Ian Clark
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297009
- eISBN:
- 9780191711428
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297009.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The conventional view of international society has it that it is interested only in co-existence and order amongst states. This creates a puzzle. When the historical record is examined, we discover ...
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The conventional view of international society has it that it is interested only in co-existence and order amongst states. This creates a puzzle. When the historical record is examined, we discover that international society has repeatedly signed up to normative principles that go well beyond this purpose. When it has done so, it has built new normative constraints into international legitimacy, and this is most conspicuously so when it has espoused broadly humanitarian principles. This suggests that the norms adopted by international society might have been encouraged from the distinct constituency of world society. The book traces a series of historical case studies which issued in international affirmation of such principles: slave-trade abolition in 1815; the public conscience in 1899; social justice (but not racial equality) in 1919; human rights in 1945; and democracy as the only acceptable form of state in 1990. In each case, evidence is presented of world-society actors (transnational movements, advocacy networks, and INGOs) making the political running for a new principle, often in alliance with a leading state. At the same time, world society has mounted a normative case, and this can be seen as a degree of normative integration between international and world society. Collectively, the book contributes to the growing IR literature on the role of norms, and especially that written from a broadly English School or constructivist perspective.Less
The conventional view of international society has it that it is interested only in co-existence and order amongst states. This creates a puzzle. When the historical record is examined, we discover that international society has repeatedly signed up to normative principles that go well beyond this purpose. When it has done so, it has built new normative constraints into international legitimacy, and this is most conspicuously so when it has espoused broadly humanitarian principles. This suggests that the norms adopted by international society might have been encouraged from the distinct constituency of world society. The book traces a series of historical case studies which issued in international affirmation of such principles: slave-trade abolition in 1815; the public conscience in 1899; social justice (but not racial equality) in 1919; human rights in 1945; and democracy as the only acceptable form of state in 1990. In each case, evidence is presented of world-society actors (transnational movements, advocacy networks, and INGOs) making the political running for a new principle, often in alliance with a leading state. At the same time, world society has mounted a normative case, and this can be seen as a degree of normative integration between international and world society. Collectively, the book contributes to the growing IR literature on the role of norms, and especially that written from a broadly English School or constructivist perspective.
Sarah S. Stroup and Wendy H. Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501702143
- eISBN:
- 9781501709777
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702143.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Despite public favorability towards international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), most of these groups toil in total obscurity. A very few INGOs, active in human rights promotion, ...
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Despite public favorability towards international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), most of these groups toil in total obscurity. A very few INGOs, active in human rights promotion, humanitarian relief, and environmental protection, do secure widespread authority in the form of deference from multiple audiences engaged in global politics. Having achieved this status as a “leading INGO,” however, they are trapped. To maintain their status and placate their many audiences, these leading INGOs advance incrementalist proposals and achieve “vanilla victories” - palatable to a wide array of audiences, but also unremarkable. Meanwhile, other INGOs’ strategies are similarly shaped by their status: they are free to issue harsh condemnations and advance radical proposals, but these generally get ignored. Stroup and Wong offer the first exploration of the vast differences among INGOs in their authority, and then explore how status shapes INGO strategies as they seek to influence states, corporations, and one another.Less
Despite public favorability towards international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), most of these groups toil in total obscurity. A very few INGOs, active in human rights promotion, humanitarian relief, and environmental protection, do secure widespread authority in the form of deference from multiple audiences engaged in global politics. Having achieved this status as a “leading INGO,” however, they are trapped. To maintain their status and placate their many audiences, these leading INGOs advance incrementalist proposals and achieve “vanilla victories” - palatable to a wide array of audiences, but also unremarkable. Meanwhile, other INGOs’ strategies are similarly shaped by their status: they are free to issue harsh condemnations and advance radical proposals, but these generally get ignored. Stroup and Wong offer the first exploration of the vast differences among INGOs in their authority, and then explore how status shapes INGO strategies as they seek to influence states, corporations, and one another.
