Peter Brock (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151220
- eISBN:
- 9780199870424
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195151224.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
While conscientious objection in the twentieth century has been well documented, there has been surprisingly little study of its long history in America's early conflicts, defined as these have been ...
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While conscientious objection in the twentieth century has been well documented, there has been surprisingly little study of its long history in America's early conflicts, defined as these have been by accounts of patriotism and nation building. In fact, during the period of conscription from the late 1650s to the end of the Civil War, many North Americans refused military service on the grounds of conscience. The author, who is one of the foremost historians of American pacifism, seeks to remedy this oversight by presenting a rich and varied collection of documents, many drawn from obscure sources, that shed new light on American religious and military history. These include legal findings, church and meeting proceedings, appeals by nonconformists to government authorities, and illuminating excerpts from personal journals. One of the most striking features to emerge from these documents is the critical role of religion in the history of American pacifism. The author finds that virtually all who refused military service in this period were inspired by religious convictions, with Quakers frequently being the most ardent dissenters. In the antebellum period, however, the pacifist spectrum expanded to include nonsectarians such as William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the New England Non‐Resistance Society. The book is arranged in six parts: Colonial America; English West Indies; Revolutionary America; Upper Canada [now Ontario]; The new republic to antebellum America; and Civil war America.Less
While conscientious objection in the twentieth century has been well documented, there has been surprisingly little study of its long history in America's early conflicts, defined as these have been by accounts of patriotism and nation building. In fact, during the period of conscription from the late 1650s to the end of the Civil War, many North Americans refused military service on the grounds of conscience. The author, who is one of the foremost historians of American pacifism, seeks to remedy this oversight by presenting a rich and varied collection of documents, many drawn from obscure sources, that shed new light on American religious and military history. These include legal findings, church and meeting proceedings, appeals by nonconformists to government authorities, and illuminating excerpts from personal journals. One of the most striking features to emerge from these documents is the critical role of religion in the history of American pacifism. The author finds that virtually all who refused military service in this period were inspired by religious convictions, with Quakers frequently being the most ardent dissenters. In the antebellum period, however, the pacifist spectrum expanded to include nonsectarians such as William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the New England Non‐Resistance Society. The book is arranged in six parts: Colonial America; English West Indies; Revolutionary America; Upper Canada [now Ontario]; The new republic to antebellum America; and Civil war America.
Simon Gikandi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691140667
- eISBN:
- 9781400840113
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691140667.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
It would be easy to assume that, in the eighteenth century, slavery and the culture of taste—the world of politeness, manners, and aesthetics—existed as separate and unequal domains, unrelated in the ...
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It would be easy to assume that, in the eighteenth century, slavery and the culture of taste—the world of politeness, manners, and aesthetics—existed as separate and unequal domains, unrelated in the spheres of social life. But to the contrary, this book demonstrates that these two areas of modernity were surprisingly entwined. Ranging across Britain, the antebellum South, and the West Indies, the book illustrates how the violence and ugliness of enslavement actually shaped theories of taste, notions of beauty, and practices of high culture, and how slavery's impurity informed and haunted the rarified customs of the time. The book focuses on the ways that the enslavement of Africans and the profits derived from this exploitation enabled the moment of taste in European—mainly British—life, leading to a transformation of bourgeois ideas regarding freedom and selfhood. It explores how these connections played out in the immense fortunes made in the West Indies sugar colonies, supporting the lavish lives of English barons and altering the ideals that defined middle-class subjects. Discussing how the ownership of slaves turned the American planter class into a new aristocracy, the book engages with the slaves' own response to the strange interplay of modern notions of freedom and the realities of bondage, and it emphasizes the aesthetic and cultural processes developed by slaves to create spaces of freedom outside the regimen of enforced labor and truncated leisure. Through a close look at the eighteenth century's many remarkable documents and artworks, the book sets forth the tensions and contradictions entangling a brutal practice and the distinctions of civility.Less
It would be easy to assume that, in the eighteenth century, slavery and the culture of taste—the world of politeness, manners, and aesthetics—existed as separate and unequal domains, unrelated in the spheres of social life. But to the contrary, this book demonstrates that these two areas of modernity were surprisingly entwined. Ranging across Britain, the antebellum South, and the West Indies, the book illustrates how the violence and ugliness of enslavement actually shaped theories of taste, notions of beauty, and practices of high culture, and how slavery's impurity informed and haunted the rarified customs of the time. The book focuses on the ways that the enslavement of Africans and the profits derived from this exploitation enabled the moment of taste in European—mainly British—life, leading to a transformation of bourgeois ideas regarding freedom and selfhood. It explores how these connections played out in the immense fortunes made in the West Indies sugar colonies, supporting the lavish lives of English barons and altering the ideals that defined middle-class subjects. Discussing how the ownership of slaves turned the American planter class into a new aristocracy, the book engages with the slaves' own response to the strange interplay of modern notions of freedom and the realities of bondage, and it emphasizes the aesthetic and cultural processes developed by slaves to create spaces of freedom outside the regimen of enforced labor and truncated leisure. Through a close look at the eighteenth century's many remarkable documents and artworks, the book sets forth the tensions and contradictions entangling a brutal practice and the distinctions of civility.
