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Conclusion

Karuna Dietrich Wielenga

in Weaving Histories: The Transformation of the Handloom Industry in South India, 1800-1960

This chapter brings places the transformation of the handloom industry in the context of the emergence of India’s modern economy and examines how it came to be incorporated into what came to be known ... More

This chapter brings places the transformation of the handloom industry in the context of the emergence of India’s modern economy and examines how it came to be incorporated into what came to be known as the ‘informal sector’. It also uses the conclusions of this study to reflect on the divergent paths of economic development, both within India and globally.Less

British Labour, Belfast and home rule, 1900–14

Emmet O’ Connor

in The British Labour Party and Twentieth-Century Ireland: The cause of Ireland, the cause of Labour

This chapter examines the British Labour Party’s attitude to Irish home rule and partition, the fortunes of the party in Edwardian Belfast, and the reasons for the collapse of its Irish organisation ... More

This chapter examines the British Labour Party’s attitude to Irish home rule and partition, the fortunes of the party in Edwardian Belfast, and the reasons for the collapse of its Irish organisation during the third home rule crisis, 1912-14. It argues that Belfast Labour’s problems had nothing to do with the reputedly divisive influence of socialist, James Connolly, during his time as an activist in the city in this period. For Labour, the primary contradiction was not the Catholic-Protestant divide but the contrast between a British Labour movement which was largely in favour of home rule, and a Belfast working class which was largely Unionist and, by extension, aligned with the Conservatives on the constitutional question.Less

The Expansion of American Interests in Transatlantic Commerce and Trade, 1865-1893

William Henry Flayhart III

in Global Markets: The Internationalization of the Sea Transport Industries since 1850

This chapter analyses the expansion of America’s transatlantic trade in the period directly following the American Civil War. Post Civil War, industrialisation increased rapidly, alongside the ... More

This chapter analyses the expansion of America’s transatlantic trade in the period directly following the American Civil War. Post Civil War, industrialisation increased rapidly, alongside the expansion of rail networks, allowing for the investment in steamship technology. The chapter tracks the development of business rivalries, governmental acts, and the passenger and freight trade that led America to take a key role in international maritime trade. In particular, the author follows the history of the Philadelphia Railroad Company and the role it played in the process of globalisation.Less

Technological Advances in the Maritime Sector: Some Implications for Trade, Modernization and the Process of Globalization in the Nineteenth Century

David M. Williams and John Armstrong

Lewis R. Fischer and Even Lange (eds)

in Maritime History as Global History

This essay examines the impact of three tremendous developments in maritime transport technology - the steamship, the telegraph, and the railway - on global industrialisation and the advent of the ... More

This essay examines the impact of three tremendous developments in maritime transport technology - the steamship, the telegraph, and the railway - on global industrialisation and the advent of the ‘Second Global Age’. It is divided into three parts: the first surveys the development of steam navigation and locomotion by country and continent; the second explores the relationship between maritime trade and the ‘new world economy’ - particularly the impact of shortened distances and the increase in availability of information; and the third examines the challenges for maritime merchants that developed alongside the improved global communication systems. It concludes that both transport and communication were essential to the development of a world economy, and that British maritime activity was a crucial contributory element.Less

Introduction: writing photo-graphic histories of empire

Niharika Dinkar

in Empires of Light: Vision, Visibility and Power in Colonial India

The introduction examines the empire of light formulated at the intersection of industrial and imperial visual technologies during the era of the industrialisation of light. It argues that this had a ... More

The introduction examines the empire of light formulated at the intersection of industrial and imperial visual technologies during the era of the industrialisation of light. It argues that this had a profound impact on public life and practices of seeing, instituting new regimes of visibility. It asks how this was a legacy of Enlightenment ideas of light and evaluates its reception and negotiation by Indian artists.Less

Towards a Theory of Divergent Development

John Bryden

in Northern Neighbours: Scotland and Norway since 1800

The author develops a theoretical argument that seeks to help explain the very different development paths taken by and in Scotland and Norway since the 18th Century, and their implications. Drawing ... More

The author develops a theoretical argument that seeks to help explain the very different development paths taken by and in Scotland and Norway since the 18th Century, and their implications. Drawing on the ideas of Classical Political Economy as well as those of Karl Polanyi, Bryden uses material from the other Chapters to reject essentialist and ’stage theory’ approaches to understanding development in a long term, comparative perspective. The argument starts by highlighting the very different patterns of land ownership and occupation in the two countries by the early 1800’s. Norway was a country of small peasant proprietors, while Scotland was one of large landowners. In Scotland, the former peasants became dispossessed urban labour or migrants to the new colonies of the British empire. In Norway, the peasants remained on the land and continued to grow in number until well into the 20th Century. This was possible because of the specific nature of Norway’s industrialization, which was based on its decentralized hydro-electric energy, in contrast to Scotland’s centralised coal resources. Scottish industrialisation depended on the ’reserve army’ of ‘cheap’ dispossessed labour either from the rural areas of Scotland or Ireland. A further consequence of widespread land ownership in Norway was the much larger, and more diverse, political franchise from the early stages of democracy following independence from Denmark in 1814, and the effect of this on political alliances and the development of local as well as central government institutions and policies up to the present day. Political choices were made because of specific historical, political and social conditions in Norway, not because they were in a particular ’stage’ of development. A multilinear framework is needed to understand the differences between Scotland and Norway, based on Polanyi’s claim that markets are embedded in social institutions and not, as neoliberals maintain, the other way around.Less

The Development of Industry and North Sea Oil in Scotland and Norway

John Bryden

in Northern Neighbours: Scotland and Norway since 1800

This Chapter discusses the many important differences between the nature and processes of Industrialisation in Scotland and Norway from the 18th Century up to the present day. The dissferences ... More

