the concentration of income or wealth within countries. Culture and identity are not merely conceptually and empirically distinct, they seem to be trending in opposite directions: cultures are merging, identities diverging. An overview of the chapters included in this book is shown.
Deepak Singh
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520293304
- eISBN:
- 9780520966475
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520293304.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
May I Help You? is Deepak Singh’s insightful and thought-provoking account of disillusionment when, as an educated upper-class Indian, he moves with his American wife to the United States and ...
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May I Help You? is Deepak Singh’s insightful and thought-provoking account of disillusionment when, as an educated upper-class Indian, he moves with his American wife to the United States and discovers that America doesn’t care if he has an MBA from India or had worked for the BBC. Like many immigrants before him, Singh discovers that in America employers only trust him with a minimum wage job as a clerk, but his disappointment and embarrassment soon give way to shock when he realizes that in this world of low-wage work he is joined not merely by other immigrants, but by many Americans, a whole swath of the citizenry who goes unacknowledged and unassisted in their struggles to make a living wage. In sincere and straightforward prose, Singh takes the reader along on his journey full of dismay and compassion when the expectations he had of the United States, built around interactions in India with well-educated, affluent expatriates, collide with the reality of a coworker who must skip lunch until payday and the customers who buy in anticipation of a paycheck.Less
May I Help You? is Deepak Singh’s insightful and thought-provoking account of disillusionment when, as an educated upper-class Indian, he moves with his American wife to the United States and discovers that America doesn’t care if he has an MBA from India or had worked for the BBC. Like many immigrants before him, Singh discovers that in America employers only trust him with a minimum wage job as a clerk, but his disappointment and embarrassment soon give way to shock when he realizes that in this world of low-wage work he is joined not merely by other immigrants, but by many Americans, a whole swath of the citizenry who goes unacknowledged and unassisted in their struggles to make a living wage. In sincere and straightforward prose, Singh takes the reader along on his journey full of dismay and compassion when the expectations he had of the United States, built around interactions in India with well-educated, affluent expatriates, collide with the reality of a coworker who must skip lunch until payday and the customers who buy in anticipation of a paycheck.
Paul W. Posner, Viviana Patroni, and Jean François Mayer
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781683400455
- eISBN:
- 9781683400677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400455.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter situates Labor Politics in Latin America within the existing literature on labor markets and organization, presents its goals and methodology, justifies the selection of case studies, ...
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This chapter situates Labor Politics in Latin America within the existing literature on labor markets and organization, presents its goals and methodology, justifies the selection of case studies, and outlines the analytical focus of subsequent chapters and their findings. The chapter offers a summary of the book’s principal findings and theoretical contributions to the study of labor market reform within Latin America. In this regard, the study’s comparative analysis provides little support for claims regarding the purported benefits of flexibilization, particularly with respect to its promise of employment generation and the reduction of inequality. Examination of the case studies also reveals that there exist multiple ways in which labor flexibilization can be imposed. Beyond de jure reforms of collective labor rights, the analysis reveals that flexibilization has often been achieved in ways other than legal reform of the labor code, for instance through negotiations of collective agreements at the plant level. Finally, the authors find that the imposition of flexibilization, whether de facto or de jure, has had a significant impact on labor organization and party-labor ties.Less
This chapter situates Labor Politics in Latin America within the existing literature on labor markets and organization, presents its goals and methodology, justifies the selection of case studies, and outlines the analytical focus of subsequent chapters and their findings. The chapter offers a summary of the book’s principal findings and theoretical contributions to the study of labor market reform within Latin America. In this regard, the study’s comparative analysis provides little support for claims regarding the purported benefits of flexibilization, particularly with respect to its promise of employment generation and the reduction of inequality. Examination of the case studies also reveals that there exist multiple ways in which labor flexibilization can be imposed. Beyond de jure reforms of collective labor rights, the analysis reveals that flexibilization has often been achieved in ways other than legal reform of the labor code, for instance through negotiations of collective agreements at the plant level. Finally, the authors find that the imposition of flexibilization, whether de facto or de jure, has had a significant impact on labor organization and party-labor ties.