Jason C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This book is an international history of the relations between the United States, Britain, and the West Indies during the long decolonization of the latter. It draws on archives in seven countries to ...
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This book is an international history of the relations between the United States, Britain, and the West Indies during the long decolonization of the latter. It draws on archives in seven countries to recover the story of that process, which resulted in the first new nations in the hemisphere—Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago—since the turn of the century. The process had begun amid depression, riot, and World War II, and it concluded at the moment of highest tension in the Cold War Caribbean. Moreover, the islands were a historical fount of black radicalism, which coursed intermittently through the hemisphere as the civil rights movement made the issue of American race relations particularly acute. In addition, the structure built to bring the islands to independence—the West Indies Federation—unexpectedly collapsed at perhaps the worst possible moment. Yet despite these ominous circumstances, the West Indian transition to independence was ultimately among the smoothest seen anywhere in the “Third World.” It avoided the bloodshed that accompanied the end of empire in many areas, and avoided the U.S. military intervention so historically promiscuous around the Caribbean littoral. This book argues that a unique “protean partnership” between the U.S. and the West Indies, one which complemented the Anglo-American relationship, explains the smooth transition. That partnership encompassed the U.S. pursuit of national-security assets such as military bases and strategic materials, the give-and-take of formal Anglo-American diplomacy, and the informal “diaspora diplomacy” of transnational race-activism that nurtured West Indian nationalism and the African American freedom struggle alike. This study contributes to the literatures on inter-American relations, race and foreign affairs, the Cold War, and decolonization.Less
This book is an international history of the relations between the United States, Britain, and the West Indies during the long decolonization of the latter. It draws on archives in seven countries to recover the story of that process, which resulted in the first new nations in the hemisphere—Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago—since the turn of the century. The process had begun amid depression, riot, and World War II, and it concluded at the moment of highest tension in the Cold War Caribbean. Moreover, the islands were a historical fount of black radicalism, which coursed intermittently through the hemisphere as the civil rights movement made the issue of American race relations particularly acute. In addition, the structure built to bring the islands to independence—the West Indies Federation—unexpectedly collapsed at perhaps the worst possible moment. Yet despite these ominous circumstances, the West Indian transition to independence was ultimately among the smoothest seen anywhere in the “Third World.” It avoided the bloodshed that accompanied the end of empire in many areas, and avoided the U.S. military intervention so historically promiscuous around the Caribbean littoral. This book argues that a unique “protean partnership” between the U.S. and the West Indies, one which complemented the Anglo-American relationship, explains the smooth transition. That partnership encompassed the U.S. pursuit of national-security assets such as military bases and strategic materials, the give-and-take of formal Anglo-American diplomacy, and the informal “diaspora diplomacy” of transnational race-activism that nurtured West Indian nationalism and the African American freedom struggle alike. This study contributes to the literatures on inter-American relations, race and foreign affairs, the Cold War, and decolonization.
Janson C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Describes the aim, scope, and themes of the book. Argues that recovering the story of West Indian decolonization contributes to the literatures on inter-American relations, race and foreign affairs, ...