Thomas Pogge
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199739073
- eISBN:
- 9780199855872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199739073.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter proposes and critically discusses a principle that sets priorities for international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) in a world where their resources fall short dramatically of the ...
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This chapter proposes and critically discusses a principle that sets priorities for international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) in a world where their resources fall short dramatically of the needs they seek to meet. Other things being equal, an INGO should govern its decision making about candidate projects by such rules and procedures as are expected to maximize its long‐run cost‐effectiveness, defined as the expected aggregate moral value of the projects it undertakes divided by the expected aggregate cost of these projects. Here, aggregate moral value, or harm protection, is the sum of the moral values of the harm reductions (and increases) these projects bring about for the individual persons they affect.Less
This chapter proposes and critically discusses a principle that sets priorities for international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) in a world where their resources fall short dramatically of the needs they seek to meet. Other things being equal, an INGO should govern its decision making about candidate projects by such rules and procedures as are expected to maximize its long‐run cost‐effectiveness, defined as the expected aggregate moral value of the projects it undertakes divided by the expected aggregate cost of these projects. Here, aggregate moral value, or harm protection, is the sum of the moral values of the harm reductions (and increases) these projects bring about for the individual persons they affect.
Sarah S. Stroup
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450730
- eISBN:
- 9780801464256
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450730.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book challenges the notion that political activism has gone beyond borders and created a global or transnational civil society. Instead, at the most globally active, purportedly cosmopolitan ...
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This book challenges the notion that political activism has gone beyond borders and created a global or transnational civil society. Instead, at the most globally active, purportedly cosmopolitan groups in the world, international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) organizational practices are deeply tied to national environments, creating great diversity in the way these groups organize themselves, engage in advocacy, and deliver services. The book offers detailed profiles of these “varieties of activism” in the United States, Britain, and France. These three countries are the most popular bases for INGOs, but each provides a very different environment for charitable organizations due to differences in legal regulations, political opportunities, resources, and patterns of social networks. The book's comparisons of leading American, British, and French INGOs reveal strong national patterns in INGO practices, including advocacy, fund-raising, and professionalization. These differences are quite pronounced among INGOs in the humanitarian relief sector and are observable, though less marked, among human rights INGOs. The book finds that national origin helps account for variation in the “transnational advocacy networks” that have received so much attention in international relations. For practitioners, national origin offers an alternative explanation for the frequently lamented failures of INGOs in the field: INGOs are not inherently dysfunctional, but instead remain disconnected because of their strong roots in very different national environments.Less
This book challenges the notion that political activism has gone beyond borders and created a global or transnational civil society. Instead, at the most globally active, purportedly cosmopolitan groups in the world, international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) organizational practices are deeply tied to national environments, creating great diversity in the way these groups organize themselves, engage in advocacy, and deliver services. The book offers detailed profiles of these “varieties of activism” in the United States, Britain, and France. These three countries are the most popular bases for INGOs, but each provides a very different environment for charitable organizations due to differences in legal regulations, political opportunities, resources, and patterns of social networks. The book's comparisons of leading American, British, and French INGOs reveal strong national patterns in INGO practices, including advocacy, fund-raising, and professionalization. These differences are quite pronounced among INGOs in the humanitarian relief sector and are observable, though less marked, among human rights INGOs. The book finds that national origin helps account for variation in the “transnational advocacy networks” that have received so much attention in international relations. For practitioners, national origin offers an alternative explanation for the frequently lamented failures of INGOs in the field: INGOs are not inherently dysfunctional, but instead remain disconnected because of their strong roots in very different national environments.
Sarah S. Stroup and Wendy H. Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501702143
- eISBN:
- 9781501709777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702143.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
A few INGOs have achieved widespread authority in global politics before multiple audiences, but most have not. Scholars and practitioners have demonstrated the importance of INGOs in global ...
