Ruth Deech and Anna Smajdor
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199219780
- eISBN:
- 9780191713002
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219780.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This is a book for anyone who has ever paused to wonder: Will cloning ever be legal? Why it is that ‘saviour siblings’ and sex selection provoke such strong reactions? Will there ever be such a thing ...
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This is a book for anyone who has ever paused to wonder: Will cloning ever be legal? Why it is that ‘saviour siblings’ and sex selection provoke such strong reactions? Will there ever be such a thing as an artificial womb? Assisted reproductive technologies are unique in their capacity to challenge our assumptions and elicit passionate responses. Looking at the moral, philosophical, and legal issues surrounding cases of surrogacy, single or same-sex parenthood, retrieval of sperm from dead or dying patients, and the insemination of post-menopausal women, this book questions whether these rapidly-developing technologies are refashioning the nature of the family. The UK has played a unique role in the development and regulation of reproductive technologies, and has been at the forefront of controversy over ‘saviour siblings’, designer babies, reproductive cloning, and embryo research. This book provides a clear and simple account of the techniques involved in assisted reproduction and embryo research, and discusses the legal and ethical implications of some of these technologies, illustrated by compelling descriptions of real-life cases. The book also addresses the ways in which reproductive technologies are regulated, critically examining the role of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and comparing the UK's approach with that of other countries. Finally, it contemplates the possibility that some of our most deeply-held assumptions about human nature may be called into question by further developments in stem cell research and fertility treatments.Less
This is a book for anyone who has ever paused to wonder: Will cloning ever be legal? Why it is that ‘saviour siblings’ and sex selection provoke such strong reactions? Will there ever be such a thing as an artificial womb? Assisted reproductive technologies are unique in their capacity to challenge our assumptions and elicit passionate responses. Looking at the moral, philosophical, and legal issues surrounding cases of surrogacy, single or same-sex parenthood, retrieval of sperm from dead or dying patients, and the insemination of post-menopausal women, this book questions whether these rapidly-developing technologies are refashioning the nature of the family. The UK has played a unique role in the development and regulation of reproductive technologies, and has been at the forefront of controversy over ‘saviour siblings’, designer babies, reproductive cloning, and embryo research. This book provides a clear and simple account of the techniques involved in assisted reproduction and embryo research, and discusses the legal and ethical implications of some of these technologies, illustrated by compelling descriptions of real-life cases. The book also addresses the ways in which reproductive technologies are regulated, critically examining the role of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and comparing the UK's approach with that of other countries. Finally, it contemplates the possibility that some of our most deeply-held assumptions about human nature may be called into question by further developments in stem cell research and fertility treatments.
Marcia C. Inhorn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148885
- eISBN:
- 9781400842629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148885.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter demonstrates how major divergences have occurred in the fatwas being issued by Sunni and Shia religious authorities regarding the permissibility of third-party reproductive assistance. ...
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This chapter demonstrates how major divergences have occurred in the fatwas being issued by Sunni and Shia religious authorities regarding the permissibility of third-party reproductive assistance. In recent years, new fatwas emerging from the Shia world have condoned third-party gamete donation, whereas gamete donation continues to be banned across the Sunni Muslim countries. These divergent Sunni and Shia Islamic approaches toward gamete donation have affected the moral decision making of infertile Muslim couples in ways that are only beginning to be realized. The degree of consensus across the Sunni Muslim countries is quite striking, as are the ways in which these fatwas have guided the clinical practices of the Middle Eastern IVF community.Less
This chapter demonstrates how major divergences have occurred in the fatwas being issued by Sunni and Shia religious authorities regarding the permissibility of third-party reproductive assistance. In recent years, new fatwas emerging from the Shia world have condoned third-party gamete donation, whereas gamete donation continues to be banned across the Sunni Muslim countries. These divergent Sunni and Shia Islamic approaches toward gamete donation have affected the moral decision making of infertile Muslim couples in ways that are only beginning to be realized. The degree of consensus across the Sunni Muslim countries is quite striking, as are the ways in which these fatwas have guided the clinical practices of the Middle Eastern IVF community.
Marcia C. Inhorn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148885
- eISBN:
- 9781400842629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148885.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter presents Eyad's story about double forms of emergence—both technological and masculine. On the one hand, new forms of reproductive technology are continuously emerging, and once they ...
