Jonathan Eacott
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469622309
- eISBN:
- 9781469623153
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469622309.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
Linking four continents over three centuries, Selling Empire demonstrates the centrality of India—both as an idea and a place—to the making of a global British imperial system. This book recasts the ...
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Linking four continents over three centuries, Selling Empire demonstrates the centrality of India—both as an idea and a place—to the making of a global British imperial system. This book recasts the British empire's chronology and geography by situating the development of consumer culture, the American Revolution, and British industrialization in the commercial intersections linking the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The geography of imperial thinking as well as imagined and real imperial systems did not correlate directly to the geography of imperial rule. In the seventeenth century, Britain was economically, politically, and militarily weaker than India, but Britons increasingly made use of India’s strengths to build their own empire in both America and Asia. Early English colonial promoters first envisioned America as a potential India, hoping that the nascent Atlantic colonies could produce Asian raw materials. When this vision failed to quickly materialize, Britain’s circulation of Indian manufactured goods—from umbrellas to cottons—to Africa, Europe, and America then established an empire of goods and the supposed good of empire. From the seventeenth into the nineteenth century and beyond, the evolving networks, trades, ideas, and fashions that bound India, Britain, and America shaped persisting global structures of economic and cultural interdependence.Less
Linking four continents over three centuries, Selling Empire demonstrates the centrality of India—both as an idea and a place—to the making of a global British imperial system. This book recasts the British empire's chronology and geography by situating the development of consumer culture, the American Revolution, and British industrialization in the commercial intersections linking the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The geography of imperial thinking as well as imagined and real imperial systems did not correlate directly to the geography of imperial rule. In the seventeenth century, Britain was economically, politically, and militarily weaker than India, but Britons increasingly made use of India’s strengths to build their own empire in both America and Asia. Early English colonial promoters first envisioned America as a potential India, hoping that the nascent Atlantic colonies could produce Asian raw materials. When this vision failed to quickly materialize, Britain’s circulation of Indian manufactured goods—from umbrellas to cottons—to Africa, Europe, and America then established an empire of goods and the supposed good of empire. From the seventeenth into the nineteenth century and beyond, the evolving networks, trades, ideas, and fashions that bound India, Britain, and America shaped persisting global structures of economic and cultural interdependence.
Karen M. Anderson and Dennie Oude Nijhuis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599431
- eISBN:
- 9780191731518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599431.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The current vocational education and training (VET) system in the Netherlands originated in the training initiatives undertaken by private actors in the artisan and industrial sectors in the ...
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The current vocational education and training (VET) system in the Netherlands originated in the training initiatives undertaken by private actors in the artisan and industrial sectors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its central features are corporatist administration, significant state involvement, and the dominance of school-based training. Since World War II, the state has played a more active role in VET, and the general education component of VET has increased. The 1980s saw a return to a clearer focus on the needs of the labor market. By the early 1980s, VET was seen as the mutual responsibility of the state, the social partners, and educational institutions. A major reform in 1994 reorganized and streamlined the system of vocational schools and vocational training, increasing cooperation between industry and the VET system.Less
The current vocational education and training (VET) system in the Netherlands originated in the training initiatives undertaken by private actors in the artisan and industrial sectors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its central features are corporatist administration, significant state involvement, and the dominance of school-based training. Since World War II, the state has played a more active role in VET, and the general education component of VET has increased. The 1980s saw a return to a clearer focus on the needs of the labor market. By the early 1980s, VET was seen as the mutual responsibility of the state, the social partners, and educational institutions. A major reform in 1994 reorganized and streamlined the system of vocational schools and vocational training, increasing cooperation between industry and the VET system.
Lawrence W. R. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083985
- eISBN:
- 9789882209084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083985.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter introduces Hong Kong in the aftermath of World War II – a time of upheaval, reconstruction and industrialisation. The author recalls his early years as an executive officer in the ...
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This chapter introduces Hong Kong in the aftermath of World War II – a time of upheaval, reconstruction and industrialisation. The author recalls his early years as an executive officer in the colonial government’s Commerce and Industry Department in the late 1950s. The chapter discusses small-scale industry and entrepreneurialism in the 1950s and 1960s.Less
This chapter introduces Hong Kong in the aftermath of World War II – a time of upheaval, reconstruction and industrialisation. The author recalls his early years as an executive officer in the colonial government’s Commerce and Industry Department in the late 1950s. The chapter discusses small-scale industry and entrepreneurialism in the 1950s and 1960s.
