John Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780986497308
- eISBN:
- 9781786944542
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497308.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book collects seventeen previously published essays by John Armstrong concerning the British coastal trade. Armstrong is a leading maritime historian and the essays provided here offer a ...
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This book collects seventeen previously published essays by John Armstrong concerning the British coastal trade. Armstrong is a leading maritime historian and the essays provided here offer a thorough exploration of the British coastal trade, his specialisation, during the period of industrialisation and technological development that would lead to modern shipping. The purpose is to demonstrate the whether or not the coastal trade was the main carrier of internal trade and a pioneer of the technical developments that modernised the shipping industry. Each essay makes an original contribution to the field and covers a broad range of topics, including the fluctuating importance of the coastal trade and size of the coastal fleet over time; the relationship between coastal shipping, canals, and railways; a comparison between the coastal liner and coastal tramp trade; the significance of the river Thames in enabling trade; coastal trade economics; maritime freight rates; the early twentieth century shipping depression; competition between coastal liner companies; and a detailed study of the role of the government in coastal shipping. The book also contains case studies of the London coal trade; coastal trade through the River Dee port; and the Liverpool-Hull trade route. It contains a foreword, introduction, and bibliography of Armstrong’s writings. There is no overall conclusion, except the assertion that coastal shipping plays a tremendous role in British maritime history, and a call for further
research into the field.Less
This book collects seventeen previously published essays by John Armstrong concerning the British coastal trade. Armstrong is a leading maritime historian and the essays provided here offer a thorough exploration of the British coastal trade, his specialisation, during the period of industrialisation and technological development that would lead to modern shipping. The purpose is to demonstrate the whether or not the coastal trade was the main carrier of internal trade and a pioneer of the technical developments that modernised the shipping industry. Each essay makes an original contribution to the field and covers a broad range of topics, including the fluctuating importance of the coastal trade and size of the coastal fleet over time; the relationship between coastal shipping, canals, and railways; a comparison between the coastal liner and coastal tramp trade; the significance of the river Thames in enabling trade; coastal trade economics; maritime freight rates; the early twentieth century shipping depression; competition between coastal liner companies; and a detailed study of the role of the government in coastal shipping. The book also contains case studies of the London coal trade; coastal trade through the River Dee port; and the Liverpool-Hull trade route. It contains a foreword, introduction, and bibliography of Armstrong’s writings. There is no overall conclusion, except the assertion that coastal shipping plays a tremendous role in British maritime history, and a call for further
research into the field.
Lewis R. Fischer and Even Lange (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780973893472
- eISBN:
- 9781786944573
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893472.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book compiles seven essays concerning changes to merchant shipping over the hundred and fifty years between 1850 and 2000, and spanning a range of countries, with particular focus on Norway, ...
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This book compiles seven essays concerning changes to merchant shipping over the hundred and fifty years between 1850 and 2000, and spanning a range of countries, with particular focus on Norway, Greece, Japan, and England. The essays are linked by the theme of change: from traditional to modern shipping; in fluctuating cargo demands; from sail to steam; wood to iron; in improvements in communication technologies; in political natures and affiliations; in seafaring skillsets; in the advent of containerisation and advent of globalisation. The overall aim is to construct a solid international context for the merchant shipping industry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - primarily to aid a major Norwegian deep-sea merchant marine project. The book contains an introduction that sets out these aims, and seven essays by maritime historians which form part of the international contextual whole, though all can be approached individually.Less
This book compiles seven essays concerning changes to merchant shipping over the hundred and fifty years between 1850 and 2000, and spanning a range of countries, with particular focus on Norway, Greece, Japan, and England. The essays are linked by the theme of change: from traditional to modern shipping; in fluctuating cargo demands; from sail to steam; wood to iron; in improvements in communication technologies; in political natures and affiliations; in seafaring skillsets; in the advent of containerisation and advent of globalisation. The overall aim is to construct a solid international context for the merchant shipping industry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - primarily to aid a major Norwegian deep-sea merchant marine project. The book contains an introduction that sets out these aims, and seven essays by maritime historians which form part of the international contextual whole, though all can be approached individually.
S G Sturmey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780986497322
- eISBN:
- 9781786944528
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497322.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This work is a reprint of a 1962 book, British Shipping and World Competition, by maritime economist Dr S. G. Sturmey. It seeks to explain why the tonnage of ships registered in the United Kingdom ...
