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Institutional Care

Kenneth McK. Norrie

in A History of Scottish Child Protection Law

This chapter explores the development and increasing regulation of the institutional care of children removed from their families by the state. The growth of reformatory and industrial schools in the ... More

This chapter explores the development and increasing regulation of the institutional care of children removed from their families by the state. The growth of reformatory and industrial schools in the 19th century is dealt with, as are the reasons why these two types of school were never truly separate in Scotland. Their formal amalgamation into “approved schools” in 1932 is examined, as is the regulatory structures that evolved to ensure their appropriate running, including their registration, the managers, and the rules for discipline and corporal punishment. The regulation of children’s homes, originally run by charitable endeavours (voluntary organisations) and after 1948 increasingly by local authorities, is also covered. Various official reports reimagining the purpose of institutional care are examined in some detail, in particular the Kearney Report, as are the regulatory rules that developed from these reports. Finally, the development of “secure accommodation”, that is to say, locked accommodation, is described, with the regulatory framework governing the running of secure accommodation within institutional care of children.Less

Institutionalisation, the State and the NSPCC

Sarah-Anne Buckley

in The cruelty man: Child welfare, the NSPCC and the State in Ireland, 1889-1956

Chapter Four looks specifically at the use of institutionalisation by the State and the NSPCC to ‘deal’ with children and families in poverty. It will show that, although industrial schools, ... More

Chapter Four looks specifically at the use of institutionalisation by the State and the NSPCC to ‘deal’ with children and families in poverty. It will show that, although industrial schools, reformatories and borstals were established in the nineteenth century in many countries, the continuation from the 1920s of a policy of institutionalising poor children for long periods was a particularly Irish phenomenon. Financial and religious concerns superseded the welfare of those children committed to industrial schools and reformatories, and the NSPCC was prominent in many of these committals. As discussions in parliament, in official reports, and by dissenting voices demonstrate, there was an acknowledgement of the problems in industrial schools, but they continued to be effectively unregulated by the State. The relationship between the NSPCC inspectors, the courts, the Gardaí and the religious orders shows the web of bureaucracy that maintained punitive, regimented institutions so akin to prisons in the public mind. Finally, the chapter looks at the experiences of those in the schools and the history of the schools up to the publication of the Kennedy Report in 1970.Less

Child welfare and local authorities

Donnacha Seán Lucey

in The End of the Irish Poor Law?: Welfare and healthcare reform in revolutionary and independent Ireland

This chapter examines local authority child welfare policies in the Irish Free State. It explores debates whether the institutionalisation of children in industrial schools or the boarding out in ... More

This chapter examines local authority child welfare policies in the Irish Free State. It explores debates whether the institutionalisation of children in industrial schools or the boarding out in family homes was preferable, which were prevalent with both local and central government. It highlights that biasness against unwed mothers, lone fathers and the underserving poor existed in local authority child welfare. However, the chapter also identifies more positive policies particularly relating to boarding-out. This measure was times utilised to maintain children within their wider family if not their parents.Less

“Time, Harmony, and Articulation”: Quartet Training and the Birmingham Gospel Quartet Style

Lynn Abbott and Doug Seroff

in To Do This, You Must Know How: Music Pedagogy in the Black Gospel Quartet Tradition

This chapter describes music instruction and spiritual singing at Industrial High School in Birmingham, and the groups that emerged from Alabama’s quartet training culture, which include: the Foster ... More

This chapter describes music instruction and spiritual singing at Industrial High School in Birmingham, and the groups that emerged from Alabama’s quartet training culture, which include: the Foster Singers; the Birmingham Jubilee Singers; the Blue Jay Singers; the Dunham Jubilee Singers; and the Kings of Harmony.Less

Industrial School to Territory Band

William Sites

in Sun Ra's Chicago: Afrofuturism and the City

Herman (Sonny) Blount entered Industrial High School in Birmingham, Alabama in 1929. The largest all-black secondary school in the country, Industrial provided the musical training that would not ... More

Herman (Sonny) Blount entered Industrial High School in Birmingham, Alabama in 1929. The largest all-black secondary school in the country, Industrial provided the musical training that would not only launch his professional career but also shape his understanding of African American cultural history and sense of community leadership. John T. (‘Fess) Whatley, Industrial teacher and bandleader, both embodied and pursued a long-emerging black aspiration: a racially autonomous pathway out of dead-end Jim Crow labor conditions.Preparing his students for a regional African American musical economy, Whatley ushered Sonny Blount and many others into territory-band careers centered on touring the urban South, including Atlanta. Despite his success as a young bandleader, however, Blount resisted the swing band life and masculine leadership style of the era.Less

The Statutory Framework before 1968

Kenneth McK. Norrie

in A History of Scottish Child Protection Law

This chapter traces the evolving legislative framework of child protection processes, from the poor law and through the early regulation of reformatory and industrial schools, to the late 19th ... More