Holly M. Karibo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625201
- eISBN:
- 9781469625225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625201.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Between 1900 and 1939, industrial growth radically transformed the Detroit-Windsor region. This chapter examines the impact that formal industries, particularly the auto industry and tourism, had on ...
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Between 1900 and 1939, industrial growth radically transformed the Detroit-Windsor region. This chapter examines the impact that formal industries, particularly the auto industry and tourism, had on legal policies governing border-crossing. While more stringent policies developed to control the flow of people and goods by the 1920s, illegal industries also developed in order to subvert customs agents and border-crossing requirements. The smuggling of illegal liquor during Prohibition in particular brought a considerable amount of capital into Detroit and Windsor, and helped gain the region national reputations as cities rampant with sin and vice. The rise of illegal cross-border economies at a time when the Canadian and American national governments were attempting to more fully control their national boundaries demonstrates the limitations to border enforcement during the first half of the twentieth century.Less
Between 1900 and 1939, industrial growth radically transformed the Detroit-Windsor region. This chapter examines the impact that formal industries, particularly the auto industry and tourism, had on legal policies governing border-crossing. While more stringent policies developed to control the flow of people and goods by the 1920s, illegal industries also developed in order to subvert customs agents and border-crossing requirements. The smuggling of illegal liquor during Prohibition in particular brought a considerable amount of capital into Detroit and Windsor, and helped gain the region national reputations as cities rampant with sin and vice. The rise of illegal cross-border economies at a time when the Canadian and American national governments were attempting to more fully control their national boundaries demonstrates the limitations to border enforcement during the first half of the twentieth century.
Randall Martin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199567027
- eISBN:
- 9780191917851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199567027.003.0008
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
The disputed land-uses and cultivation practices represented in As You Like It responded to unprecedented changes in Elizabethan climate, population, and economic ...
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The disputed land-uses and cultivation practices represented in As You Like It responded to unprecedented changes in Elizabethan climate, population, and economic relations. Traditional modes of rural dwelling were no longer protected by virtue of their rural isolation or autonomy, but were becoming inescapably tied to national and global orders of competitive growth and resource exploitation. Perhaps the most disruptive of these modernizing turns was the development of gunpowder technologies and the armament industry. As in other western European countries, military culture became ubiquitous in England by the late sixteenth century as a result of innovations in gunpowder weapons and the formation of national armies. During the Middle Ages, low-tech weaponry and feudal mobilization had limited the social and environmental impacts of war. This situation began to change from the fifteenth century onwards with the development of far more deadly cannons, mines, and firearms. Influenced partly by the Erasmian ethics of his Humanist education (like Queen Elizabeth and King James in their attitudes to war), Shakespeare drew attention to gunpowder’s devastating effects on human and non-human animals and their environments in virtually all his history plays and several of his tragedies, even thoughmost of these references were anachronistic. By layering historical and contemporary viewpoints he registered changing material realities and cultural assumptions about the ecology of war: from self-regulating cycles of martial destruction and agrarian regeneration, to incremental technological mastery reliant on ever-increasing resource consumption. Traditional ideas about redeeming war through cultivation are captured by the Virgilian image of beating swords into ploughshares. It suggests that peacetime cultivation will heal wartime damage, and that periods of war and peace routinely alternate. The swordsinto-ploughshares trope also encodes temporal assumptions that the arc of catastrophe, in its political, ecological, and dramatic senses, is limited in scope and ultimately reversible. In this chapter I want to examine the emerging gunpowder regime putting pressure on this paradigm, and replacing it with modern structures of recoiling environmental risk and planetary push-back, represented in Henry IV Part Two and Macbeth respectively.
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The disputed land-uses and cultivation practices represented in As You Like It responded to unprecedented changes in Elizabethan climate, population, and economic relations. Traditional modes of rural dwelling were no longer protected by virtue of their rural isolation or autonomy, but were becoming inescapably tied to national and global orders of competitive growth and resource exploitation. Perhaps the most disruptive of these modernizing turns was the development of gunpowder technologies and the armament industry. As in other western European countries, military culture became ubiquitous in England by the late sixteenth century as a result of innovations in gunpowder weapons and the formation of national armies. During the Middle Ages, low-tech weaponry and feudal mobilization had limited the social and environmental impacts of war. This situation began to change from the fifteenth century onwards with the development of far more deadly cannons, mines, and firearms. Influenced partly by the Erasmian ethics of his Humanist education (like Queen Elizabeth and King James in their attitudes to war), Shakespeare drew attention to gunpowder’s devastating effects on human and non-human animals and their environments in virtually all his history plays and several of his tragedies, even thoughmost of these references were anachronistic. By layering historical and contemporary viewpoints he registered changing material realities and cultural assumptions about the ecology of war: from self-regulating cycles of martial destruction and agrarian regeneration, to incremental technological mastery reliant on ever-increasing resource consumption. Traditional ideas about redeeming war through cultivation are captured by the Virgilian image of beating swords into ploughshares. It suggests that peacetime cultivation will heal wartime damage, and that periods of war and peace routinely alternate. The swordsinto-ploughshares trope also encodes temporal assumptions that the arc of catastrophe, in its political, ecological, and dramatic senses, is limited in scope and ultimately reversible. In this chapter I want to examine the emerging gunpowder regime putting pressure on this paradigm, and replacing it with modern structures of recoiling environmental risk and planetary push-back, represented in Henry IV Part Two and Macbeth respectively.
