Search Results

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a linear decomposition technique that aims to reveal the underlying statistical sources of mixed signals. The EEG signal consists of a mixture of various brain and non-brain contributions. Accordingly, a valid and powerful unmixing tool promises a better, more accessible representation of the statistical sources contributing to the mixed recorded signal. ICA, being potentially such a tool, may help in the detection of signal sources that cannot be identified on the raw data level alone using other, more conventional techniques. The application of ICA to EEG signals has become popular, as it provides two key features: it is a powerful way to remove artifacts from EEG data, and it helps to disentangle otherwise mixed brain signals. This chapter is concerned with evaluating and optimizing EEG decompositions by means of ICA. First, it discusses typical ICA results with reference to artifact- and brain-related components. Then, it elaborates on different EEG pre-processing steps, considered in light of the statistical assumptions underlying ICA. As such, the motivation for the chapter is to provide some practical guidelines for those researchers who wish to successfully decompose multi-channel EEG recordings.

Drawing on the histories of other international organisations, the chapter explores the practice of co-operative internationalism within the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) from its foundation in 1895. The chapter traces the development of the ICA’s internal organisation and the conflict that this sometimes generated, especially over the need to balance the diverse interests of different national members. The chapter analyses the role of the International Co-operative Congresses, held triennially in different European cities and how these changed over the period. It asks what the co-operative congresses can tell us about the rituals and practices of inter-war internationalism, including practical matters such as language and the logistics of travel. It also examines the changing geography of international co-operation, tracing the shift in the ICA’s centre of gravity towards northern Europe over the period.

We are witnessing a global turn toward ethno-nationalism and xenophobia that raises important questions about what those who are engaged in scholarly knowledge production are doing to implicitly or explicitly perpetuate ethnocentrism. This chapter focuses on the problem of Eurocentrism, and Americentrism more specifically, in journalism and mass communication studies. Although public engagement typically focuses on sharing scholarly knowledge with audiences outside of academia, scholars need to be open and responsive to critiques of our own professional practices. This chapter first documents inequities in scholarly knowledge production between the Global North and Global South, and then offers a brief contextualization of the structural nature of these inequities. Finally, the chapter recommends specific practices journalism scholars based in the Global North can do to become better allies of their colleagues in the Global South, and highlights recent efforts to engage the academy around the issue of inequities in scholarly knowledge production.

Chapter 6 focuses on political developments in South Vietnam and the establishment of the Republic of Vietnam, led by Ngo Dinh Diem. In 1957 Fall began to assess how economic aid programs, administered through the US International Cooperation Administration--a precursor to USAID--created numerous problems in Vietnam. As a result, he wrote about these problems in articles published in the United States. Similarly, Fall began to analyze and assess how political repression in South Vietnam contributed to a growing insurgency, soon to be led by the National Liberation Front.