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Describes the aim, scope, and themes of the book. Argues that recovering the story of West Indian decolonization contributes to the literatures on inter-American relations, race and foreign affairs, and U.S.-Caribbean and U.S.-Third World relations. This chapter lays out the question: how did all interested parties—the U.S. and British governments, African Americans, and West Indian nationalists—navigate the route to decolonization? Much of the answer lay in the “protean partnership” that emerged from the Anglo-American relationship, transnational racial dynamics, the Cold War, and the construction of a West Indies Federation. Argues that this history offers a chance to plumb the relationship between the Cold War and decolonization. Describes the book's finding that in the West Indies, the Cold War had an important but not decisive impact on decolonization, first slowing and then accelerating a process already underway.Less
Describes the aim, scope, and themes of the book. Argues that recovering the story of West Indian decolonization contributes to the literatures on inter-American relations, race and foreign affairs, and U.S.-Caribbean and U.S.-Third World relations. This chapter lays out the question: how did all interested parties—the U.S. and British governments, African Americans, and West Indian nationalists—navigate the route to decolonization? Much of the answer lay in the “protean partnership” that emerged from the Anglo-American relationship, transnational racial dynamics, the Cold War, and the construction of a West Indies Federation. Argues that this history offers a chance to plumb the relationship between the Cold War and decolonization. Describes the book's finding that in the West Indies, the Cold War had an important but not decisive impact on decolonization, first slowing and then accelerating a process already underway.
Janson C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter describes the “drawing-board” years of the West Indies Federation, including its role in the Eisenhower administration's plans to keep communism out of the hemisphere. Washington's ...
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This chapter describes the “drawing-board” years of the West Indies Federation, including its role in the Eisenhower administration's plans to keep communism out of the hemisphere. Washington's preference was to defer to the British in the West Indies, while the U.S. retained the initiative in neighboring areas such as Guatemala. The parallel qualities of these campaigns underline how Anglo-American-Caribbean affairs proceeded within the context of “Latin American” relations. The end of the chapter witnesses what appeared to be a hemisphere-wide outbreak of anti-Americanism. Washington risked fueling that fire when Trinidad's Eric Williams began a crusade to evict the U.S. from its naval base at Chaguaramas, in order that the capital of the West Indies Federation, soon to launch, might be built on the site.Less
This chapter describes the “drawing-board” years of the West Indies Federation, including its role in the Eisenhower administration's plans to keep communism out of the hemisphere. Washington's preference was to defer to the British in the West Indies, while the U.S. retained the initiative in neighboring areas such as Guatemala. The parallel qualities of these campaigns underline how Anglo-American-Caribbean affairs proceeded within the context of “Latin American” relations. The end of the chapter witnesses what appeared to be a hemisphere-wide outbreak of anti-Americanism. Washington risked fueling that fire when Trinidad's Eric Williams began a crusade to evict the U.S. from its naval base at Chaguaramas, in order that the capital of the West Indies Federation, soon to launch, might be built on the site.
Jason C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Describes the ill-starred career of the West Indies Federation, beginning its life crosscut with conflicts among its members and mired in the dispute with Washington over Chaguaramas. The chapter ...
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Describes the ill-starred career of the West Indies Federation, beginning its life crosscut with conflicts among its members and mired in the dispute with Washington over Chaguaramas. The chapter examines the change in policy on the American side, reflecting the late-Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations' fear that anti-Americanism and Castroite revolution might spread. Contextualizes the West Indies Federation in two important areas: first, as part of the U.S. response to “Castroism,” and second, as part of the “global race-revolution” manifest in the cresting wave of Third World decolonization and of First World minorities' struggle for equality. Follows the story to the eve of the Jamaican referendum on continued membership in the Federation, a union on which U.S., British, and West Indian policy was predicated.Less
Describes the ill-starred career of the West Indies Federation, beginning its life crosscut with conflicts among its members and mired in the dispute with Washington over Chaguaramas. The chapter examines the change in policy on the American side, reflecting the late-Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations' fear that anti-Americanism and Castroite revolution might spread. Contextualizes the West Indies Federation in two important areas: first, as part of the U.S. response to “Castroism,” and second, as part of the “global race-revolution” manifest in the cresting wave of Third World decolonization and of First World minorities' struggle for equality. Follows the story to the eve of the Jamaican referendum on continued membership in the Federation, a union on which U.S., British, and West Indian policy was predicated.