Marcus Milwright
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623105
- eISBN:
- 9780748671298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623105.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
This chapter assesses the archaeological evidence from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries, focusing upon the political, economic, and social changes occurring within the Islamic world. ...
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This chapter assesses the archaeological evidence from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries, focusing upon the political, economic, and social changes occurring within the Islamic world. The first section looks at the appearance of two new commodities, coffee and tobacco, and their impact upon material culture in urban and rural areas. This section also deals with the growing influence of European industrially manufactured goods upon the economy and craft sector of the Middle East. The second section considers the archaeology of colonialism with case studies devoted to Portuguese colonies in Morocco and Bahrain, and Ottoman expansion into Greece and the Balkans. This evidence is compared to archaeological studies concerned with Frankish occupation of rural areas of Greater Syria during the Crusader period.Less
This chapter assesses the archaeological evidence from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries, focusing upon the political, economic, and social changes occurring within the Islamic world. The first section looks at the appearance of two new commodities, coffee and tobacco, and their impact upon material culture in urban and rural areas. This section also deals with the growing influence of European industrially manufactured goods upon the economy and craft sector of the Middle East. The second section considers the archaeology of colonialism with case studies devoted to Portuguese colonies in Morocco and Bahrain, and Ottoman expansion into Greece and the Balkans. This evidence is compared to archaeological studies concerned with Frankish occupation of rural areas of Greater Syria during the Crusader period.
I. G. Simmons
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621583
- eISBN:
- 9780748670765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621583.003.0004
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The technological ability to release the energy embedded in fossil fuels has transformed every aspect of the globe. The starting date is about 1750 and the initial fuel was coal but the addition of ...
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The technological ability to release the energy embedded in fossil fuels has transformed every aspect of the globe. The starting date is about 1750 and the initial fuel was coal but the addition of oil and natural as to the energy repertory has enhanced all forms of impact. Again, scale is important since there can be a drastic transformation of the biophysical environment locally but slighter more insidious effects at a distance. A power station obliterates the farmland under its footprint and also contributes to medium-range acidification of rainfall and planet-wide increases in the concentration of carbon dioxide. The power conferred by access to such concentrated but not renewable stores of energy can be used to equip armies and send them round the world quickly and so enforce imperialism. It can equally be applied to medicine and reduce death rates. Then the knowledge gained by scientific procedures is in a race with the expansion of population. The whole acts as a confirmation of concepts of human conquest of nature experienced at the local level by the substitution of mechanical effort for human labour.Less
The technological ability to release the energy embedded in fossil fuels has transformed every aspect of the globe. The starting date is about 1750 and the initial fuel was coal but the addition of oil and natural as to the energy repertory has enhanced all forms of impact. Again, scale is important since there can be a drastic transformation of the biophysical environment locally but slighter more insidious effects at a distance. A power station obliterates the farmland under its footprint and also contributes to medium-range acidification of rainfall and planet-wide increases in the concentration of carbon dioxide. The power conferred by access to such concentrated but not renewable stores of energy can be used to equip armies and send them round the world quickly and so enforce imperialism. It can equally be applied to medicine and reduce death rates. Then the knowledge gained by scientific procedures is in a race with the expansion of population. The whole acts as a confirmation of concepts of human conquest of nature experienced at the local level by the substitution of mechanical effort for human labour.
David Nasaw
- Published in print:
- 1979
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195025293
- eISBN:
- 9780197559956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195025293.003.0007
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
The myths of America, though tested by the Panic of ‘37, by the political and workplace agitation of the working people, by the addition of layer after ...