Paul W. Posner
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781683400455
- eISBN:
- 9781683400677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400455.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Flexibility proponents assert that rigid Latin American labor markets impede economic expansion and job growth; they advocate reforming labor codes through increased flexibility. Critics argue that ...
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Flexibility proponents assert that rigid Latin American labor markets impede economic expansion and job growth; they advocate reforming labor codes through increased flexibility. Critics argue that heightened labor flexibility exacerbates inequality without expanding employment. From this perspective, precarious employment and inequality are remedied by strengthening labor’s bargaining power. Chile’s maintenance of flexible labor reforms since the Pinochet dictatorship make it appropriate for evaluating these competing perspectives. Based on flexibility proponents’ predictions, we should expect increased formal sector employment over time, particularly among the least skilled Chilean workers, as well as reduced wage inequality. Yet the rate of unemployment among least-skilled workers in Chile remains essentially unchanged since the democratic transition, as does income inequality. These conditions persist despite a highly flexible labor market. Thus, Chile’s continued adherence to a flexibilized labor market should be understood not in terms of its capacity to reduce inequality or generate employment. Rather, it should be understood as the product of several interrelated factors: (1) the business sector’s ability to protect its interests; (2) the Concertación’s conscious limitation of threats to the business sector’s interests; and (3) the weakness of organized labor, resulting from the perpetuation of the Pinochet-era labor regime.Less
Flexibility proponents assert that rigid Latin American labor markets impede economic expansion and job growth; they advocate reforming labor codes through increased flexibility. Critics argue that heightened labor flexibility exacerbates inequality without expanding employment. From this perspective, precarious employment and inequality are remedied by strengthening labor’s bargaining power. Chile’s maintenance of flexible labor reforms since the Pinochet dictatorship make it appropriate for evaluating these competing perspectives. Based on flexibility proponents’ predictions, we should expect increased formal sector employment over time, particularly among the least skilled Chilean workers, as well as reduced wage inequality. Yet the rate of unemployment among least-skilled workers in Chile remains essentially unchanged since the democratic transition, as does income inequality. These conditions persist despite a highly flexible labor market. Thus, Chile’s continued adherence to a flexibilized labor market should be understood not in terms of its capacity to reduce inequality or generate employment. Rather, it should be understood as the product of several interrelated factors: (1) the business sector’s ability to protect its interests; (2) the Concertación’s conscious limitation of threats to the business sector’s interests; and (3) the weakness of organized labor, resulting from the perpetuation of the Pinochet-era labor regime.
Nicholas Hildyard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784994266
- eISBN:
- 9781526108982
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994266.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
No struggle for social justice that lacks a grounded understanding of how wealth is accumulated within society, and by whom, is ever likely to make more than a marginal dent in the status quo.
Much ...
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No struggle for social justice that lacks a grounded understanding of how wealth is accumulated within society, and by whom, is ever likely to make more than a marginal dent in the status quo.
Much work has been done over the years by academics and activists to illuminate the broad processes of wealth extraction. But a constantly watchful eye is essential if new forms of financial extraction are to be blocked, short-circuited, deflected or unsettled.
So when the World Bank and other well-known enablers of wealth extraction start to organise to promote greater private-sector involvement in ‘infrastructure’, for example through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), alarm bells should start to ring. How are roads, bridges, hospitals, ports and railways being eyed up by finance? What bevels and polishes the lens through which they are viewed? How is infrastructure being transformed into an ‘asset class’ that will yield the returns now demanded by investors? Why now? What does the reconfiguration of infrastructure tell us about the vulnerabilities of capital?
The challenge is not only to understand the mechanisms through which infrastructure is being reconfigured to extract wealth: equally important is to think through how activists might best respond. What oppositional strategies genuinely unsettle elite power instead of making it stronger?Less
No struggle for social justice that lacks a grounded understanding of how wealth is accumulated within society, and by whom, is ever likely to make more than a marginal dent in the status quo.
Much work has been done over the years by academics and activists to illuminate the broad processes of wealth extraction. But a constantly watchful eye is essential if new forms of financial extraction are to be blocked, short-circuited, deflected or unsettled.