Janson C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Describes the optimism that accompanied the settlement of the Chaguaramas dispute, which formed part of the Kennedy administration's anti-Castro hemispheric diplomacy. Along with the Alliance for ...
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Describes the optimism that accompanied the settlement of the Chaguaramas dispute, which formed part of the Kennedy administration's anti-Castro hemispheric diplomacy. Along with the Alliance for Progress and other initiatives, the now-solidified West Indies Federation was as crucial a part of American designs as of British and West Indian plans. The September 1961 Jamaican referendum, on that island's continued participation in the federation, was expected to return an affirmative answer. When it did not, all parties were forced to improvise. Jamaica's exit doomed the union, and the federation joined others around the postwar globe in fracturing along insular lines. The United States retooled its regional policy around the “twin pillars” of Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, both of which achieved their independence in 1962.Less
Describes the optimism that accompanied the settlement of the Chaguaramas dispute, which formed part of the Kennedy administration's anti-Castro hemispheric diplomacy. Along with the Alliance for Progress and other initiatives, the now-solidified West Indies Federation was as crucial a part of American designs as of British and West Indian plans. The September 1961 Jamaican referendum, on that island's continued participation in the federation, was expected to return an affirmative answer. When it did not, all parties were forced to improvise. Jamaica's exit doomed the union, and the federation joined others around the postwar globe in fracturing along insular lines. The United States retooled its regional policy around the “twin pillars” of Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, both of which achieved their independence in 1962.
Janson C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Analyzes the generally constructive course of Anglo-American-Caribbean relations during decolonization. Among the factors explaining this were the pattern of U.S. deferral to British and West Indian ...
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Analyzes the generally constructive course of Anglo-American-Caribbean relations during decolonization. Among the factors explaining this were the pattern of U.S. deferral to British and West Indian actors` on virtually all issues save U.S. pursuit of national-security assets; the fact that with few exceptions, U.S., British, and West Indian interests overlapped; the role played by a gifted West Indian leadership that could tap the resources of black America. These also enabled relations to overcome the West Indies Federation's demise. That demise that showed the limits of transnational race-based solidarity, even as it suggested the importance of non-Spanish-speaking territories in inter-American Cold War diplomacy. It also suggests that although the Cold War could warp the local dynamics of decolonization, the latter were longer-standing and often more important in shaping the end of European empire in the Third World.Less
Analyzes the generally constructive course of Anglo-American-Caribbean relations during decolonization. Among the factors explaining this were the pattern of U.S. deferral to British and West Indian actors` on virtually all issues save U.S. pursuit of national-security assets; the fact that with few exceptions, U.S., British, and West Indian interests overlapped; the role played by a gifted West Indian leadership that could tap the resources of black America. These also enabled relations to overcome the West Indies Federation's demise. That demise that showed the limits of transnational race-based solidarity, even as it suggested the importance of non-Spanish-speaking territories in inter-American Cold War diplomacy. It also suggests that although the Cold War could warp the local dynamics of decolonization, the latter were longer-standing and often more important in shaping the end of European empire in the Third World.
Peter Brock (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151220
- eISBN:
- 9780199870424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195151224.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Three documents are presented, with an introductory text, illustrating the treatment of Quakers as conscientious objectors in the West Indies (under English rule) in the second half of the ...
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Three documents are presented, with an introductory text, illustrating the treatment of Quakers as conscientious objectors in the West Indies (under English rule) in the second half of the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries. The documents relate to militia sufferings in Barbados, 1678–86, and Jamaica, 1683–91, and to alternative service and the Quakers of Antigua.Less
Three documents are presented, with an introductory text, illustrating the treatment of Quakers as conscientious objectors in the West Indies (under English rule) in the second half of the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries. The documents relate to militia sufferings in Barbados, 1678–86, and Jamaica, 1683–91, and to alternative service and the Quakers of Antigua.
Michael Laffan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145303
- eISBN:
- 9781400839995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145303.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter discusses the position of those who opposed Snouck's authority, seeing his “ethical” policies for the modernization of the Muslim Indies as a part of a longer-term project of ...