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This chapter presents Eyad's story about double forms of emergence—both technological and masculine. On the one hand, new forms of reproductive technology are continuously emerging, and once they reach the reproductive marketplace, they are being rapidly discussed, debated, and, in most cases, deployed in Middle Eastern IVF settings. Egg donation is a case in point: after entering Iran in 1999, it spread within a year to Lebanon, where Shia Muslim couples were the first to access this reproductive technology. The willingness of Middle Eastern husbands such as Eyad to accommodate egg donation is a powerful marker of their emerging masculinities. These men have effectively prioritized their wives' own motherhood desires and their conjugal happiness over religious orthodoxies and various practical obstacles and apprehensions.Less
This chapter presents Eyad's story about double forms of emergence—both technological and masculine. On the one hand, new forms of reproductive technology are continuously emerging, and once they reach the reproductive marketplace, they are being rapidly discussed, debated, and, in most cases, deployed in Middle Eastern IVF settings. Egg donation is a case in point: after entering Iran in 1999, it spread within a year to Lebanon, where Shia Muslim couples were the first to access this reproductive technology. The willingness of Middle Eastern husbands such as Eyad to accommodate egg donation is a powerful marker of their emerging masculinities. These men have effectively prioritized their wives' own motherhood desires and their conjugal happiness over religious orthodoxies and various practical obstacles and apprehensions.
Amy Speier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479827664
- eISBN:
- 9781479858996
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479827664.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Millions of North Americans are priced out of North America’s expensive reproductive medicine industry. Ultimately, women learn about the possibility of doing IVF abroad, and this book reveals the ...
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Millions of North Americans are priced out of North America’s expensive reproductive medicine industry. Ultimately, women learn about the possibility of doing IVF abroad, and this book reveals the layers of desire that motivate them to travel halfway across the world in their quest for parenthood. A global marketing chain has brilliantly packaged “fertility holidays”: a European vacation alongside a healthcare system where doctors really care and want you to have your beautiful white baby. Brokers promise couples that they will experience a more relaxing IVF cycle while also assuring them Czech doctors offer better care along with the highest standards of technology. Ultimately, my book reveals the alienation of poor patients in the U.S., their active response as they assume the role of global consumers of health care. Fertility clinics around the globe have begun to develop marketing schemes that cater to this North American desire for care, since it is an obvious deficiency in our healthcare system.Less
Millions of North Americans are priced out of North America’s expensive reproductive medicine industry. Ultimately, women learn about the possibility of doing IVF abroad, and this book reveals the layers of desire that motivate them to travel halfway across the world in their quest for parenthood. A global marketing chain has brilliantly packaged “fertility holidays”: a European vacation alongside a healthcare system where doctors really care and want you to have your beautiful white baby. Brokers promise couples that they will experience a more relaxing IVF cycle while also assuring them Czech doctors offer better care along with the highest standards of technology. Ultimately, my book reveals the alienation of poor patients in the U.S., their active response as they assume the role of global consumers of health care. Fertility clinics around the globe have begun to develop marketing schemes that cater to this North American desire for care, since it is an obvious deficiency in our healthcare system.
Ruth Deech and Anna Smajdor
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199219780
- eISBN:
- 9780191713002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219780.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This introductory chapter outlines the role and function of the HFEA, the UK's regulatory body. It highlights the practical, legal, economic, and ethical challenges of this area, suggesting that it ...
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This introductory chapter outlines the role and function of the HFEA, the UK's regulatory body. It highlights the practical, legal, economic, and ethical challenges of this area, suggesting that it is rarely possible to pursue abstract ethical ideals in this context.Less
This introductory chapter outlines the role and function of the HFEA, the UK's regulatory body. It highlights the practical, legal, economic, and ethical challenges of this area, suggesting that it is rarely possible to pursue abstract ethical ideals in this context.
Ruth Deech and Anna Smajdor
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199219780
- eISBN:
- 9780191713002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219780.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter explores the history of reproductive technology. It goes back to the first attempts at artificial insemination and traces the trajectory of technological developments since then. The ...
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This chapter explores the history of reproductive technology. It goes back to the first attempts at artificial insemination and traces the trajectory of technological developments since then. The biology of reproduction is explained, and the current technological means of addressing infertility are listed. The social impact of reproductive technology and the associated need for regulation are considered. Future developments in reproductive technology are considered, and the impact of controversial breakthroughs, such as the cloning of Dolly the sheep, are discussed.Less
This chapter explores the history of reproductive technology. It goes back to the first attempts at artificial insemination and traces the trajectory of technological developments since then. The biology of reproduction is explained, and the current technological means of addressing infertility are listed. The social impact of reproductive technology and the associated need for regulation are considered. Future developments in reproductive technology are considered, and the impact of controversial breakthroughs, such as the cloning of Dolly the sheep, are discussed.