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A few INGOs have achieved widespread authority in global politics before multiple audiences, but most have not. Scholars and practitioners have demonstrated the importance of INGOs in global politics, but have paid too little attention to differences in INGO authority and tend to only examine INGOs within particular sectors, or silos. This book shows that, across a range of issue areas, status differences among INGOs determine whether INGOs choose to compete, collaborate, or condemn their targets. Power may be an uncomfortable subject among INGO practitioners and analyses, but, the fact is that authority is concentrated in the hands of a few INGOs.Less
A few INGOs have achieved widespread authority in global politics before multiple audiences, but most have not. Scholars and practitioners have demonstrated the importance of INGOs in global politics, but have paid too little attention to differences in INGO authority and tend to only examine INGOs within particular sectors, or silos. This book shows that, across a range of issue areas, status differences among INGOs determine whether INGOs choose to compete, collaborate, or condemn their targets. Power may be an uncomfortable subject among INGO practitioners and analyses, but, the fact is that authority is concentrated in the hands of a few INGOs.
Sarah S. Stroup and Wendy H. Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501702143
- eISBN:
- 9781501709777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702143.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This is the theoretical chapter of the book. It outlines a theory of INGO authority, highlighting the importance of audiences and explaining the authority trap. Unlike states, INGOs are an authority, ...
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This is the theoretical chapter of the book. It outlines a theory of INGO authority, highlighting the importance of audiences and explaining the authority trap. Unlike states, INGOs are an authority, rather than in authority, where authority is defined as deference from a particular audience. Authority exists in the context of particular social relationships, in particular from the most important audiences for INGOs: states, corporations, and other INGOs. Very few INGOs successfully secure deference from multiple audiences; those that do are referred to as leading INGOs. Having received widespread deference, leading INGOs are constrained by the need to satisfy the varied values and preferences of their supporters, and thus find themselves in the authority trap, incentivized to make moderate choices.Less
This is the theoretical chapter of the book. It outlines a theory of INGO authority, highlighting the importance of audiences and explaining the authority trap. Unlike states, INGOs are an authority, rather than in authority, where authority is defined as deference from a particular audience. Authority exists in the context of particular social relationships, in particular from the most important audiences for INGOs: states, corporations, and other INGOs. Very few INGOs successfully secure deference from multiple audiences; those that do are referred to as leading INGOs. Having received widespread deference, leading INGOs are constrained by the need to satisfy the varied values and preferences of their supporters, and thus find themselves in the authority trap, incentivized to make moderate choices.
Sarah S. Stroup and Wendy H. Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501702143
- eISBN:
- 9781501709777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702143.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter presents measures of differences in authority among INGOs across multiple audiences and empirically identifies a list of leading INGOs. The striking evidence reveals substantial ...
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This chapter presents measures of differences in authority among INGOs across multiple audiences and empirically identifies a list of leading INGOs. The striking evidence reveals substantial differentiation among INGOs in their level of authority. States, corporations, other INGOs, and the general public all vary in the attention they give to various INGOs. Data on a random sample of INGOs from around the world demonstrates that most INGOs are ignored. Even among a sample of “most likely” leading INGOs, attention is hard to secure. The chapter ends with a systematic identification of the leading INGOs in global politics today.Less
This chapter presents measures of differences in authority among INGOs across multiple audiences and empirically identifies a list of leading INGOs. The striking evidence reveals substantial differentiation among INGOs in their level of authority. States, corporations, other INGOs, and the general public all vary in the attention they give to various INGOs. Data on a random sample of INGOs from around the world demonstrates that most INGOs are ignored. Even among a sample of “most likely” leading INGOs, attention is hard to secure. The chapter ends with a systematic identification of the leading INGOs in global politics today.
Sarah S. Stroup and Wendy H. Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501702143
- eISBN:
- 9781501709777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702143.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
States are the “natural” target for INGOs, yet how INGOs approach them depends on their authority. In this chapter, we demonstrate how leading INGOs use different strategies to work with states, ...