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The myths of America, though tested by the Panic of ‘37, by the political and workplace agitation of the working people, by the addition of layer after layer of urban poor, were not abandoned. Those who had succeeded and those who aspired to material success continued to argue that in the New World the absence of aristocratic barriers to profit-making and property-holding, combined with abundant land out West and expanding cities and towns in the Northeast, created a social situation in which opportunity was available to all. The stories of “self-made men” who through hard work and inner discipline pushed their way to success were publicized everywhere and, in times of business prosperity, with added emphasis. The success of the prosperous was the sign that virtue was rewarded in this best of all social worlds. That this was not yet the land of milk and honey, that there were poor people in the New World, did not invalidate the myths. If the promise of the New World had not yet been realized for everyone, that only demonstrated that not everyone had the character necessary to convert opportunity to material success. Poverty could be remedied by simply providing the poor with those character traits which they lacked. Among the foremost believers and most effective proselytizers of the myths of America were those men and women who led the campaign for an expanded and extended public school network in the decades preceding the Civil War. These school reformers chose as their institutional model not the Lancasterian or infant schools, which—as charity institutions—had repelled those for whom they had been designed, but the New England “district” or common schools, which were as republican and American as the charity schools were aristocratic and Old World. These district schools were open to all the children of the community. They were supported by district taxes, state funds, and by “rates”—tuition—paid by parents. Those who could not afford their rates could apply for rate exemptions. The common schools were primary schools. They taught the rudiments to all who needed such instruction. Achievement, not age, was the criterion for entrance. The youngest pupils might be seven or eight; the oldest could be in their early twenties.
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The myths of America, though tested by the Panic of ‘37, by the political and workplace agitation of the working people, by the addition of layer after layer of urban poor, were not abandoned. Those who had succeeded and those who aspired to material success continued to argue that in the New World the absence of aristocratic barriers to profit-making and property-holding, combined with abundant land out West and expanding cities and towns in the Northeast, created a social situation in which opportunity was available to all. The stories of “self-made men” who through hard work and inner discipline pushed their way to success were publicized everywhere and, in times of business prosperity, with added emphasis. The success of the prosperous was the sign that virtue was rewarded in this best of all social worlds. That this was not yet the land of milk and honey, that there were poor people in the New World, did not invalidate the myths. If the promise of the New World had not yet been realized for everyone, that only demonstrated that not everyone had the character necessary to convert opportunity to material success. Poverty could be remedied by simply providing the poor with those character traits which they lacked. Among the foremost believers and most effective proselytizers of the myths of America were those men and women who led the campaign for an expanded and extended public school network in the decades preceding the Civil War. These school reformers chose as their institutional model not the Lancasterian or infant schools, which—as charity institutions—had repelled those for whom they had been designed, but the New England “district” or common schools, which were as republican and American as the charity schools were aristocratic and Old World. These district schools were open to all the children of the community. They were supported by district taxes, state funds, and by “rates”—tuition—paid by parents. Those who could not afford their rates could apply for rate exemptions. The common schools were primary schools. They taught the rudiments to all who needed such instruction. Achievement, not age, was the criterion for entrance. The youngest pupils might be seven or eight; the oldest could be in their early twenties.
Maite Conde
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520290983
- eISBN:
- 9780520964884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520290983.003.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The introductory chapter outlines a theory of early cinema in Brazil and its relationship to the country’s invention of modernity. Theories and examinations of early film’s relationship to modernity ...
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The introductory chapter outlines a theory of early cinema in Brazil and its relationship to the country’s invention of modernity. Theories and examinations of early film’s relationship to modernity have by and large focused on the medium’s links to changes and transformations wrought by the advent of industrialization. Noting that such transformations were not present in Brazil, the introduction outlines how early film in Brazil—that is, its arrival and dissemination—were linked instead to a political project impelled by the first Republican regime, one that sought to transform the country into modern nation-state of order and progress. The chapter maps ways in which this imbrication between film and this project laid the foundations for the birth Brazilian cinema and modernity in Brazil. In doing so, it provides an alternative modernity of early cinema.Less
The introductory chapter outlines a theory of early cinema in Brazil and its relationship to the country’s invention of modernity. Theories and examinations of early film’s relationship to modernity have by and large focused on the medium’s links to changes and transformations wrought by the advent of industrialization. Noting that such transformations were not present in Brazil, the introduction outlines how early film in Brazil—that is, its arrival and dissemination—were linked instead to a political project impelled by the first Republican regime, one that sought to transform the country into modern nation-state of order and progress. The chapter maps ways in which this imbrication between film and this project laid the foundations for the birth Brazilian cinema and modernity in Brazil. In doing so, it provides an alternative modernity of early cinema.