Kathleen V. Wilkes
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198240808
- eISBN:
- 9780191680281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240808.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Typical persons are rational, can use language, are intentional systems, require certain kinds of treatment from others, are agents of responsible behaviour, and have some special kind of ...
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Typical persons are rational, can use language, are intentional systems, require certain kinds of treatment from others, are agents of responsible behaviour, and have some special kind of self-consciousness. Problems arise when any of these strands are missing. This chapter considers normal and abnormal infants and fetuses. It shows the importance of the treatment they should receive. It comments on the potentiality and future interests of the organism, things that they are not aware of. The normal and healthy infant or foetus could be described as a person. Meanwhile, in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques introduce the problem regarding the obligations and reasons for action towards the frozen zygote.Less
Typical persons are rational, can use language, are intentional systems, require certain kinds of treatment from others, are agents of responsible behaviour, and have some special kind of self-consciousness. Problems arise when any of these strands are missing. This chapter considers normal and abnormal infants and fetuses. It shows the importance of the treatment they should receive. It comments on the potentiality and future interests of the organism, things that they are not aware of. The normal and healthy infant or foetus could be described as a person. Meanwhile, in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques introduce the problem regarding the obligations and reasons for action towards the frozen zygote.
Daniel Callahan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199931378
- eISBN:
- 9780199980598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199931378.003.0018
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Sperm donation was originally introduced in the name of a medical relief of infertility, and it was understood that it would ordinarily take place anonymously. The donor is in effect allowed to forgo ...
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Sperm donation was originally introduced in the name of a medical relief of infertility, and it was understood that it would ordinarily take place anonymously. The donor is in effect allowed to forgo the usual moral responsibility of parenthood, that of being a father with duties to his children. This chapter argues that was a mistake: a donor of sperm remains the biological father of the procreated child, even if society relieves him of that obligation. It should not do so. One reason for that judgment is that too often historically men have abandoned their procreated children, and this is simply another way of allowing them to do so. It is particularly strange that many feminists ignore that commonplace male reality and officially seem to bless it in this case. It is often argued that the essence of parenthood lies in the love of and commitment to a child, not in the biological relationship. Yet, the desire of a woman to use a sperm donor so that she can have a biologically related child assumes that the woman’s desire for the biological relationship is enough to ignore the relationship with the donor. There is a fundamental contradiction here about parenthood.Less
Sperm donation was originally introduced in the name of a medical relief of infertility, and it was understood that it would ordinarily take place anonymously. The donor is in effect allowed to forgo the usual moral responsibility of parenthood, that of being a father with duties to his children. This chapter argues that was a mistake: a donor of sperm remains the biological father of the procreated child, even if society relieves him of that obligation. It should not do so. One reason for that judgment is that too often historically men have abandoned their procreated children, and this is simply another way of allowing them to do so. It is particularly strange that many feminists ignore that commonplace male reality and officially seem to bless it in this case. It is often argued that the essence of parenthood lies in the love of and commitment to a child, not in the biological relationship. Yet, the desire of a woman to use a sperm donor so that she can have a biologically related child assumes that the woman’s desire for the biological relationship is enough to ignore the relationship with the donor. There is a fundamental contradiction here about parenthood.
John Finnis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199580071
- eISBN:
- 9780191729393
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580071.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter closely analyses C. S. Lewis's The Abolition of Man, especially its crucial third chapter. It compares its thought with the line of argument which shows the moral wrong involved in ...
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This chapter closely analyses C. S. Lewis's The Abolition of Man, especially its crucial third chapter. It compares its thought with the line of argument which shows the moral wrong involved in generating human offspring by artificial means divorced from marital intercourse: the inequality involved in the producer–product relationship is inherent, and is manifested in non-intrinsic but virtually universal conditions of IVF, namely destructive experimentation, observation, and selection. The concern in Lewis's third chapter with contraception is usually overlooked.Less
This chapter closely analyses C. S. Lewis's The Abolition of Man, especially its crucial third chapter. It compares its thought with the line of argument which shows the moral wrong involved in generating human offspring by artificial means divorced from marital intercourse: the inequality involved in the producer–product relationship is inherent, and is manifested in non-intrinsic but virtually universal conditions of IVF, namely destructive experimentation, observation, and selection. The concern in Lewis's third chapter with contraception is usually overlooked.