This Chapter discusses the many important differences between the nature and processes of Industrialisation in Scotland and Norway from the 18th Century up to the present day. The dissferences discussed particularly concern the timing of the shift from ‘proto-industrialisation’ to ’modern industrialisation’ based on the factory system; the relationship between agrarian, rural, urban and industrial development, especially concerning the peasantry, migration streams and urbanisation; working-class divisions and alliances; attitudes and policies concerning foreign interest and capital in relation to basic resources; the source of energy for modern industry and its impacts on the location of industrial development; the importance of domestic and overseas markets and industrial protection; different ideas on the role of the State and protectionism; and the differential impact of neo-liberal policies after 1970. It is argued that because of these deep-rooted differences and Scotland’s constitutional position within the UK, the experience of the development and exploitation of North Sea oil and gas in the two countries after about 1970 is also quite different, as are its social and economic consequences. Among other points, the Chapter discusses how Norway’s strong local government tradition (Ch.5) leveraged Norway’s wealth-sharing scheme from its oil and gas boom, and the importance of Norway’s Concession Laws of 1906-09 restricting the activities of foreign capital in natural resources, which set the stage and deepened Norway’s public goods culture. In contrast, Scotland’s oil revenues routinely bled off to elites and investors.Less

Before Ceylon

Angela McCarthy and T.M. Devine

in Tea and Empire: James Taylor in Victorian Ceylon

This chapter charts Taylor’s early origins at Auchenblae in northeast Scotland, in order to understand what shaped his personality and achievements abroad. As well as providing critical family ... More

This chapter charts Taylor’s early origins at Auchenblae in northeast Scotland, in order to understand what shaped his personality and achievements abroad. As well as providing critical family information, it pays particular attention to Taylor’s schooling, the region’s agricultural excellence and engagement with the industrial revolution, and the nature of Scottish networking in Ceylon, all of which shaped Taylor. We conclude with details of Taylor’s time in London before he took ship to Ceylon.Less

The Early Nineteenth-Century Port of London: Management and Labour in Three Dock Companies, 1800-1825

Anthony R. Henderson and Sarah Palmer

in Management, Finance and Industrial Relations in Maritime Industries: Essays in International Maritime and Business History

This essay addresses the impact of industrialisation on the experience of work during the early 1800s. It presents the idea that industrial relations focused less on trade unions and more on broad ... More

This essay addresses the impact of industrialisation on the experience of work during the early 1800s. It presents the idea that industrial relations focused less on trade unions and more on broad labour/management contact and gave a new emphasis to the significance of the labour process. Also featured is a map of The Port of London in the 1830s, which is used as an example for evidence of change within the pre-industrial pattern of management/labour relations.Less

Management, Profitability and Finance in Twentieth-Century Spanish Merchant Shipping: The Compañia Maritima Del Nervion as a Case Study, 1899-1986

Jesús M. Valdaliso

in Management, Finance and Industrial Relations in Maritime Industries: Essays in International Maritime and Business History

This chapter focuses on the success and demise of the Spanish shipping firm, The Compañía Marítima Del Nervion, and explores its evolution across almost a century. The essay discusses the business of ... More

This chapter focuses on the success and demise of the Spanish shipping firm, The Compañía Marítima Del Nervion, and explores its evolution across almost a century. The essay discusses the business of merchant shipping within a changing technological, institutional and market environment.Less

Twentieth-Century Shipping Strategies: Broström and Transatlantic, Gothenburg's Leading Shipping Companies

Martin Fritz and Kent Olsson

in Management, Finance and Industrial Relations in Maritime Industries: Essays in International Maritime and Business History

This chapter focuses on the Swedish shipping firms of Broström and Transatlantic, and examines how the two adapted to international economic developments. The essay provides insight into the ... More

This chapter focuses on the Swedish shipping firms of Broström and Transatlantic, and examines how the two adapted to international economic developments. The essay provides insight into the transformation of shipping during the 20th Century.Less

Climax and Climacteric: The British Coastal Trade, 1870-1930

John Armstrong

in The Vital Spark: The British Coastal Trade, 1700-1930

This chapter is a study of the rise and decline of the British coastal shipping trade between 1870 and 1914. It separates the period into three segments: the prosperous 1870-1914; the immediate ... More

This chapter is a study of the rise and decline of the British coastal shipping trade between 1870 and 1914. It separates the period into three segments: the prosperous 1870-1914; the immediate impact of the First World War 1914-1918; and the stagnation of 1918-1930. It examines both the short and long-term causes of decline, and concludes that the decline and stagnation of the coastal fleet was due to a combination of factors, both avoidable and inevitable. Crucially, though the coastal shipping continued to innovate during this period it did not do so quickly enough to rescue the industry.Less

New York's German Suburb: The Creation of the Port of Bremerhaven, 1827-1918

Lars U. Scholl

in Harbours and Havens: Essays in Port History in Honour of Gordon Jackson

This essay considers the Port of Bremerhaven and the relationship between trade, the port, and town development from the pre-industrial period through to the second half of the nineteenth century. It ... More

This essay considers the Port of Bremerhaven and the relationship between trade, the port, and town development from the pre-industrial period through to the second half of the nineteenth century. It explores the population shift in relation to industrialisation and shipping; a history of the construction of german river-based towns in the nineteenth century; trade with American merchants - train oil, cotton, tobacco, and rice; and a detailed history of the construction of the port of Bremerhaven. It concludes by asserting that the intended use of Bremerhaven was solely as an outport for Bremen, but that political, social, and economic circumstances allowed it to develop outside these parameters. It also states that post-war, Bremerhaven has struggled economically, even with the advent of container shipping.Less