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States are the “natural” target for INGOs, yet how INGOs approach them depends on their authority. In this chapter, we demonstrate how leading INGOs use different strategies to work with states, using the case studies of negotiations over the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and Financial Transactions Tax (FTT). The two cases are similar in a number of ways: the campaigns took off in the later 1990s, the issues target the practices of the United States and United Kingdom as relevant actors, and both engage issues that have traditionally been challenging for INGOs as “hard politics.” Leading INGOs are more collaborative with states than other INGOs, and prioritize easy target states, rather the most important. In both cases, the entry of leading INGOs accompanied the re-framing of the campaign’s proposals to more reformist positions. This yielded a vanilla victory in the form of the ATT and even less for the FTT.Less
States are the “natural” target for INGOs, yet how INGOs approach them depends on their authority. In this chapter, we demonstrate how leading INGOs use different strategies to work with states, using the case studies of negotiations over the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and Financial Transactions Tax (FTT). The two cases are similar in a number of ways: the campaigns took off in the later 1990s, the issues target the practices of the United States and United Kingdom as relevant actors, and both engage issues that have traditionally been challenging for INGOs as “hard politics.” Leading INGOs are more collaborative with states than other INGOs, and prioritize easy target states, rather the most important. In both cases, the entry of leading INGOs accompanied the re-framing of the campaign’s proposals to more reformist positions. This yielded a vanilla victory in the form of the ATT and even less for the FTT.
Sarah S. Stroup and Wendy H. Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501702143
- eISBN:
- 9781501709777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702143.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Not all INGOs are alike, and they do not always play nicely. In fact, INGOs enjoy a diverse array of relationships with other INGOs. INGOs compete to offer specific visions of good practice for the ...
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Not all INGOs are alike, and they do not always play nicely. In fact, INGOs enjoy a diverse array of relationships with other INGOs. INGOs compete to offer specific visions of good practice for the entire INGO sector, and those visions depend on the INGO’s authority. We explore two such initiatives, both formed in 2001, the Accountability Charter (AC) and the World Social Forum (WSF). Each initiative is a mix of collaboration and condemnation, and while the AC is decidedly vanilla, neither has been particularly victorious in altering the ways the vast population of INGOs acts.Less
Not all INGOs are alike, and they do not always play nicely. In fact, INGOs enjoy a diverse array of relationships with other INGOs. INGOs compete to offer specific visions of good practice for the entire INGO sector, and those visions depend on the INGO’s authority. We explore two such initiatives, both formed in 2001, the Accountability Charter (AC) and the World Social Forum (WSF). Each initiative is a mix of collaboration and condemnation, and while the AC is decidedly vanilla, neither has been particularly victorious in altering the ways the vast population of INGOs acts.
Amanda Murdie
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804791977
- eISBN:
- 9780804792479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804791977.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter begins with the observation that the INGO world is comprised of both principled and non-principled actors. Unfortunately, actors that work with INGOs do not know what type of ...
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This chapter begins with the observation that the INGO world is comprised of both principled and non-principled actors. Unfortunately, actors that work with INGOs do not know what type of organization they are facing and have to rely on signals from INGOs themselves as to their underlying motivations. This chapter takes this basic contention and uses it to develop an alternative theory for when and where we should see advocacy and service INGOs be effective actors for human security outcomes. Understanding (a) uncertainty about the motivational composition of the INGO sector, (b) the peculiarities of the domestic political structures and conditions where the work is taking place, (c) the signals that the organizations send, and (d) the responses of the domestic and international communities are all critical for understanding when and where INGOs will actually matter for human security. The empirical implications of this theory are outlined.Less
This chapter begins with the observation that the INGO world is comprised of both principled and non-principled actors. Unfortunately, actors that work with INGOs do not know what type of organization they are facing and have to rely on signals from INGOs themselves as to their underlying motivations. This chapter takes this basic contention and uses it to develop an alternative theory for when and where we should see advocacy and service INGOs be effective actors for human security outcomes. Understanding (a) uncertainty about the motivational composition of the INGO sector, (b) the peculiarities of the domestic political structures and conditions where the work is taking place, (c) the signals that the organizations send, and (d) the responses of the domestic and international communities are all critical for understanding when and where INGOs will actually matter for human security. The empirical implications of this theory are outlined.