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This work is a reprint of a 1962 book, British Shipping and World Competition, by maritime economist Dr S. G. Sturmey. It seeks to explain why the tonnage of ships registered in the United Kingdom declined from forty-five percent of the world total in 1900, to sixteen percent by 1960. It presents four possible answers and proceeds to examine them in detail: changes in approaches to competition resulting in changes to the economic structure of the industry; international interference in competitive structures; unrelated factors, such as government policies that didn’t directly concern shipping but still caused an impact; and the internal actions within British shipping relating to changes in industrial circumstances. It is comprised of fifteen chapters, an appendix tabling the contribution of British shipping to the balance of payments, a bibliography, comprehensive index, epilogue, and a foreword from the series editor which states that the Sturmey’s arguments remain resonant in the field of maritime history in the present day. Sturmey makes a particular effort to place the activity in the British shipping industry into an international context for the sake of comparative analysis. It concludes that the decline of the industry was primarily due to internal decision-making rather than external factors - a conclusion that was considered divisive and provocative upon initial release, but has stood the test of time. The epilogue attempts to predict the future of British shipping post-1960, suggesting shipowners could improve the industry’s prospects: however, few of these predictions came to be.Less
This work is a reprint of a 1962 book, British Shipping and World Competition, by maritime economist Dr S. G. Sturmey. It seeks to explain why the tonnage of ships registered in the United Kingdom declined from forty-five percent of the world total in 1900, to sixteen percent by 1960. It presents four possible answers and proceeds to examine them in detail: changes in approaches to competition resulting in changes to the economic structure of the industry; international interference in competitive structures; unrelated factors, such as government policies that didn’t directly concern shipping but still caused an impact; and the internal actions within British shipping relating to changes in industrial circumstances. It is comprised of fifteen chapters, an appendix tabling the contribution of British shipping to the balance of payments, a bibliography, comprehensive index, epilogue, and a foreword from the series editor which states that the Sturmey’s arguments remain resonant in the field of maritime history in the present day. Sturmey makes a particular effort to place the activity in the British shipping industry into an international context for the sake of comparative analysis. It concludes that the decline of the industry was primarily due to internal decision-making rather than external factors - a conclusion that was considered divisive and provocative upon initial release, but has stood the test of time. The epilogue attempts to predict the future of British shipping post-1960, suggesting shipowners could improve the industry’s prospects: however, few of these predictions came to be.
Emmet O’ Connor
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719096013
- eISBN:
- 9781526103963
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719096013.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter examines the British Labour Party’s attitude to Irish home rule and partition, the fortunes of the party in Edwardian Belfast, and the reasons for the collapse of its Irish organisation ...
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This chapter examines the British Labour Party’s attitude to Irish home rule and partition, the fortunes of the party in Edwardian Belfast, and the reasons for the collapse of its Irish organisation during the third home rule crisis, 1912-14. It argues that Belfast Labour’s problems had nothing to do with the reputedly divisive influence of socialist, James Connolly, during his time as an activist in the city in this period. For Labour, the primary contradiction was not the Catholic-Protestant divide but the contrast between a British Labour movement which was largely in favour of home rule, and a Belfast working class which was largely Unionist and, by extension, aligned with the Conservatives on the constitutional question.Less
This chapter examines the British Labour Party’s attitude to Irish home rule and partition, the fortunes of the party in Edwardian Belfast, and the reasons for the collapse of its Irish organisation during the third home rule crisis, 1912-14. It argues that Belfast Labour’s problems had nothing to do with the reputedly divisive influence of socialist, James Connolly, during his time as an activist in the city in this period. For Labour, the primary contradiction was not the Catholic-Protestant divide but the contrast between a British Labour movement which was largely in favour of home rule, and a Belfast working class which was largely Unionist and, by extension, aligned with the Conservatives on the constitutional question.
William Henry Flayhart III
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780968128848
- eISBN:
- 9781786944801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780968128848.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter analyses the expansion of America’s transatlantic trade in the period directly following the American Civil War. Post Civil War, industrialisation increased rapidly, alongside the ...
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This chapter analyses the expansion of America’s transatlantic trade in the period directly following the American Civil War. Post Civil War, industrialisation increased rapidly, alongside the expansion of rail networks, allowing for the investment in steamship technology. The chapter tracks the development of business rivalries, governmental acts, and the passenger and freight trade that led America to take a key role in international maritime trade. In particular, the author follows the history of the Philadelphia Railroad Company and the role it played in the process of globalisation.Less
This chapter analyses the expansion of America’s transatlantic trade in the period directly following the American Civil War. Post Civil War, industrialisation increased rapidly, alongside the expansion of rail networks, allowing for the investment in steamship technology. The chapter tracks the development of business rivalries, governmental acts, and the passenger and freight trade that led America to take a key role in international maritime trade. In particular, the author follows the history of the Philadelphia Railroad Company and the role it played in the process of globalisation.