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This chapter discusses the position of those who opposed Snouck's authority, seeing his “ethical” policies for the modernization of the Muslim Indies as a part of a longer-term project of Christianization. In his role as unofficial mufti of the undeniably Muslim Netherlands Indies, Snouck was perceived as servant to state and Islam alike. Such services would irritate the missionaries who had originally provided the scholar with his ethnographic data and a warm welcome. They also angered those Muslims who were not the direct beneficiaries of his policies, most especially those with an interest in connecting with the Ottoman Empire and its periodicals. To that end, it is ironic that their globally oriented attacks on the Dutchman were framed in terms of policing the boundaries of Sufi practice supposedly transgressed by Hasan Mustafa. Moreover, while the missionaries thought Snouck was Islamizing Java, some Arabs feared that his projects were geared to easing a path for Christianity.Less
This chapter discusses the position of those who opposed Snouck's authority, seeing his “ethical” policies for the modernization of the Muslim Indies as a part of a longer-term project of Christianization. In his role as unofficial mufti of the undeniably Muslim Netherlands Indies, Snouck was perceived as servant to state and Islam alike. Such services would irritate the missionaries who had originally provided the scholar with his ethnographic data and a warm welcome. They also angered those Muslims who were not the direct beneficiaries of his policies, most especially those with an interest in connecting with the Ottoman Empire and its periodicals. To that end, it is ironic that their globally oriented attacks on the Dutchman were framed in terms of policing the boundaries of Sufi practice supposedly transgressed by Hasan Mustafa. Moreover, while the missionaries thought Snouck was Islamizing Java, some Arabs feared that his projects were geared to easing a path for Christianity.
Alison Games
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335545
- eISBN:
- 9780199869039
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335545.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
How did England go from a position of inferiority to the powerful Spanish empire to achieve global pre-eminence? This book explores the period from 1560 to 1660, when England challenged dominion over ...
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How did England go from a position of inferiority to the powerful Spanish empire to achieve global pre-eminence? This book explores the period from 1560 to 1660, when England challenged dominion over the American continents, established new long-distance trade routes in the eastern Mediterranean and the East Indies, and emerged in the 17th century as an empire to reckon with. The book discusses such topics as the men and women who built the colonial enterprise, the political and fiscal factors that made such growth possible, and domestic politics that fueled commercial expansion. The cast of characters includes soldiers and diplomats, merchants and mariners, ministers and colonists, governors and tourists, revealing the surprising breath of foreign experiences ordinary English people had in this period. This book is also unusual in stretching outside Europe to include Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.Less
How did England go from a position of inferiority to the powerful Spanish empire to achieve global pre-eminence? This book explores the period from 1560 to 1660, when England challenged dominion over the American continents, established new long-distance trade routes in the eastern Mediterranean and the East Indies, and emerged in the 17th century as an empire to reckon with. The book discusses such topics as the men and women who built the colonial enterprise, the political and fiscal factors that made such growth possible, and domestic politics that fueled commercial expansion. The cast of characters includes soldiers and diplomats, merchants and mariners, ministers and colonists, governors and tourists, revealing the surprising breath of foreign experiences ordinary English people had in this period. This book is also unusual in stretching outside Europe to include Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
JEAN MICHEL MASSING
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265246
- eISBN:
- 9780191754197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265246.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
Less than twenty years after Vasco da Gama joined the commercial perimeter of the Indian Ocean (1497–8), European artists had developed a view of the newly discovered lands, ranging from highly ...
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Less than twenty years after Vasco da Gama joined the commercial perimeter of the Indian Ocean (1497–8), European artists had developed a view of the newly discovered lands, ranging from highly exotic and sometimes quite fanciful renderings based on medieval sources (the ‘Tapestries of the Indies’) to careful ethnographic illustrations based on written and visual sources (Hans Burgkmair's large woodcut frieze, People of Africa and India, of 1508). These few years, in which the monstrance of Belém of 1506 (Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon) was produced with the gold of Kilwa, also saw an interesting development in Portuguese gold coinage. All these ventures record a brief moment of European fascination with the east coast of Africa and its multicultural inhabitants, which is the object of this study.Less
Less than twenty years after Vasco da Gama joined the commercial perimeter of the Indian Ocean (1497–8), European artists had developed a view of the newly discovered lands, ranging from highly exotic and sometimes quite fanciful renderings based on medieval sources (the ‘Tapestries of the Indies’) to careful ethnographic illustrations based on written and visual sources (Hans Burgkmair's large woodcut frieze, People of Africa and India, of 1508). These few years, in which the monstrance of Belém of 1506 (Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon) was produced with the gold of Kilwa, also saw an interesting development in Portuguese gold coinage. All these ventures record a brief moment of European fascination with the east coast of Africa and its multicultural inhabitants, which is the object of this study.