Manlio Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231174626
- eISBN:
- 9780231543910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231174626.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explains the likely reasons for the ayatollahs' victory in Iran in 1979
This chapter explains the likely reasons for the ayatollahs' victory in Iran in 1979
Peter Sutoris
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190608323
- eISBN:
- 9780190663001
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608323.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This book examines the Indian state's postcolonial development ideology between Independence in 1947 and the Emergency of 1975-77. It pioneers a novel methodology for the study of development thought ...
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This book examines the Indian state's postcolonial development ideology between Independence in 1947 and the Emergency of 1975-77. It pioneers a novel methodology for the study of development thought and its cinematic representations, analyzing films made by the Films Division of India between 1948 and 1975. By comparing these documentaries to late-colonial films on “progress”, the book highlights continuities with and departures from colonial notions of development in modern India. It is the first scholarly volume to be published on the history of Indian documentary film. Of the approximately 250 documentaries analyzed in the book, many of which have never been discussed in the existing literature, most are concerned with economic planning and industrialization, large dams, family planning, schemes aimed at the integration of tribal peoples (Adivasis) into society, and civic education.Less
This book examines the Indian state's postcolonial development ideology between Independence in 1947 and the Emergency of 1975-77. It pioneers a novel methodology for the study of development thought and its cinematic representations, analyzing films made by the Films Division of India between 1948 and 1975. By comparing these documentaries to late-colonial films on “progress”, the book highlights continuities with and departures from colonial notions of development in modern India. It is the first scholarly volume to be published on the history of Indian documentary film. Of the approximately 250 documentaries analyzed in the book, many of which have never been discussed in the existing literature, most are concerned with economic planning and industrialization, large dams, family planning, schemes aimed at the integration of tribal peoples (Adivasis) into society, and civic education.
David Nasaw
- Published in print:
- 1979
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195025293
- eISBN:
- 9780197559956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195025293.003.0004
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
A history of American public schooling reduced to graphs would tell a simple story of almost continuous growth. In every category, the graphs would incline upwards, ...
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A history of American public schooling reduced to graphs would tell a simple story of almost continuous growth. In every category, the graphs would incline upwards, recording a steady rise in the number of students in school, the time they spent there, the teachers who taught them, the schools that housed them, and the dollars expended. The upward trend would continue unbroken from the 1820s until the 1970s. We cannot, at this time, chart the downward course that has commenced (if only temporarily) in the mid-1970s. We know only that that part of the American public that votes on school bond issues and makes its opinions known to professional pollsters is no longer willing to spend as much money or place as much trust in public schooling as it once was. It is too soon to predict the future course of public schooling in America, but a good time to reconsider the past. To understand why Americans have grown disillusioned with their public schools we must look beyond the immediate present to the larger history of the United States and its public schools. The public schools of this country—elementary, secondary, and higher—were not conceived full-blown. They have a history, and it is the social history of the United States. This essay will not attempt to present that history in its entirety but will focus instead on three specific periods decisive for the social history of this society and its public schools: the decades before the Civil War, in which the elementary or “common schools” were reformed; the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century, in which the secondary schools “welcomed” the “children of the plain people”; and the post-World War II decades, which found the public colleges and universities “overwhelmed” by a “tidal wave” of “non-traditional” students— those traditionally excluded from higher education by sex, race, and class. In each of these periods, the quantitative expansion of the student population was matched by a qualitative transformation of the enlarged institutions.
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A history of American public schooling reduced to graphs would tell a simple story of almost continuous growth. In every category, the graphs would incline upwards, recording a steady rise in the number of students in school, the time they spent there, the teachers who taught them, the schools that housed them, and the dollars expended. The upward trend would continue unbroken from the 1820s until the 1970s. We cannot, at this time, chart the downward course that has commenced (if only temporarily) in the mid-1970s. We know only that that part of the American public that votes on school bond issues and makes its opinions known to professional pollsters is no longer willing to spend as much money or place as much trust in public schooling as it once was. It is too soon to predict the future course of public schooling in America, but a good time to reconsider the past. To understand why Americans have grown disillusioned with their public schools we must look beyond the immediate present to the larger history of the United States and its public schools. The public schools of this country—elementary, secondary, and higher—were not conceived full-blown. They have a history, and it is the social history of the United States. This essay will not attempt to present that history in its entirety but will focus instead on three specific periods decisive for the social history of this society and its public schools: the decades before the Civil War, in which the elementary or “common schools” were reformed; the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century, in which the secondary schools “welcomed” the “children of the plain people”; and the post-World War II decades, which found the public colleges and universities “overwhelmed” by a “tidal wave” of “non-traditional” students— those traditionally excluded from higher education by sex, race, and class. In each of these periods, the quantitative expansion of the student population was matched by a qualitative transformation of the enlarged institutions.