John Finnis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199580064
- eISBN:
- 9780191729386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580064.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Although focused on cloning, this chapter considers the reality and nature of the early human conceptus however conceived, and considers the moral significance of arranging conception otherwise than ...
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Although focused on cloning, this chapter considers the reality and nature of the early human conceptus however conceived, and considers the moral significance of arranging conception otherwise than as supervening on sexual (particularly marital) intercourse (whether by ‘ordinary’ IVF or by cloning). R. G. Edwards's witnessing to the reality and human individuality of the one-cell zygote/embryo is quoted. Terminological expedients such as ‘therapeutic’ as distinct from ‘reproductive’ cloning are shown to be unacceptable. IVF and cloning involve production, and this makes the act a kind of enslaving, even when otherwise well intentioned.Less
Although focused on cloning, this chapter considers the reality and nature of the early human conceptus however conceived, and considers the moral significance of arranging conception otherwise than as supervening on sexual (particularly marital) intercourse (whether by ‘ordinary’ IVF or by cloning). R. G. Edwards's witnessing to the reality and human individuality of the one-cell zygote/embryo is quoted. Terminological expedients such as ‘therapeutic’ as distinct from ‘reproductive’ cloning are shown to be unacceptable. IVF and cloning involve production, and this makes the act a kind of enslaving, even when otherwise well intentioned.
Rachel Bowlby
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781949979503
- eISBN:
- 9781800341470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781949979503.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter considers a modernist juxtaposition of scientific creativity and creative science, the focal point of which is the persistence of the hybrid expression “test-tube baby” to designate ...
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This chapter considers a modernist juxtaposition of scientific creativity and creative science, the focal point of which is the persistence of the hybrid expression “test-tube baby” to designate possible or actual results of new reproductive technologies. This phrase encapsulates the jarring and juxtaposition of different descriptive and performative levels, as twentieth-century technologies imagined and sometimes achieved the mutation of human reproduction into a matter of careful chemistry. The new art-science of psychoanalysis conceptualized human mentalities in the language and the transformational logic of chemistry. Writers often likened their own effects or modes of production to quasi-scientific procedures for making the new, whether flamboyantly “experimental” or studiedly lab-based. The chapter concentrates in particular on passages from the work of T.S. Eliot, Aldous Huxley, and Virginia Woolf.Less
This chapter considers a modernist juxtaposition of scientific creativity and creative science, the focal point of which is the persistence of the hybrid expression “test-tube baby” to designate possible or actual results of new reproductive technologies. This phrase encapsulates the jarring and juxtaposition of different descriptive and performative levels, as twentieth-century technologies imagined and sometimes achieved the mutation of human reproduction into a matter of careful chemistry. The new art-science of psychoanalysis conceptualized human mentalities in the language and the transformational logic of chemistry. Writers often likened their own effects or modes of production to quasi-scientific procedures for making the new, whether flamboyantly “experimental” or studiedly lab-based. The chapter concentrates in particular on passages from the work of T.S. Eliot, Aldous Huxley, and Virginia Woolf.
Véronique Petit, Kaveri Qureshi, Yves Charbit, and Philip Kreager (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198862437
- eISBN:
- 9780191895111
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198862437.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book provides an integrative framework for the anthropological demography of health, a field of interdisciplinary population research grounded in ethnography and in critical examination of the ...