Janson C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Describes the regional landscape prior to World War II. Outlines the factors that would launch the decolonization process and shape U.S. relations with the islands: the West Indian expatriate ...
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Describes the regional landscape prior to World War II. Outlines the factors that would launch the decolonization process and shape U.S. relations with the islands: the West Indian expatriate community in New York; the explosion of labor riots in the Caribbean, especially in Trinidad in 1937 and Jamaica in 1938, and the growth of West Indian nationalist sentiment that followed; the consequent reorientation of British policy, toward welfare and development and eventually federation and independence; the outbreak of World War II in Europe; the West Indian expatriate community forging ties with African Americans to take advantage of British weakness; and the U.S. reaction to the changed situation, leading to the 1940 Anglo-American Bases-for-Destroyers Deal and the construction of U.S. bases in the islands the following year.Less
Describes the regional landscape prior to World War II. Outlines the factors that would launch the decolonization process and shape U.S. relations with the islands: the West Indian expatriate community in New York; the explosion of labor riots in the Caribbean, especially in Trinidad in 1937 and Jamaica in 1938, and the growth of West Indian nationalist sentiment that followed; the consequent reorientation of British policy, toward welfare and development and eventually federation and independence; the outbreak of World War II in Europe; the West Indian expatriate community forging ties with African Americans to take advantage of British weakness; and the U.S. reaction to the changed situation, leading to the 1940 Anglo-American Bases-for-Destroyers Deal and the construction of U.S. bases in the islands the following year.
Janson C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Describes the impact of World War II on Anglo-American-Caribbean relations and the still-nascent decolonization process. Identifies “three R's” of the Roosevelt adminstration's diplomacy regarding ...
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Describes the impact of World War II on Anglo-American-Caribbean relations and the still-nascent decolonization process. Identifies “three R's” of the Roosevelt adminstration's diplomacy regarding the West Indies: “realism” or security concerns, reformism, and race. All three met in the construction of U.S. bases in the islands, in the establishment of the Anglo-American Caribbean Commission (AACC), in the diasporan cooperation between expatriates and African Americans that helped to bring about revision of the Jamaican constitution, and to a lesser extent in the Anglo-American conflict over Jamaican bauxite. The AACC became an arena of “competitive colonialism” as both Washington and London used their respective colonies to prove their good faith as reformers of the colonial regime, and used them as testing-grounds for the competing American and British visions of the postwar world.Less
Describes the impact of World War II on Anglo-American-Caribbean relations and the still-nascent decolonization process. Identifies “three R's” of the Roosevelt adminstration's diplomacy regarding the West Indies: “realism” or security concerns, reformism, and race. All three met in the construction of U.S. bases in the islands, in the establishment of the Anglo-American Caribbean Commission (AACC), in the diasporan cooperation between expatriates and African Americans that helped to bring about revision of the Jamaican constitution, and to a lesser extent in the Anglo-American conflict over Jamaican bauxite. The AACC became an arena of “competitive colonialism” as both Washington and London used their respective colonies to prove their good faith as reformers of the colonial regime, and used them as testing-grounds for the competing American and British visions of the postwar world.
Janson C. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195332025
- eISBN:
- 9780199868179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332025.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter recounts the arrival of the Cold War in Anglo-American-Caribbean affairs, relating how the emerging superpower conflict tempered American anticolonialism and relegated areas outside ...