Elisha P. Renne
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781526110886
- eISBN:
- 9781526124272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526110886.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Vaccination campaigns rely on the political authority of the state to carry out public health programs for the benefit of its citizens. In sub-Saharan Africa where vaccination programs were ...
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Vaccination campaigns rely on the political authority of the state to carry out public health programs for the benefit of its citizens. In sub-Saharan Africa where vaccination programs were introduced by health officials during colonial rule, subsequent postcolonial programs, such as interventions which focus on a single disease and are supported mainly by western international NGOs, may be viewed with suspicion by some. Rather than strengthening state control of its citizens, vaccination campaigns such as the Global Polio Eradication Initiative as implemented in northern Nigeria, may undermine state authority and control. With its initial focus on polio vaccination rather than on childhood diseases which parents considered more life-threatening, the initiative highlighted the federal government’s failure to provide basic primary health care. That the GPEI was funded by western international NGOs also led some Muslim parents, religious leaders, and medical professionals to question the safety of the oral polio vaccine and to refuse vaccination for their children. However, in 2013 their actions have been tempered by programs providing monetary awards to state governments and foodstuffs to cooperating mothers and in September 2015, WHO announced the interruption of wild poliovirus in Nigeria.Less
Vaccination campaigns rely on the political authority of the state to carry out public health programs for the benefit of its citizens. In sub-Saharan Africa where vaccination programs were introduced by health officials during colonial rule, subsequent postcolonial programs, such as interventions which focus on a single disease and are supported mainly by western international NGOs, may be viewed with suspicion by some. Rather than strengthening state control of its citizens, vaccination campaigns such as the Global Polio Eradication Initiative as implemented in northern Nigeria, may undermine state authority and control. With its initial focus on polio vaccination rather than on childhood diseases which parents considered more life-threatening, the initiative highlighted the federal government’s failure to provide basic primary health care. That the GPEI was funded by western international NGOs also led some Muslim parents, religious leaders, and medical professionals to question the safety of the oral polio vaccine and to refuse vaccination for their children. However, in 2013 their actions have been tempered by programs providing monetary awards to state governments and foodstuffs to cooperating mothers and in September 2015, WHO announced the interruption of wild poliovirus in Nigeria.
Gaby Ramia
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346520
- eISBN:
- 9781447301417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346520.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter identifies the key changes in the organisational environment that fall mainly within the globalisation of governance institutions in two interrelated areas: public management and social ...
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This chapter identifies the key changes in the organisational environment that fall mainly within the globalisation of governance institutions in two interrelated areas: public management and social policy. The main argument presented in this chapter is that globalisation, along with the steadily increasing urgency of humanitarian development, have forced the international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) to recognise the importance of their ‘strategy-structure configurations’. The chapter also includes a discussion on the importance of the connection between New Public Management (NPM) and multilateralism. The implications of global governance change for INGO management is studied in the latter portion of the chapter.Less
This chapter identifies the key changes in the organisational environment that fall mainly within the globalisation of governance institutions in two interrelated areas: public management and social policy. The main argument presented in this chapter is that globalisation, along with the steadily increasing urgency of humanitarian development, have forced the international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) to recognise the importance of their ‘strategy-structure configurations’. The chapter also includes a discussion on the importance of the connection between New Public Management (NPM) and multilateralism. The implications of global governance change for INGO management is studied in the latter portion of the chapter.
Amanda Murdie
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804791977
- eISBN:
- 9780804792479
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804791977.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Do international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) matter? When do they influence human security? This book offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the effects of international ...