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This book provides an integrative framework for the anthropological demography of health, a field of interdisciplinary population research grounded in ethnography and in critical examination of the social, political, and economic histories that have shaped relations between peoples. The field has grown from the 1990s, extending to a remarkable range of key human and policy issues, including: genetic disorders; nutrition; mental health; infant, child and maternal morbidity; malaria; HIV/AIDS; disability and chronic diseases; new reproductive technologies; and population ageing. Collaboration with social, medical, and demographic historians enables these issues to be situated in the evolution of institutional structures and inequalities that shape health and care access. Understanding fertility levels and trends has widened beyond parity and contraception to the many life course risks and alternative healing systems that shape reproductive health. By going beyond conventional demographic and epidemiological methods, and idealised macro/micro-level units, the anthropological demography of health places people’s health-seeking behaviour in a compositional demography based on ethnographic observation of group formation and change over time, and of variance between what people say and do. It tracks family and community networks; class, linguistic, and religious groups; sectoral labour and market distributions; health and healing specialisms; and relations between these bodies and with groups controlling local and national governments. The approach enables examination of how local cultures and experience are translated formally into measures on which survey and clinical programmes rely, thus testing the empirical adequacy of such translations, and leading to revision of concepts of risk and governance.Less
This book provides an integrative framework for the anthropological demography of health, a field of interdisciplinary population research grounded in ethnography and in critical examination of the social, political, and economic histories that have shaped relations between peoples. The field has grown from the 1990s, extending to a remarkable range of key human and policy issues, including: genetic disorders; nutrition; mental health; infant, child and maternal morbidity; malaria; HIV/AIDS; disability and chronic diseases; new reproductive technologies; and population ageing. Collaboration with social, medical, and demographic historians enables these issues to be situated in the evolution of institutional structures and inequalities that shape health and care access. Understanding fertility levels and trends has widened beyond parity and contraception to the many life course risks and alternative healing systems that shape reproductive health. By going beyond conventional demographic and epidemiological methods, and idealised macro/micro-level units, the anthropological demography of health places people’s health-seeking behaviour in a compositional demography based on ethnographic observation of group formation and change over time, and of variance between what people say and do. It tracks family and community networks; class, linguistic, and religious groups; sectoral labour and market distributions; health and healing specialisms; and relations between these bodies and with groups controlling local and national governments. The approach enables examination of how local cultures and experience are translated formally into measures on which survey and clinical programmes rely, thus testing the empirical adequacy of such translations, and leading to revision of concepts of risk and governance.
Gay Becker
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520224308
- eISBN:
- 9780520925243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520224308.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter states that women and men equate new reproductive technologies with hope. Hope is closely associated with American notions of individualism and responsibility for health. Both lay and ...
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This chapter states that women and men equate new reproductive technologies with hope. Hope is closely associated with American notions of individualism and responsibility for health. Both lay and medical literature attests to the importance of maintaining a hopeful attitude in taking charge of one's illness, and the propensity for optimism is reflected in medical practice. Hope escalates as couples wait to see if they have qualified for an IVF (in vitro fertilization) program. Assessments of the odds escalate as well. In the field of reproductive technology, hope has become part of the process of commodification, a marketing tool. Persistence too is appropriated in this way. It is emphasized by the biomedical science establishment and the medical technology industry. Persistence, the means by which people attempt to control their environment, is demonstrated by those seeking medical solutions for a wide range of conditions. This chapter also explains the effects of marketing on consumer's attitudes.Less
This chapter states that women and men equate new reproductive technologies with hope. Hope is closely associated with American notions of individualism and responsibility for health. Both lay and medical literature attests to the importance of maintaining a hopeful attitude in taking charge of one's illness, and the propensity for optimism is reflected in medical practice. Hope escalates as couples wait to see if they have qualified for an IVF (in vitro fertilization) program. Assessments of the odds escalate as well. In the field of reproductive technology, hope has become part of the process of commodification, a marketing tool. Persistence too is appropriated in this way. It is emphasized by the biomedical science establishment and the medical technology industry. Persistence, the means by which people attempt to control their environment, is demonstrated by those seeking medical solutions for a wide range of conditions. This chapter also explains the effects of marketing on consumer's attitudes.
Rachel Bowlby
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199607945
- eISBN:
- 9780191760518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199607945.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
With the possible exception of the post-menopausal pregnant woman, the surrogate mother has been the most controversial figure among the several new types of biological mother and father who came ...
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With the possible exception of the post-menopausal pregnant woman, the surrogate mother has been the most controversial figure among the several new types of biological mother and father who came into being with the new reproductive technologies (the others are egg and sperm donors). This chapter explores the uncertainties evoked by surrogacy and more broadly by the notion of the division or doubling of maternal functions (egg provision and pregnancy) that IVF makes practically feasible (but that surrogacy does not, in fact, entail). Two elaborate surrogacy stories from Genesis are analysed (Abraham, Sarah, and Hagar; Jacob, Leah, and Rachel), and an early eighteenth-century Spectator essay by Richard Steele against wet-nursing—in effect, another form of surrogacyLess
With the possible exception of the post-menopausal pregnant woman, the surrogate mother has been the most controversial figure among the several new types of biological mother and father who came into being with the new reproductive technologies (the others are egg and sperm donors). This chapter explores the uncertainties evoked by surrogacy and more broadly by the notion of the division or doubling of maternal functions (egg provision and pregnancy) that IVF makes practically feasible (but that surrogacy does not, in fact, entail). Two elaborate surrogacy stories from Genesis are analysed (Abraham, Sarah, and Hagar; Jacob, Leah, and Rachel), and an early eighteenth-century Spectator essay by Richard Steele against wet-nursing—in effect, another form of surrogacy
Rachel Bowlby
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199607945
- eISBN:
- 9780191760518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199607945.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter looks at some articulations of the distinctive forces and passion of parental feelings, including those that come from the loss or absence of children. It notes the relative absence of ...