David Nasaw
- Published in print:
- 1979
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195025293
- eISBN:
- 9780197559956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195025293.003.0014
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
The reformed boards, their superintendents, and their professional staffs had their work cut out for them. As we have seen, the city and some rural school ...
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The reformed boards, their superintendents, and their professional staffs had their work cut out for them. As we have seen, the city and some rural school systems had never been able to catch up with the expanding school-age population. Overcrowding was particularly a problem in the urban areas of the Northeast and the Midwest. In New York City alone, “at the turn of the century 1,100 willing children were refused admission to any school for lack of space.” The situation was as bad in other city school systems. The overcrowding was no doubt contributory to the high rate of failure and growing percentage of overage students in the city schools—over 40 percent of the total in the Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, New York, and Minneapolis systems, according to Colin Greer. One might have expected that the major thrust of reform at the turn of the century would be these urban schools. But this was not the case. As the nineteenth century gave way to the twentieth, the major concern of the public school reformers was not the overcrowded elementary schools, but the relatively underattended high schools. Though the elementary schools were not doing their job as well as might be hoped, they were at least keeping upwards of 70 percent of the school-age population off the streets and under proper supervision through their most tender years. The same could not be said of the secondary schools. As late as 1890, more than 90 percent of the fourteen-to-seventeen-year-olds (those potentially dangerous adolescents) were free of any institutional supervision. Here was a potential “social problem” much more dangerous than overcrowding and failure in the elementary grades. The progressive reformers and their colleagues had succeeded through the closing decades of the nineteenth century in drawing attention to the “youth” and “class” problems. The problems, as they themselves had pointed out, were interconnected. Problem adolescents were not going to become model wageworkers; they were much more likely to become problem workers. The solution proposed to the youth and class problems was an institutional one.
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The reformed boards, their superintendents, and their professional staffs had their work cut out for them. As we have seen, the city and some rural school systems had never been able to catch up with the expanding school-age population. Overcrowding was particularly a problem in the urban areas of the Northeast and the Midwest. In New York City alone, “at the turn of the century 1,100 willing children were refused admission to any school for lack of space.” The situation was as bad in other city school systems. The overcrowding was no doubt contributory to the high rate of failure and growing percentage of overage students in the city schools—over 40 percent of the total in the Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, New York, and Minneapolis systems, according to Colin Greer. One might have expected that the major thrust of reform at the turn of the century would be these urban schools. But this was not the case. As the nineteenth century gave way to the twentieth, the major concern of the public school reformers was not the overcrowded elementary schools, but the relatively underattended high schools. Though the elementary schools were not doing their job as well as might be hoped, they were at least keeping upwards of 70 percent of the school-age population off the streets and under proper supervision through their most tender years. The same could not be said of the secondary schools. As late as 1890, more than 90 percent of the fourteen-to-seventeen-year-olds (those potentially dangerous adolescents) were free of any institutional supervision. Here was a potential “social problem” much more dangerous than overcrowding and failure in the elementary grades. The progressive reformers and their colleagues had succeeded through the closing decades of the nineteenth century in drawing attention to the “youth” and “class” problems. The problems, as they themselves had pointed out, were interconnected. Problem adolescents were not going to become model wageworkers; they were much more likely to become problem workers. The solution proposed to the youth and class problems was an institutional one.
Christian Montès
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226080482
- eISBN:
- 9780226080512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226080512.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter begins to try and explain state capitals place in the American territorial construction and their position in the urban system. To address the developmental delay of many of them, it ...
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This chapter begins to try and explain state capitals place in the American territorial construction and their position in the urban system. To address the developmental delay of many of them, it deals with what could be called the “Purgatory years” of state capitals, up to the 1950s when a majority experienced a slow demographic and economic growth in a fast growing nation and suffered a “Babylonian” image. Capitals often experienced a difficult economic start after having been selected, although they soon became social capitals. They then were mostly ignored by the modernization processes (railroads and industrialization) that reached their fullest extent between 1880 and 1930. Being capital could only boost an existing good or rather good situation and proved unable to create an important economic basis by itself. State boundaries and economic influence are based on two different logics.Less
This chapter begins to try and explain state capitals place in the American territorial construction and their position in the urban system. To address the developmental delay of many of them, it deals with what could be called the “Purgatory years” of state capitals, up to the 1950s when a majority experienced a slow demographic and economic growth in a fast growing nation and suffered a “Babylonian” image. Capitals often experienced a difficult economic start after having been selected, although they soon became social capitals. They then were mostly ignored by the modernization processes (railroads and industrialization) that reached their fullest extent between 1880 and 1930. Being capital could only boost an existing good or rather good situation and proved unable to create an important economic basis by itself. State boundaries and economic influence are based on two different logics.