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Do international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) matter? When do they influence human security? This book offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the effects of international non-governmental organizations (international NGOs or INGOs) on a variety of human rights and development outcomes. According to much of the extant International Relations literature, INGOs are assumed to be purely principled or altruistic actors, existing only to solve the world’s problems. This is a strong assumption, as many in International Relations assume that all actors are self-interested and strategic. This book extends the canonical theoretical literature on INGOs by relaxing the oft-assumption that all INGOs are motivated with shared values or principles. The book then investigates how the existence of the presence of INGOs with multiple motivations complicates the interactions of INGOs with both sub-state and international actors and, thus, influences the sector’s ability to actually influence human security at the ground level. The findings of this project highlight both the power and the shortcomings of INGOs, implying that a realistic look at the potential and motivations of INGOs is necessary for improvements in human rights and development. The book concludes with policy recommendations for aid foundations, donor governments, and target or host governments, as well as providing policy recommendations for INGOs themselves.Less
Do international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) matter? When do they influence human security? This book offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the effects of international non-governmental organizations (international NGOs or INGOs) on a variety of human rights and development outcomes. According to much of the extant International Relations literature, INGOs are assumed to be purely principled or altruistic actors, existing only to solve the world’s problems. This is a strong assumption, as many in International Relations assume that all actors are self-interested and strategic. This book extends the canonical theoretical literature on INGOs by relaxing the oft-assumption that all INGOs are motivated with shared values or principles. The book then investigates how the existence of the presence of INGOs with multiple motivations complicates the interactions of INGOs with both sub-state and international actors and, thus, influences the sector’s ability to actually influence human security at the ground level. The findings of this project highlight both the power and the shortcomings of INGOs, implying that a realistic look at the potential and motivations of INGOs is necessary for improvements in human rights and development. The book concludes with policy recommendations for aid foundations, donor governments, and target or host governments, as well as providing policy recommendations for INGOs themselves.
Sarah S. Stroup and Wendy H. Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501702143
- eISBN:
- 9781501709777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702143.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Condemnation of corporate environmental and human rights performance has been something that some INGOs have become well-known for, yet not all INGOs elect to be publicly confrontational. We explore ...
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Condemnation of corporate environmental and human rights performance has been something that some INGOs have become well-known for, yet not all INGOs elect to be publicly confrontational. We explore strategic choices through several examples of private, cross-sectoral regulations that emerged in the early 2000s. Leading INGOs are far more likely to collaborate and be asked to collaborate than other INGOs. Two platforms, The Sustainability Consortium (TSC) and the UN Global Compact (UNGC), leveraged early collaboration from a few leading INGOs to establish their credibility. We then explore the alternatives to collaboration. Though many INGOs condemn corporate behavior, little sustained attention has resulted from their efforts. Competition is possibly more fruitful for improving corporate practice, as the example of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) showsLess
Condemnation of corporate environmental and human rights performance has been something that some INGOs have become well-known for, yet not all INGOs elect to be publicly confrontational. We explore strategic choices through several examples of private, cross-sectoral regulations that emerged in the early 2000s. Leading INGOs are far more likely to collaborate and be asked to collaborate than other INGOs. Two platforms, The Sustainability Consortium (TSC) and the UN Global Compact (UNGC), leveraged early collaboration from a few leading INGOs to establish their credibility. We then explore the alternatives to collaboration. Though many INGOs condemn corporate behavior, little sustained attention has resulted from their efforts. Competition is possibly more fruitful for improving corporate practice, as the example of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) shows
Sarah S. Stroup and Wendy H. Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501702143
- eISBN:
- 9781501709777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702143.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Our conclusion revisits the main findings in this study, but since we are hopeful that our authority framework travels to other parts of IR, we discuss extensions of and exceptions to the authority ...