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This chapter recounts the arrival of the Cold War in Anglo-American-Caribbean affairs, relating how the emerging superpower conflict tempered American anticolonialism and relegated areas outside Europe to the foreign-policy shadows. But this eclipsing of the West Indies and the dampening of reform efforts there were not the only effects of the Cold War. The conflict also invigorated the American pursuit of strategic materials in the region, such as bauxite and oil, and made anticommunism a priority in Anglo-American diplomacy regarding the West Indies. Also of note was the first formal progress toward federation. With the assent of Washington, London, West Indian nationalists, and black-consciousness visionaries alike, plans for regional union began to take shape.Less
This chapter recounts the arrival of the Cold War in Anglo-American-Caribbean affairs, relating how the emerging superpower conflict tempered American anticolonialism and relegated areas outside Europe to the foreign-policy shadows. But this eclipsing of the West Indies and the dampening of reform efforts there were not the only effects of the Cold War. The conflict also invigorated the American pursuit of strategic materials in the region, such as bauxite and oil, and made anticommunism a priority in Anglo-American diplomacy regarding the West Indies. Also of note was the first formal progress toward federation. With the assent of Washington, London, West Indian nationalists, and black-consciousness visionaries alike, plans for regional union began to take shape.
Samuel T. Turvey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535095
- eISBN:
- 9780191715754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535095.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Huge numbers of prehistoric vertebrate extinctions and large-scale range contractions have been documented throughout the Holocene. Evidence for direct human involvement in these extinctions and ...
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Huge numbers of prehistoric vertebrate extinctions and large-scale range contractions have been documented throughout the Holocene. Evidence for direct human involvement in these extinctions and population shifts is not confounded by other factors and remains relatively undisputed. The Holocene has the potential to act as an ideal study system for investigating the long-term dynamics of anthropogenically mediated extinctions at a global scale, but it remains uncertain whether most prehistoric Holocene extinction events occurred as a result of direct overkill or indirect factors such as habitat destruction. This chapter reviews data on global patterns of mammal and bird species extinctions to provide an assessment of patterns of prehistoric human impact across space and time since the end of the last glaciation. Whereas continental mammals and bird extinctions were relatively minor in comparison to Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, insular faunas have experienced massive-scale extinction events of varying complexity over the past few thousand years.Less
Huge numbers of prehistoric vertebrate extinctions and large-scale range contractions have been documented throughout the Holocene. Evidence for direct human involvement in these extinctions and population shifts is not confounded by other factors and remains relatively undisputed. The Holocene has the potential to act as an ideal study system for investigating the long-term dynamics of anthropogenically mediated extinctions at a global scale, but it remains uncertain whether most prehistoric Holocene extinction events occurred as a result of direct overkill or indirect factors such as habitat destruction. This chapter reviews data on global patterns of mammal and bird species extinctions to provide an assessment of patterns of prehistoric human impact across space and time since the end of the last glaciation. Whereas continental mammals and bird extinctions were relatively minor in comparison to Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, insular faunas have experienced massive-scale extinction events of varying complexity over the past few thousand years.
P. J. MARSHALL
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199226665
- eISBN:
- 9780191706813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226665.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Political History
‘Empire’ in this book is interpreted as the imposition of rule by a state over territory and people overseas. In the mid-eighteenth century, the British state greatly increased its ambitions to make ...
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‘Empire’ in this book is interpreted as the imposition of rule by a state over territory and people overseas. In the mid-eighteenth century, the British state greatly increased its ambitions to make its claims to rule overseas effective. By then the British state was quite a formidable one by contemporary standards. It had a high capacity to raise money by taxes and borrowing to enable it to wage war on land and sea. Its ability to supervise the administration of overseas affairs was less developed. American and West Indian colonies were largely self-governing and British interests in India were in the hands of the chartered East India Company. The stresses of the Seven Years War brought about strong pressures for increasing the role of the state in the management of overseas possessions.Less
‘Empire’ in this book is interpreted as the imposition of rule by a state over territory and people overseas. In the mid-eighteenth century, the British state greatly increased its ambitions to make its claims to rule overseas effective. By then the British state was quite a formidable one by contemporary standards. It had a high capacity to raise money by taxes and borrowing to enable it to wage war on land and sea. Its ability to supervise the administration of overseas affairs was less developed. American and West Indian colonies were largely self-governing and British interests in India were in the hands of the chartered East India Company. The stresses of the Seven Years War brought about strong pressures for increasing the role of the state in the management of overseas possessions.
P. J. MARSHALL
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199226665
- eISBN:
- 9780191706813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226665.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Political History
Hostilities between Britain and France began in North America in 1754. British expectations were initially that the French would be contained by the troops of the thirteen colonies. Early reverses ...