David M. Williams and John Armstrong
Lewis R. Fischer and Even Lange (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780986497339
- eISBN:
- 9781786944511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497339.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This essay examines the impact of three tremendous developments in maritime transport technology - the steamship, the telegraph, and the railway - on global industrialisation and the advent of the ...
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This essay examines the impact of three tremendous developments in maritime transport technology - the steamship, the telegraph, and the railway - on global industrialisation and the advent of the ‘Second Global Age’. It is divided into three parts: the first surveys the development of steam navigation and locomotion by country and continent; the second explores the relationship between maritime trade and the ‘new world economy’ - particularly the impact of shortened distances and the increase in availability of information; and the third examines the challenges for maritime merchants that developed alongside the improved global communication systems. It concludes that both transport and communication were essential to the development of a world economy, and that British maritime activity was a crucial contributory element.Less
This essay examines the impact of three tremendous developments in maritime transport technology - the steamship, the telegraph, and the railway - on global industrialisation and the advent of the ‘Second Global Age’. It is divided into three parts: the first surveys the development of steam navigation and locomotion by country and continent; the second explores the relationship between maritime trade and the ‘new world economy’ - particularly the impact of shortened distances and the increase in availability of information; and the third examines the challenges for maritime merchants that developed alongside the improved global communication systems. It concludes that both transport and communication were essential to the development of a world economy, and that British maritime activity was a crucial contributory element.
John Bryden
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748696208
- eISBN:
- 9781474412506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696208.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
The author develops a theoretical argument that seeks to help explain the very different development paths taken by and in Scotland and Norway since the 18th Century, and their implications. Drawing ...
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The author develops a theoretical argument that seeks to help explain the very different development paths taken by and in Scotland and Norway since the 18th Century, and their implications. Drawing on the ideas of Classical Political Economy as well as those of Karl Polanyi, Bryden uses material from the other Chapters to reject essentialist and ’stage theory’ approaches to understanding development in a long term, comparative perspective. The argument starts by highlighting the very different patterns of land ownership and occupation in the two countries by the early 1800’s. Norway was a country of small peasant proprietors, while Scotland was one of large landowners. In Scotland, the former peasants became dispossessed urban labour or migrants to the new colonies of the British empire. In Norway, the peasants remained on the land and continued to grow in number until well into the 20th Century. This was possible because of the specific nature of Norway’s industrialization, which was based on its decentralized hydro-electric energy, in contrast to Scotland’s centralised coal resources. Scottish industrialisation depended on the ’reserve army’ of ‘cheap’ dispossessed labour either from the rural areas of Scotland or Ireland. A further consequence of widespread land ownership in Norway was the much larger, and more diverse, political franchise from the early stages of democracy following independence from Denmark in 1814, and the effect of this on political alliances and the development of local as well as central government institutions and policies up to the present day. Political choices were made because of specific historical, political and social conditions in Norway, not because they were in a particular ’stage’ of development. A multilinear framework is needed to understand the differences between Scotland and Norway, based on Polanyi’s claim that markets are embedded in social institutions and not, as neoliberals maintain, the other way around.Less
The author develops a theoretical argument that seeks to help explain the very different development paths taken by and in Scotland and Norway since the 18th Century, and their implications. Drawing on the ideas of Classical Political Economy as well as those of Karl Polanyi, Bryden uses material from the other Chapters to reject essentialist and ’stage theory’ approaches to understanding development in a long term, comparative perspective. The argument starts by highlighting the very different patterns of land ownership and occupation in the two countries by the early 1800’s. Norway was a country of small peasant proprietors, while Scotland was one of large landowners. In Scotland, the former peasants became dispossessed urban labour or migrants to the new colonies of the British empire. In Norway, the peasants remained on the land and continued to grow in number until well into the 20th Century. This was possible because of the specific nature of Norway’s industrialization, which was based on its decentralized hydro-electric energy, in contrast to Scotland’s centralised coal resources. Scottish industrialisation depended on the ’reserve army’ of ‘cheap’ dispossessed labour either from the rural areas of Scotland or Ireland. A further consequence of widespread land ownership in Norway was the much larger, and more diverse, political franchise from the early stages of democracy following independence from Denmark in 1814, and the effect of this on political alliances and the development of local as well as central government institutions and policies up to the present day. Political choices were made because of specific historical, political and social conditions in Norway, not because they were in a particular ’stage’ of development. A multilinear framework is needed to understand the differences between Scotland and Norway, based on Polanyi’s claim that markets are embedded in social institutions and not, as neoliberals maintain, the other way around.