Jonathan Eacott
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469622309
- eISBN:
- 9781469623153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469622309.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
At the same time as the tensions between Britain and its thirteen colonies led to the American Revolutionary War, the development of industrial cotton cloth manufacturing in Britain made possible ...
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At the same time as the tensions between Britain and its thirteen colonies led to the American Revolutionary War, the development of industrial cotton cloth manufacturing in Britain made possible older hopes of imperial control and monopoly. British innovations in production processes and product development were extended to emulate and reinvent a range of other Indian goods, from hookah pipes to palanquins, which had no markets in Britain but growing markets in India. Nevertheless, British production did not necessarily domesticate such goods, and people in Britain and the United States instead adopted other goods manufactured and fashionable in India. Old economic and fashion patterns continued even as major shifts began in the global geography of production. Once again, the British government needed to craft a regulatory compromise amongst interests in Britain, and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.Less
At the same time as the tensions between Britain and its thirteen colonies led to the American Revolutionary War, the development of industrial cotton cloth manufacturing in Britain made possible older hopes of imperial control and monopoly. British innovations in production processes and product development were extended to emulate and reinvent a range of other Indian goods, from hookah pipes to palanquins, which had no markets in Britain but growing markets in India. Nevertheless, British production did not necessarily domesticate such goods, and people in Britain and the United States instead adopted other goods manufactured and fashionable in India. Old economic and fashion patterns continued even as major shifts began in the global geography of production. Once again, the British government needed to craft a regulatory compromise amongst interests in Britain, and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
Jonathan Eacott
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469622309
- eISBN:
- 9781469623153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469622309.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, British and American codependence in the India trade heightened, and so too did codependence in British industrial production and American cotton ...
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During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, British and American codependence in the India trade heightened, and so too did codependence in British industrial production and American cotton cultivation. American ships and merchants provided ready access for British Indian goods into Napoleon’s Europe, and they supplied Britain with raw cotton from the southern U.S. states. Yet the French Wars also reignited conflict between Britain and the United States, and the resulting embargoes and the War of 1812 magnified the dangers of British dependence on American cotton. By the time of the East India Company’s charter renewal in 1813, British production of India goods and the demand for India’s raw materials had eliminated the benefits believed to have come from the Company’s monopoly.Less
During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, British and American codependence in the India trade heightened, and so too did codependence in British industrial production and American cotton cultivation. American ships and merchants provided ready access for British Indian goods into Napoleon’s Europe, and they supplied Britain with raw cotton from the southern U.S. states. Yet the French Wars also reignited conflict between Britain and the United States, and the resulting embargoes and the War of 1812 magnified the dangers of British dependence on American cotton. By the time of the East India Company’s charter renewal in 1813, British production of India goods and the demand for India’s raw materials had eliminated the benefits believed to have come from the Company’s monopoly.
Christine M. DeLucia
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300201178
- eISBN:
- 9780300231120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300201178.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
This chapter follows the evolution of the Great River valley in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, an era when industrialization and modernization created anxieties among many Euro-American ...
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This chapter follows the evolution of the Great River valley in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, an era when industrialization and modernization created anxieties among many Euro-American populations, as well as opportunities for enduring Native communities. It accounts for the emergence of Turners Falls as a planned industrial community that harnessed the current of the river for hydropower, and provided an impetus for conservative place-marking efforts among area antiquarians. The chapter takes up a resurgence of efforts by northeast tribes and organizations endeavouring to protect and reinterpret key areas along the river, including a “reconciliation” staged in the early 2000s between Natives and non-Natives, and debates over the treatment of “ceremonial landscapes” in the face of infrastructure development. It considers the nature of monuments that have been rethought by poets as well as local residents, and the implications of critical “graffiti” on these stones.Less
This chapter follows the evolution of the Great River valley in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, an era when industrialization and modernization created anxieties among many Euro-American populations, as well as opportunities for enduring Native communities. It accounts for the emergence of Turners Falls as a planned industrial community that harnessed the current of the river for hydropower, and provided an impetus for conservative place-marking efforts among area antiquarians. The chapter takes up a resurgence of efforts by northeast tribes and organizations endeavouring to protect and reinterpret key areas along the river, including a “reconciliation” staged in the early 2000s between Natives and non-Natives, and debates over the treatment of “ceremonial landscapes” in the face of infrastructure development. It considers the nature of monuments that have been rethought by poets as well as local residents, and the implications of critical “graffiti” on these stones.