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This chapter looks at some articulations of the distinctive forces and passion of parental feelings, including those that come from the loss or absence of children. It notes the relative absence of the subject of parental wishes (or fears) from Freud's writings, in spite of his drawing on Greek tragedy, where children and childlessness are common themes. Parental issues are prominent in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, for instance, where Freud saw only the history of a child. The chapter's main focus is on how parenthood and infertility appear in Euripides’ Medea. Medea is both a murdering mother whose parental feelings are unhinged in the face of her jealousy of her husband's new woman, and—at the same time—an infallible fertility consultant.Less
This chapter looks at some articulations of the distinctive forces and passion of parental feelings, including those that come from the loss or absence of children. It notes the relative absence of the subject of parental wishes (or fears) from Freud's writings, in spite of his drawing on Greek tragedy, where children and childlessness are common themes. Parental issues are prominent in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, for instance, where Freud saw only the history of a child. The chapter's main focus is on how parenthood and infertility appear in Euripides’ Medea. Medea is both a murdering mother whose parental feelings are unhinged in the face of her jealousy of her husband's new woman, and—at the same time—an infallible fertility consultant.
F. Shenfield
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198299189
- eISBN:
- 9780191685644
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299189.003.0019
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Medical Law
In assisted reproduction treatments, consent in writing concerning licensed treatments, i.e. the techniques covered by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990, is mandatory. This involves ...
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In assisted reproduction treatments, consent in writing concerning licensed treatments, i.e. the techniques covered by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990, is mandatory. This involves gametes donation, either of sperm or oocyte (and hence embryo) donation and in vitro fertilization (IVF). By contrast treatment with thawed cryo-preserved sperm is not covered by the Act unless it is also used in vitro, whilst the storing of the sperm in licensed units categorically is. Infertility specialists practise in one of the few fields where specific legislation has been deemed to be necessary by society, through a vote in Parliament and the enactment of legislation, binding patients and practitioners in a common endeavour. Not all assisted treatment for reproduction is covered by the Act if one takes the word ‘assistance’ in the largest sense, although the term has come specifically to indicate treatments which are indeed licensed.Less
In assisted reproduction treatments, consent in writing concerning licensed treatments, i.e. the techniques covered by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990, is mandatory. This involves gametes donation, either of sperm or oocyte (and hence embryo) donation and in vitro fertilization (IVF). By contrast treatment with thawed cryo-preserved sperm is not covered by the Act unless it is also used in vitro, whilst the storing of the sperm in licensed units categorically is. Infertility specialists practise in one of the few fields where specific legislation has been deemed to be necessary by society, through a vote in Parliament and the enactment of legislation, binding patients and practitioners in a common endeavour. Not all assisted treatment for reproduction is covered by the Act if one takes the word ‘assistance’ in the largest sense, although the term has come specifically to indicate treatments which are indeed licensed.
Mirza Taslima Sultana
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- December 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190130718
- eISBN:
- 9780190993290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190130718.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter explores the discourses around medical and alternative treatments that emerged in the accounts of 11 middle-class Bengali women who sought treatment for their childlessness. Fertility ...