So when the World Bank and other well-known enablers of wealth extraction start to organise to promote greater private-sector involvement in ‘infrastructure’, for example through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), alarm bells should start to ring. How are roads, bridges, hospitals, ports and railways being eyed up by finance? What bevels and polishes the lens through which they are viewed? How is infrastructure being transformed into an ‘asset class’ that will yield the returns now demanded by investors? Why now? What does the reconfiguration of infrastructure tell us about the vulnerabilities of capital?
The challenge is not only to understand the mechanisms through which infrastructure is being reconfigured to extract wealth: equally important is to think through how activists might best respond. What oppositional strategies genuinely unsettle elite power instead of making it stronger?
Kathleen Thelen and Marius R. Busemeyer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599431
- eISBN:
- 9780191731518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599431.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter argues that the German system of vocational training is changing in subtle but significant ways from a strongly collective system based on broad and portable occupational skills toward a ...
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This chapter argues that the German system of vocational training is changing in subtle but significant ways from a strongly collective system based on broad and portable occupational skills toward a segmentalist one based on increasingly differentiated skills more closely aligned to the internal needs of large companies engaged in training. In order to develop the argument, we first discuss the two logics of collectivism and segmentalism and briefly revisit the sequence of steps that have enabled a collective system to prevail historically over segmentalist interests in Germany. Following Streeck and others, we argue that the centralization of collective bargaining has been crucial to the maintenance of a collective training system, and we show how increasing flexibilization of bargaining (through decentralization and declining collective bargaining coverage) has been accompanied by heightened pressure for a flexibilization of training as well. State policy is accommodating these pressures, thereby reinforcing trends toward segmentalism. The final section considers the implications of these developments in the context of the growing dualism within the German labor market more generally.Less
This chapter argues that the German system of vocational training is changing in subtle but significant ways from a strongly collective system based on broad and portable occupational skills toward a segmentalist one based on increasingly differentiated skills more closely aligned to the internal needs of large companies engaged in training. In order to develop the argument, we first discuss the two logics of collectivism and segmentalism and briefly revisit the sequence of steps that have enabled a collective system to prevail historically over segmentalist interests in Germany. Following Streeck and others, we argue that the centralization of collective bargaining has been crucial to the maintenance of a collective training system, and we show how increasing flexibilization of bargaining (through decentralization and declining collective bargaining coverage) has been accompanied by heightened pressure for a flexibilization of training as well. State policy is accommodating these pressures, thereby reinforcing trends toward segmentalism. The final section considers the implications of these developments in the context of the growing dualism within the German labor market more generally.
Mark Harvey and Norman Geras
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526114020
- eISBN:
- 9781526136046
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526114020.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This book arose out of a friendship between a political philosopher and an economic sociologist, and their recognition of an urgent political need to address the extreme inequalities of wealth and ...
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This book arose out of a friendship between a political philosopher and an economic sociologist, and their recognition of an urgent political need to address the extreme inequalities of wealth and power in contemporary societies. The book provides a new analysis of what generates inequalities in rights to income, property and public goods in contemporary societies. It claims to move beyond Marx, both in its analysis of inequality and exploitation, and in its concept of just distribution. In order to do so, it critiques Marx’s foundational Labour Theory of Value and its closed-circuit conception of the economy. It points to the major historical transformations that create educational and knowledge inequalities, inequalities in rights to public goods that combine with those to private wealth. In two historical chapters, it argues that industrial capitalism introduced new forms of coerced labour in the metropolis alongside a huge expansion of slavery and indentured labour in the New World, with forms of bonded labour lasting well into the twentieth century. Only political struggles, rather than any economic logic of capitalism, achieved less punitive forms of employment. It is argued that these were only steps along a long road to challenge asymmetries of economic power and to realise just distribution of the wealth created in society.Less
This book arose out of a friendship between a political philosopher and an economic sociologist, and their recognition of an urgent political need to address the extreme inequalities of wealth and power in contemporary societies. The book provides a new analysis of what generates inequalities in rights to income, property and public goods in contemporary societies. It claims to move beyond Marx, both in its analysis of inequality and exploitation, and in its concept of just distribution. In order to do so, it critiques Marx’s foundational Labour Theory of Value and its closed-circuit conception of the economy. It points to the major historical transformations that create educational and knowledge inequalities, inequalities in rights to public goods that combine with those to private wealth. In two historical chapters, it argues that industrial capitalism introduced new forms of coerced labour in the metropolis alongside a huge expansion of slavery and indentured labour in the New World, with forms of bonded labour lasting well into the twentieth century. Only political struggles, rather than any economic logic of capitalism, achieved less punitive forms of employment. It is argued that these were only steps along a long road to challenge asymmetries of economic power and to realise just distribution of the wealth created in society.