John Bryden
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748696208
- eISBN:
- 9781474412506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696208.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This Chapter discusses the many important differences between the nature and processes of Industrialisation in Scotland and Norway from the 18th Century up to the present day. The dissferences ...
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This Chapter discusses the many important differences between the nature and processes of Industrialisation in Scotland and Norway from the 18th Century up to the present day. The dissferences discussed particularly concern the timing of the shift from ‘proto-industrialisation’ to ’modern industrialisation’ based on the factory system; the relationship between agrarian, rural, urban and industrial development, especially concerning the peasantry, migration streams and urbanisation; working-class divisions and alliances; attitudes and policies concerning foreign interest and capital in relation to basic resources; the source of energy for modern industry and its impacts on the location of industrial development; the importance of domestic and overseas markets and industrial protection; different ideas on the role of the State and protectionism; and the differential impact of neo-liberal policies after 1970. It is argued that because of these deep-rooted differences and Scotland’s constitutional position within the UK, the experience of the development and exploitation of North Sea oil and gas in the two countries after about 1970 is also quite different, as are its social and economic consequences. Among other points, the Chapter discusses how Norway’s strong local government tradition (Ch.5) leveraged Norway’s wealth-sharing scheme from its oil and gas boom, and the importance of Norway’s Concession Laws of 1906-09 restricting the activities of foreign capital in natural resources, which set the stage and deepened Norway’s public goods culture. In contrast, Scotland’s oil revenues routinely bled off to elites and investors.Less
This Chapter discusses the many important differences between the nature and processes of Industrialisation in Scotland and Norway from the 18th Century up to the present day. The dissferences discussed particularly concern the timing of the shift from ‘proto-industrialisation’ to ’modern industrialisation’ based on the factory system; the relationship between agrarian, rural, urban and industrial development, especially concerning the peasantry, migration streams and urbanisation; working-class divisions and alliances; attitudes and policies concerning foreign interest and capital in relation to basic resources; the source of energy for modern industry and its impacts on the location of industrial development; the importance of domestic and overseas markets and industrial protection; different ideas on the role of the State and protectionism; and the differential impact of neo-liberal policies after 1970. It is argued that because of these deep-rooted differences and Scotland’s constitutional position within the UK, the experience of the development and exploitation of North Sea oil and gas in the two countries after about 1970 is also quite different, as are its social and economic consequences. Among other points, the Chapter discusses how Norway’s strong local government tradition (Ch.5) leveraged Norway’s wealth-sharing scheme from its oil and gas boom, and the importance of Norway’s Concession Laws of 1906-09 restricting the activities of foreign capital in natural resources, which set the stage and deepened Norway’s public goods culture. In contrast, Scotland’s oil revenues routinely bled off to elites and investors.
Anthony R. Henderson and Sarah Palmer
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780969588542
- eISBN:
- 9781786944887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780969588542.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This essay addresses the impact of industrialisation on the experience of work during the early 1800s. It presents the idea that industrial relations focused less on trade unions and more on broad ...
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This essay addresses the impact of industrialisation on the experience of work during the early 1800s. It presents the idea that industrial relations focused less on trade unions and more on broad labour/management contact and gave a new emphasis to the significance of the labour process. Also featured is a map of The Port of London in the 1830s, which is used as an example for evidence of change within the pre-industrial pattern of management/labour relations.Less
This essay addresses the impact of industrialisation on the experience of work during the early 1800s. It presents the idea that industrial relations focused less on trade unions and more on broad labour/management contact and gave a new emphasis to the significance of the labour process. Also featured is a map of The Port of London in the 1830s, which is used as an example for evidence of change within the pre-industrial pattern of management/labour relations.
Jesús M. Valdaliso
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780969588542
- eISBN:
- 9781786944887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780969588542.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter focuses on the success and demise of the Spanish shipping firm, The Compañía Marítima Del Nervion, and explores its evolution across almost a century. The essay discusses the business of ...
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This chapter focuses on the success and demise of the Spanish shipping firm, The Compañía Marítima Del Nervion, and explores its evolution across almost a century. The essay discusses the business of merchant shipping within a changing technological, institutional and market environment.Less
This chapter focuses on the success and demise of the Spanish shipping firm, The Compañía Marítima Del Nervion, and explores its evolution across almost a century. The essay discusses the business of merchant shipping within a changing technological, institutional and market environment.