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Hostilities between Britain and France began in North America in 1754. British expectations were initially that the French would be contained by the troops of the thirteen colonies. Early reverses for the British-American forces, however, brought about a great increase in the deployment of regular British troops. Ultimately, French Canada was subjugated, and French and Spanish settlements in the West Indies were taken. Throughout the war the British were critical, not always with much justification, of the level of the contributions being made by the American colonies. Attempts to coerce them into providing men and money were not pressed, and Americans ended the war seeing themselves as equal partners in a great war for empire. Misgivings in British official circles remained, however, and led to new policies after the war to strengthen British authority.Less
Hostilities between Britain and France began in North America in 1754. British expectations were initially that the French would be contained by the troops of the thirteen colonies. Early reverses for the British-American forces, however, brought about a great increase in the deployment of regular British troops. Ultimately, French Canada was subjugated, and French and Spanish settlements in the West Indies were taken. Throughout the war the British were critical, not always with much justification, of the level of the contributions being made by the American colonies. Attempts to coerce them into providing men and money were not pressed, and Americans ended the war seeing themselves as equal partners in a great war for empire. Misgivings in British official circles remained, however, and led to new policies after the war to strengthen British authority.
P. J. MARSHALL
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199226665
- eISBN:
- 9780191706813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226665.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Political History
The British Empire before the Seven Years War – hence the ‘old’ empire of the chapter's title – was a miscellaneous collection of colonies and settlements loosely attached to Britain. The American ...
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The British Empire before the Seven Years War – hence the ‘old’ empire of the chapter's title – was a miscellaneous collection of colonies and settlements loosely attached to Britain. The American and West Indian colonies were largely self-governing through their elected assemblies. British opinion accepted that representative government was appropriate for people of British origin overseas, but insisted that they must obey the authority of the Crown and of the British parliament. The extent of parliamentary power was highly contentious. In Britain few doubted that parliament was the sovereign power over the whole empire. Americans increasingly insisted on limits to that sovereignty and ultimately they were to reject parliamentary authority altogether. Both sides in these disputes invoked British liberty, but they disagreed profoundly on the limits of that liberty.Less
The British Empire before the Seven Years War – hence the ‘old’ empire of the chapter's title – was a miscellaneous collection of colonies and settlements loosely attached to Britain. The American and West Indian colonies were largely self-governing through their elected assemblies. British opinion accepted that representative government was appropriate for people of British origin overseas, but insisted that they must obey the authority of the Crown and of the British parliament. The extent of parliamentary power was highly contentious. In Britain few doubted that parliament was the sovereign power over the whole empire. Americans increasingly insisted on limits to that sovereignty and ultimately they were to reject parliamentary authority altogether. Both sides in these disputes invoked British liberty, but they disagreed profoundly on the limits of that liberty.
Julia Sun-Joo Lee
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390322
- eISBN:
- 9780199776207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390322.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, African-American Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter proposes a new transatlantic reading of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre. Most of the criticism on race and slavery in the novel has focused on the colonial and postcolonial influence of the ...
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This chapter proposes a new transatlantic reading of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre. Most of the criticism on race and slavery in the novel has focused on the colonial and postcolonial influence of the West Indies. But Jane Eyre was published in 1848, more than ten years after the British abolition of slavery and at the height of the American slave narrative's popularity. This chapter describes the Brontë family's exposure to transatlantic antislavery networks and contends that the plight of the American slave resonated with Brontë's own experience of “governessing-slavery.” In Jane Eyre, Brontë structures her protagonist's journey to independence on the slave's passage to freedom, and she imagines a global community in which women and slaves are allied against injustice.Less
This chapter proposes a new transatlantic reading of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre. Most of the criticism on race and slavery in the novel has focused on the colonial and postcolonial influence of the West Indies. But Jane Eyre was published in 1848, more than ten years after the British abolition of slavery and at the height of the American slave narrative's popularity. This chapter describes the Brontë family's exposure to transatlantic antislavery networks and contends that the plight of the American slave resonated with Brontë's own experience of “governessing-slavery.” In Jane Eyre, Brontë structures her protagonist's journey to independence on the slave's passage to freedom, and she imagines a global community in which women and slaves are allied against injustice.