Sean T. Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226499123
- eISBN:
- 9780226499437
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226499437.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Through an analysis of Brazil’s changing politics of inequality, development, and race, Constellations of Inequality demonstrates the value of ethnography to illuminate the relationships between ...
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Through an analysis of Brazil’s changing politics of inequality, development, and race, Constellations of Inequality demonstrates the value of ethnography to illuminate the relationships between inequality and consciousness at multiple scales—local, national and global. Based on long-term ethnographic research in Alcântara, Maranhão, the book analyzes the conflicts surrounding Brazil’s spaceport—a high-technology project of global transcendence located in one of Brazil’s poorest regions. The spaceport was built in the 1980s in a region principally populated by the descendants of those once enslaved on local cotton plantations, inaugurating a land conflict that continues today. Announced by Brazil’s military government as part of a project to make Brazil a world technomilitary power, the spaceport has been beset by internal and external problems, and is today populated by two Brazilian space programs (one military and the other neoliberal) that differ in their projects to confront global political and economic inequalities. Another project at the site is concerned not with international inequalities, but Brazil’s internal inequalities of class and race. Mobilizing as escaped-slave descendants (quilombolas), villagers and their allies have organized to resist the expansion of the spaceport and to win the villagers rights of wellbeing and citizenship that have long been denied to them. The spaceport thus stands at the center of competing projects of social and material transformation, different utopias, each aimed at redressing inequality, though on very different scales, and in very different ways.Less
Through an analysis of Brazil’s changing politics of inequality, development, and race, Constellations of Inequality demonstrates the value of ethnography to illuminate the relationships between inequality and consciousness at multiple scales—local, national and global. Based on long-term ethnographic research in Alcântara, Maranhão, the book analyzes the conflicts surrounding Brazil’s spaceport—a high-technology project of global transcendence located in one of Brazil’s poorest regions. The spaceport was built in the 1980s in a region principally populated by the descendants of those once enslaved on local cotton plantations, inaugurating a land conflict that continues today. Announced by Brazil’s military government as part of a project to make Brazil a world technomilitary power, the spaceport has been beset by internal and external problems, and is today populated by two Brazilian space programs (one military and the other neoliberal) that differ in their projects to confront global political and economic inequalities. Another project at the site is concerned not with international inequalities, but Brazil’s internal inequalities of class and race. Mobilizing as escaped-slave descendants (quilombolas), villagers and their allies have organized to resist the expansion of the spaceport and to win the villagers rights of wellbeing and citizenship that have long been denied to them. The spaceport thus stands at the center of competing projects of social and material transformation, different utopias, each aimed at redressing inequality, though on very different scales, and in very different ways.
Claire Sutherland
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447326281
- eISBN:
- 9781447336655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447326281.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter concludes by questioning the logic of nationalism and chauvinism in perpetuating inequality, starting with colonialism. It explores why nationalism still has such power to mobilise by ...
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This chapter concludes by questioning the logic of nationalism and chauvinism in perpetuating inequality, starting with colonialism. It explores why nationalism still has such power to mobilise by considering the importance of affect, emotion and nostalgia in shaping political attitudes. It moves beyond ethno-national categories to focus on the sea as a metaphor for thinking about belongingLess
This chapter concludes by questioning the logic of nationalism and chauvinism in perpetuating inequality, starting with colonialism. It explores why nationalism still has such power to mobilise by considering the importance of affect, emotion and nostalgia in shaping political attitudes. It moves beyond ethno-national categories to focus on the sea as a metaphor for thinking about belonging