This chapter traces the evolving legislative framework of child protection processes, from the poor law and through the early regulation of reformatory and industrial schools, to the late 19th century statutes which for the first time focused on child protection. It examines in detail the aims of the Children Act 1908 through juvenile courts, its restructuring in 1932 and its consolidation by the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937, before exploring the post-war shift from charitable to state activity, notably with the Children Act 1948 which made child protection a central aim of local authorities with the establishment of children’s committee and children’s officers. Also explored is the beginnings of the shift from insulating vulnerable children from their families to the involvement of their families in planning for the future. Early international conventions are described.Less

March 1909: North Carolina

Elizabeth McCutchen Williams

in Appalachian Travels: The Diary of Olive Dame Campbell

Working their way to Asheville, North Carolina to visit industrial schools, the Campbells had a cold, rough, and snowy trip to the mission school at Valle Crucis. From there, they headed toward ... More

Working their way to Asheville, North Carolina to visit industrial schools, the Campbells had a cold, rough, and snowy trip to the mission school at Valle Crucis. From there, they headed toward Blowing Rock and stopped for the night at Linville, where they rode 5000 feet up to the craggy top of Grandfather Mountain with superb views all the way. After informative meetings in Asheville, full of information, the travellers headed home to Demorest, Georgia.Less

Discourse and Discord: Tuairim's Challenge to the Conservative Consensus on Education and Childcare

in Tuairim, intellectual debate and policy formulation: Rethinking Ireland, 1954–75

This chapter considers the impact Tuairim made on the debate on the education system and its views on industrial schools as well as its attempts to retain UCD in Dublin city centre and to foster good ... More

This chapter considers the impact Tuairim made on the debate on the education system and its views on industrial schools as well as its attempts to retain UCD in Dublin city centre and to foster good relations between that college and Trinity College Dublin. It argues that the society's hopes for moves towards equality of opportunity and increased co-operation provoked a strong reaction from vested interests but also facilitated increased activity by the state. While the political and religious establishments rejected the society's proposals for the third-level sector, Tuairim's ideas encouraged the government to implement much-needed reforms in education and in relation to the institutional care of children and to tackle powerful interests, such as the Catholic Church.Less

February 1909: Tennessee

Elizabeth McCutchen Williams

in Appalachian Travels: The Diary of Olive Dame Campbell

The Campbells undertook an extensive tour, through the mountains of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina, visiting industrial schools and talking to social workers. After hearing accounts of ... More

The Campbells undertook an extensive tour, through the mountains of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina, visiting industrial schools and talking to social workers. After hearing accounts of the deplorable medical conditions, denominational conflicts, and immoral conduct of the inhabitants at nearly every stop, they got lost on a harrowing trip in the dark, going through the North Carolina mountains back to Tennessee.Less

A Child Prodigy: In which Ed Mead discovers his calling: crime

Daniel Burton-Rose

in Guerrilla USA: The George Jackson Brigade and the Anticapitalist Underground of the 1970s

Born on November 6, 1941, Edward Allen Mead was a child of wartime California. He was transplanted to rural Iowa directly after the Allied victory. Except for a stint in juvenile detention, Mead ... More

Born on November 6, 1941, Edward Allen Mead was a child of wartime California. He was transplanted to rural Iowa directly after the Allied victory. Except for a stint in juvenile detention, Mead subsequently bounced between his mother's homestead outside of Fairbanks, Alaska, and his father's house in Compton. By fifteen, he was already an ex-convict, having done time at the Utah State Industrial School for Boys in Ogden the previous year for shoplifting a carton of cigarettes while on probation for burning down an aircraft hangar. Mead dropped out of school in tenth grade and got by on odd jobs and petty thefts. Before being arrested for the burglaries, he had not considered his own behavior to be particularly abnormal. After being incarcerated on the burglary charges, Mead began to identify as a criminal. The permanent outsider status of “criminal” laid the groundwork for the oppositional identity he would embrace in his early thirties: that of a communist revolutionary.Less

Into the Sanctum, 1958–1964

Myra Strober and John Donahoe

in Sharing the Work: What My Family and Career Taught Me about Breaking Through (and Holding the Door Open for Others)

Chapter 4 covers my homesickness at Cornell and my excitement with my courses at the Cornell School of Industrial and Labor Relations, meeting my future husband, Sam Strober, and the encouragement I ... More

Chapter 4 covers my homesickness at Cornell and my excitement with my courses at the Cornell School of Industrial and Labor Relations, meeting my future husband, Sam Strober, and the encouragement I get from several Cornell faculty members and from Sam to get a Ph.D. I highlight two devastatingly unsuccessful interviews (for a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship and for admission to Harvard’s economics department), and describe my M.A. program in economics at Tufts. I also explore my unsuccessful efforts to find a comfortable spiritual home within Judaism and to create a loving relationship with my sister Alice.Less