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This chapter explores the discourses around medical and alternative treatments that emerged in the accounts of 11 middle-class Bengali women who sought treatment for their childlessness. Fertility has been considered a prime problem for Bangladesh since the 1980s, and policy documents still focus on fertility reduction, along with reducing maternal mortality. Yet, no recent policy documents considered childlessness as a problem. This investigation informs of the links between biomedical power and childlessness as they are emerging in urban Bangladesh. The sections of this chapter discuss the concepts of biopower and agency, illustrate the different trajectories interviewees pursued in dealing with childlessness, focus on the issue of the so-called perfect age for assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments, and explore interviewees’ stories of their experiences of IVF. The concluding section discusses these women’s accounts of the beliefs according to which they actively decide their technological options.Less
This chapter explores the discourses around medical and alternative treatments that emerged in the accounts of 11 middle-class Bengali women who sought treatment for their childlessness. Fertility has been considered a prime problem for Bangladesh since the 1980s, and policy documents still focus on fertility reduction, along with reducing maternal mortality. Yet, no recent policy documents considered childlessness as a problem. This investigation informs of the links between biomedical power and childlessness as they are emerging in urban Bangladesh. The sections of this chapter discuss the concepts of biopower and agency, illustrate the different trajectories interviewees pursued in dealing with childlessness, focus on the issue of the so-called perfect age for assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments, and explore interviewees’ stories of their experiences of IVF. The concluding section discusses these women’s accounts of the beliefs according to which they actively decide their technological options.
Amy Speier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479827664
- eISBN:
- 9781479858996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479827664.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
I introduce the general phenomenon of reproductive travel and survey the existing literature about this type of medical tourism. I apply feminist and globalization theories to this phenomenon as I ...
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I introduce the general phenomenon of reproductive travel and survey the existing literature about this type of medical tourism. I apply feminist and globalization theories to this phenomenon as I claim these holidays are political economies of hope (Rose and Novas 2005). I sketch the primary actors of this global care chain: IVF brokers who promise lower middle class North Americans they can have blonde-haired, blue-eyed babies, a European vacation, and excellent health care at affordable prices as well as the North Americans who travel to the Czech Republic for IVF using egg donation. I end the first chapter with a brief discussion of my ethnographic methodology and a layout of the rest of the chapters of the book.Less
I introduce the general phenomenon of reproductive travel and survey the existing literature about this type of medical tourism. I apply feminist and globalization theories to this phenomenon as I claim these holidays are political economies of hope (Rose and Novas 2005). I sketch the primary actors of this global care chain: IVF brokers who promise lower middle class North Americans they can have blonde-haired, blue-eyed babies, a European vacation, and excellent health care at affordable prices as well as the North Americans who travel to the Czech Republic for IVF using egg donation. I end the first chapter with a brief discussion of my ethnographic methodology and a layout of the rest of the chapters of the book.
Amy Speier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479827664
- eISBN:
- 9781479858996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479827664.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter follows North Americans who turn to the Internet where they learn of reproductive travel to the Czech Republic, and become diligent consumers. This chapter follows largely female ...
More
This chapter follows North Americans who turn to the Internet where they learn of reproductive travel to the Czech Republic, and become diligent consumers. This chapter follows largely female patients as they enter virtual biosocial communities, where they join on-line gendered support groups and engage in bio-medical global citizenship. We encounter, with the North American patients, IVF brokers who are packaging fertility holidays that promise a stress-free IVF cycle in a relaxing European setting. The marketing of fertility holidays online speaks to North American hopes, both for a child that resembles them but also for a particular kind of healthcare.Less
This chapter follows North Americans who turn to the Internet where they learn of reproductive travel to the Czech Republic, and become diligent consumers. This chapter follows largely female patients as they enter virtual biosocial communities, where they join on-line gendered support groups and engage in bio-medical global citizenship. We encounter, with the North American patients, IVF brokers who are packaging fertility holidays that promise a stress-free IVF cycle in a relaxing European setting. The marketing of fertility holidays online speaks to North American hopes, both for a child that resembles them but also for a particular kind of healthcare.
Amy Speier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479827664
- eISBN:
- 9781479858996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479827664.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter deconstructs the fundamental contradictions embedded within this global care chain. Czech fertility clinics are global checkout lanes for North American global bio-citizens opting to ...
More
This chapter deconstructs the fundamental contradictions embedded within this global care chain. Czech fertility clinics are global checkout lanes for North American global bio-citizens opting to purchase IVF with egg donation. Yet the economic nature of these transactions are minimized by affective discourse and the intimate labor provided by Czech clinics and accommodations. This chapter considers the ways in which women’s bodies are implicated in the contradictory aspects of “fertility holiday” abroad.Less
This chapter deconstructs the fundamental contradictions embedded within this global care chain. Czech fertility clinics are global checkout lanes for North American global bio-citizens opting to purchase IVF with egg donation. Yet the economic nature of these transactions are minimized by affective discourse and the intimate labor provided by Czech clinics and accommodations. This chapter considers the ways in which women’s bodies are implicated in the contradictory aspects of “fertility holiday” abroad.