Lino Camprubí
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027175
- eISBN:
- 9780262323222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027175.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The chapter revolves around a silo destined for coal storage, made of concrete and shaped as a dodecahedron. Eduardo Torroja designed it for the entrance to the new structural and engineering ...
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The chapter revolves around a silo destined for coal storage, made of concrete and shaped as a dodecahedron. Eduardo Torroja designed it for the entrance to the new structural and engineering laboratory, which was built in Madrid between 1952 and 1954 for the Technical Institute for Construction and Cement, which he directed.The chapter explores the economic and aesthetic values behind the silo's striking shape. In doing so, it discovers a project for transforming the Spanish political economy – a project around which much of the scientific and technical research in early Franco's Spain revolved. The chapter utilizes this to delve into the political economy of national raw materials and industrialization. This illuminates the role of the laboratory in retooling the Spanish landscape through water reservoirs and cheap houses.Less
The chapter revolves around a silo destined for coal storage, made of concrete and shaped as a dodecahedron. Eduardo Torroja designed it for the entrance to the new structural and engineering laboratory, which was built in Madrid between 1952 and 1954 for the Technical Institute for Construction and Cement, which he directed.The chapter explores the economic and aesthetic values behind the silo's striking shape. In doing so, it discovers a project for transforming the Spanish political economy – a project around which much of the scientific and technical research in early Franco's Spain revolved. The chapter utilizes this to delve into the political economy of national raw materials and industrialization. This illuminates the role of the laboratory in retooling the Spanish landscape through water reservoirs and cheap houses.
Lino Camprubí
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027175
- eISBN:
- 9780262323222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027175.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The conclusion restates and sharpens the main thesis of the book – Francoist scientists’ and engineers’ active participation in state building. While it points to new areas of analysis to be explored ...
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The conclusion restates and sharpens the main thesis of the book – Francoist scientists’ and engineers’ active participation in state building. While it points to new areas of analysis to be explored by future research, it questions the ‘distorsionist’ approach to Francoist science and technology and proposes to shift the focus toward the coevolution of science, technology, and the state. It points to some similarities and unique features of the Francoist case vis-à-vis other authoritarian and democratic regimes. It reflects on the issue of the moral and political value of science and technology both in historical research and in contemporary debate. Finally, and always from the point of view of technical objects, it points to continuations between the Francoist regime and the subsequent democratic Spain.Less
The conclusion restates and sharpens the main thesis of the book – Francoist scientists’ and engineers’ active participation in state building. While it points to new areas of analysis to be explored by future research, it questions the ‘distorsionist’ approach to Francoist science and technology and proposes to shift the focus toward the coevolution of science, technology, and the state. It points to some similarities and unique features of the Francoist case vis-à-vis other authoritarian and democratic regimes. It reflects on the issue of the moral and political value of science and technology both in historical research and in contemporary debate. Finally, and always from the point of view of technical objects, it points to continuations between the Francoist regime and the subsequent democratic Spain.
Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199652983
- eISBN:
- 9780191761263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199652983.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The distribution of catch up in industrialization and development was uneven not only among regions but also between countries within regions. There was a high degree of concentration among a few ...
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The distribution of catch up in industrialization and development was uneven not only among regions but also between countries within regions. There was a high degree of concentration among a few countries, the Next-14, shaped by size, growth and history. There was also enormous diversity within the few in terms of the same attributes that revealed concentration among them. The settings, drivers, emphases, transition and models differed across the Next-14. Yet, it is possible to group them into clusters based on similarities in terms of geography, size, economic characteristics and development models. They had even more in common across clusters in terms of three factors that put them on the path to industrialization: initial conditions, enabling institutions and supportive governments. Many of the laggards in industrialization may not be very different from what these leaders were fifty years ago. Learning from their experience is important but it must be contextualized.Less
The distribution of catch up in industrialization and development was uneven not only among regions but also between countries within regions. There was a high degree of concentration among a few countries, the Next-14, shaped by size, growth and history. There was also enormous diversity within the few in terms of the same attributes that revealed concentration among them. The settings, drivers, emphases, transition and models differed across the Next-14. Yet, it is possible to group them into clusters based on similarities in terms of geography, size, economic characteristics and development models. They had even more in common across clusters in terms of three factors that put them on the path to industrialization: initial conditions, enabling institutions and supportive governments. Many of the laggards in industrialization may not be very different from what these leaders were fifty years ago. Learning from their experience is important but it must be contextualized.