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Our conclusion revisits the main findings in this study, but since we are hopeful that our authority framework travels to other parts of IR, we discuss extensions of and exceptions to the authority trap. For this, we both bring forth the example of the International Criminal Court, which, if anything, was not a vanilla victory. We also explore how the authority trap might work differently for non-INGOs, specifically non-state groups that use violence, and for global governance generally. What we show is that while the authority trap may be difficult to escape, it is not ironclad.Less
Our conclusion revisits the main findings in this study, but since we are hopeful that our authority framework travels to other parts of IR, we discuss extensions of and exceptions to the authority trap. For this, we both bring forth the example of the International Criminal Court, which, if anything, was not a vanilla victory. We also explore how the authority trap might work differently for non-INGOs, specifically non-state groups that use violence, and for global governance generally. What we show is that while the authority trap may be difficult to escape, it is not ironclad.
Amanda Murdie
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804791977
- eISBN:
- 9780804792479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804791977.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter begins with some puzzling examples of the successes INGOs have had at in improving human security (“freedom from want” and “freedom from fear”) conditions on the ground in some ...
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This chapter begins with some puzzling examples of the successes INGOs have had at in improving human security (“freedom from want” and “freedom from fear”) conditions on the ground in some situations and the problems of the INGO sector in other situations. The chapter then presents the debate in International Relations concerning how INGOs are motivated and their potential impact in a state-centric world. The book’s three central themes are then presented in brief. First, INGOs differ in their underlying motivations: not all are motivated to help individuals on the ground. Second, INGOs can send signals of their motivations to both domestic and international actors who can respond to them in ways that influence ultimate human security outcomes. Third, there are a variety of domestic-level conditions which also influence the likelihood that INGOs are able to improve human security. An outline of the book is then presented.Less
This chapter begins with some puzzling examples of the successes INGOs have had at in improving human security (“freedom from want” and “freedom from fear”) conditions on the ground in some situations and the problems of the INGO sector in other situations. The chapter then presents the debate in International Relations concerning how INGOs are motivated and their potential impact in a state-centric world. The book’s three central themes are then presented in brief. First, INGOs differ in their underlying motivations: not all are motivated to help individuals on the ground. Second, INGOs can send signals of their motivations to both domestic and international actors who can respond to them in ways that influence ultimate human security outcomes. Third, there are a variety of domestic-level conditions which also influence the likelihood that INGOs are able to improve human security. An outline of the book is then presented.
Amanda Murdie
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804791977
- eISBN:
- 9780804792479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804791977.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The goal of this chapter is to motivate the theoretical innovations made in this book. The chapter begins by defining the INGO sector and outlining the existing theoretical literature on INGOs, ...
More
The goal of this chapter is to motivate the theoretical innovations made in this book. The chapter begins by defining the INGO sector and outlining the existing theoretical literature on INGOs, paying special attention to the dominant theoretical framework on INGOs from within International Relations and the empirical tests of the implications of this framework. After addressing this literature, the focus turns to the scholarly and practitioner critiques of INGOs. The chapter addresses how INGOs themselves have responded to concerns about their organization’s underlying motivations: these actions are presented as part of the signaling literature. This framework provides the building blocks necessary for developing an accurate theory of the conditional effectiveness of INGOs on human security outcomes.Less
The goal of this chapter is to motivate the theoretical innovations made in this book. The chapter begins by defining the INGO sector and outlining the existing theoretical literature on INGOs, paying special attention to the dominant theoretical framework on INGOs from within International Relations and the empirical tests of the implications of this framework. After addressing this literature, the focus turns to the scholarly and practitioner critiques of INGOs. The chapter addresses how INGOs themselves have responded to concerns about their organization’s underlying motivations: these actions are presented as part of the signaling literature. This framework provides the building blocks necessary for developing an accurate theory of the conditional effectiveness of INGOs on human security outcomes.
Amanda Murdie
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804791977
- eISBN:
- 9780804792479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804791977.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter begins the book’s empirical examination of whether and under what conditions INGOs influence human security outcomes across time and across countries. In this chapter, the focus is on ...