Martin Fritz and Kent Olsson
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780969588542
- eISBN:
- 9781786944887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780969588542.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter focuses on the Swedish shipping firms of Broström and Transatlantic, and examines how the two adapted to international economic developments. The essay provides insight into the ...
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This chapter focuses on the Swedish shipping firms of Broström and Transatlantic, and examines how the two adapted to international economic developments. The essay provides insight into the transformation of shipping during the 20th Century.Less
This chapter focuses on the Swedish shipping firms of Broström and Transatlantic, and examines how the two adapted to international economic developments. The essay provides insight into the transformation of shipping during the 20th Century.
Angela McCarthy and T.M. Devine
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526119056
- eISBN:
- 9781526128201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526119056.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter charts Taylor’s early origins at Auchenblae in northeast Scotland, in order to understand what shaped his personality and achievements abroad. As well as providing critical family ...
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This chapter charts Taylor’s early origins at Auchenblae in northeast Scotland, in order to understand what shaped his personality and achievements abroad. As well as providing critical family information, it pays particular attention to Taylor’s schooling, the region’s agricultural excellence and engagement with the industrial revolution, and the nature of Scottish networking in Ceylon, all of which shaped Taylor. We conclude with details of Taylor’s time in London before he took ship to Ceylon.Less
This chapter charts Taylor’s early origins at Auchenblae in northeast Scotland, in order to understand what shaped his personality and achievements abroad. As well as providing critical family information, it pays particular attention to Taylor’s schooling, the region’s agricultural excellence and engagement with the industrial revolution, and the nature of Scottish networking in Ceylon, all of which shaped Taylor. We conclude with details of Taylor’s time in London before he took ship to Ceylon.
Lars U. Scholl
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780968128862
- eISBN:
- 9781786944788
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780968128862.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This essay considers the Port of Bremerhaven and the relationship between trade, the port, and town development from the pre-industrial period through to the second half of the nineteenth century. It ...
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This essay considers the Port of Bremerhaven and the relationship between trade, the port, and town development from the pre-industrial period through to the second half of the nineteenth century. It explores the population shift in relation to industrialisation and shipping; a history of the construction of german river-based towns in the nineteenth century; trade with American merchants - train oil, cotton, tobacco, and rice; and a detailed history of the construction of the port of Bremerhaven. It concludes by asserting that the intended use of Bremerhaven was solely as an outport for Bremen, but that political, social, and economic circumstances allowed it to develop outside these parameters. It also states that post-war, Bremerhaven has struggled economically, even with the advent of container shipping.Less
This essay considers the Port of Bremerhaven and the relationship between trade, the port, and town development from the pre-industrial period through to the second half of the nineteenth century. It explores the population shift in relation to industrialisation and shipping; a history of the construction of german river-based towns in the nineteenth century; trade with American merchants - train oil, cotton, tobacco, and rice; and a detailed history of the construction of the port of Bremerhaven. It concludes by asserting that the intended use of Bremerhaven was solely as an outport for Bremen, but that political, social, and economic circumstances allowed it to develop outside these parameters. It also states that post-war, Bremerhaven has struggled economically, even with the advent of container shipping.
John Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780986497308
- eISBN:
- 9781786944542
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497308.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter is a study of the rise and decline of the British coastal shipping trade between 1870 and 1914. It separates the period into three segments: the prosperous 1870-1914; the immediate ...
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This chapter is a study of the rise and decline of the British coastal shipping trade between 1870 and 1914. It separates the period into three segments: the prosperous 1870-1914; the immediate impact of the First World War 1914-1918; and the stagnation of 1918-1930. It examines both the short and long-term causes of decline, and concludes that the decline and stagnation of the coastal fleet was due to a combination of factors, both avoidable and inevitable. Crucially, though the coastal shipping continued to innovate during this period it did not do so quickly enough to rescue the industry.Less
This chapter is a study of the rise and decline of the British coastal shipping trade between 1870 and 1914. It separates the period into three segments: the prosperous 1870-1914; the immediate impact of the First World War 1914-1918; and the stagnation of 1918-1930. It examines both the short and long-term causes of decline, and concludes that the decline and stagnation of the coastal fleet was due to a combination of factors, both avoidable and inevitable. Crucially, though the coastal shipping continued to innovate during this period it did not do so quickly enough to rescue the industry.