More
This chapter begins the book’s empirical examination of whether and under what conditions INGOs influence human security outcomes across time and across countries. In this chapter, the focus is on only the “freedom from want” portion of human security: do development INGOs, as a type of human security INGO that focuses on service-delivery, improve development outcomes? The chapter first briefly reviews the service INGO hypotheses from Chapter 3 and the underlying logic of the theoretical argument and then discusses the basic research design utilized to evaluate these hypotheses. After this, the evidence is presented and evaluated. The empirical results provide widespread support for the derived hypotheses, indicating that development INGOs can have a powerful impact on human security service provision but that the motivations of INGOs, support from the donor community, and local conditions of the state all can condition this effect.Less
This chapter begins the book’s empirical examination of whether and under what conditions INGOs influence human security outcomes across time and across countries. In this chapter, the focus is on only the “freedom from want” portion of human security: do development INGOs, as a type of human security INGO that focuses on service-delivery, improve development outcomes? The chapter first briefly reviews the service INGO hypotheses from Chapter 3 and the underlying logic of the theoretical argument and then discusses the basic research design utilized to evaluate these hypotheses. After this, the evidence is presented and evaluated. The empirical results provide widespread support for the derived hypotheses, indicating that development INGOs can have a powerful impact on human security service provision but that the motivations of INGOs, support from the donor community, and local conditions of the state all can condition this effect.
Amanda Murdie
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804791977
- eISBN:
- 9780804792479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804791977.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter moves the empirical focus of the book from the conditional impact of human security INGOs on “freedom from want” service provision to the conditional impact of human security INGOs on ...
More
This chapter moves the empirical focus of the book from the conditional impact of human security INGOs on “freedom from want” service provision to the conditional impact of human security INGOs on advocacy related to the “freedom from fear.” Focusing specifically on human rights advocacy INGOs, as the subcategory of human security INGOs that concentrate mainly on outcomes related to the “freedom from fear,” this chapter explores whether, when, and where INGOs will have an influence on a variety of human rights outcomes. The hypotheses are based on the advocacy INGO game-theoretic model presented in Chapter 3. Using novel measures of human rights INGO activities, the empirical results provide much support for the framework. Advocacy INGOs can be powerful actors for human rights but their impact can vary by issue, state level characteristics, and international support.Less
This chapter moves the empirical focus of the book from the conditional impact of human security INGOs on “freedom from want” service provision to the conditional impact of human security INGOs on advocacy related to the “freedom from fear.” Focusing specifically on human rights advocacy INGOs, as the subcategory of human security INGOs that concentrate mainly on outcomes related to the “freedom from fear,” this chapter explores whether, when, and where INGOs will have an influence on a variety of human rights outcomes. The hypotheses are based on the advocacy INGO game-theoretic model presented in Chapter 3. Using novel measures of human rights INGO activities, the empirical results provide much support for the framework. Advocacy INGOs can be powerful actors for human rights but their impact can vary by issue, state level characteristics, and international support.
Amanda Murdie
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804791977
- eISBN:
- 9780804792479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804791977.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter reviews the theoretical framework and empirical findings of the book. It presents the implications of the book for International Relations scholarship and for the practitioner community. ...
More
This chapter reviews the theoretical framework and empirical findings of the book. It presents the implications of the book for International Relations scholarship and for the practitioner community. Possible extensions to this framework are outlined. This chapter reiterates the central idea that scholars do not have to see INGOs as “angels” to understand their potential impact on human security. By acknowledging the variety of motivations of INGOs, a realistic picture of the potential for improving human security emerges. Although there have obviously been some bad apples in the bunch, on a whole, the overall growth of the INGO sector bodes well for those interested in eradicating poverty and improving human well-being.Less
This chapter reviews the theoretical framework and empirical findings of the book. It presents the implications of the book for International Relations scholarship and for the practitioner community. Possible extensions to this framework are outlined. This chapter reiterates the central idea that scholars do not have to see INGOs as “angels” to understand their potential impact on human security. By acknowledging the variety of motivations of INGOs, a realistic picture of the potential for improving human security emerges. Although there have obviously been some bad apples in the bunch, on a whole, the overall growth of the INGO sector bodes well for those interested in eradicating poverty and improving human well-being.
