Banu Özkazanç-Pan
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529204544
- eISBN:
- 9781529204582
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529204544.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This book brings about insights and key concepts from the field of transnational migration studies to bear upon the field of organization studies. It expands upon multiscalar global perspective, ...
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This book brings about insights and key concepts from the field of transnational migration studies to bear upon the field of organization studies. It expands upon multiscalar global perspective, moving beyond methodological nationalism, and historical global conjuncturesas relevant transnational concepts for studying people and difference in novel ways including agentic, reflexive mobile subjectivities as the new subjects of diversity research that emerge in a ‘post-identitarian’ world. Specifically, the book offers transmigrant, hybrid, and cosmopolitan subjectivities as new the subjects of diversity research. Beyond new subjectivities, mobility ontology requires rethinking the epistemology of multiculturalism, examining inequalities, and redirecting the methodologies adopted to attend to difference. In expanding on these, the book offers new frameworks for the study of people on-the-move and organizations through a mobility ontology that foregrounds movement as the natural order of the social world. It also calls into question the ways existing research paradigms and approaches have potentially replicated the creation of boundaries and borders through implicit assumptions about difference, race/ethnicity and belonging. By shifting the ontological premise upon which the field of organization studies rests, this book provides novel ways of theorizing difference, people and work beyond static epistemologies guiding much of the field.Less
This book brings about insights and key concepts from the field of transnational migration studies to bear upon the field of organization studies. It expands upon multiscalar global perspective, moving beyond methodological nationalism, and historical global conjuncturesas relevant transnational concepts for studying people and difference in novel ways including agentic, reflexive mobile subjectivities as the new subjects of diversity research that emerge in a ‘post-identitarian’ world. Specifically, the book offers transmigrant, hybrid, and cosmopolitan subjectivities as new the subjects of diversity research. Beyond new subjectivities, mobility ontology requires rethinking the epistemology of multiculturalism, examining inequalities, and redirecting the methodologies adopted to attend to difference. In expanding on these, the book offers new frameworks for the study of people on-the-move and organizations through a mobility ontology that foregrounds movement as the natural order of the social world. It also calls into question the ways existing research paradigms and approaches have potentially replicated the creation of boundaries and borders through implicit assumptions about difference, race/ethnicity and belonging. By shifting the ontological premise upon which the field of organization studies rests, this book provides novel ways of theorizing difference, people and work beyond static epistemologies guiding much of the field.
Mark Jurdjevic
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199204489
- eISBN:
- 9780191708084
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204489.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Guardians of Republicanism analyses the political and intellectual history of Renaissance Florence—republican and princely—by focusing on five generations of the Valori family, each of ...
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Guardians of Republicanism analyses the political and intellectual history of Renaissance Florence—republican and princely—by focusing on five generations of the Valori family, each of which played a dynamic role in the city's political and cultural life. The Valori were early and influential supporters of the Medici family, but were also crucial participants in the city's periodic republican revivals throughout the Renaissance. Mark Jurdjevic examines their political struggles and conflicts against the larger backdrop of their patronage and support of the Neoplatonic philosopher Marsilio Ficino, the radical Dominican prophet Girolamo Savonarola, and Niccolò Machiavelli, the premier political philosopher of the Italian Renaissance. Each of these three quintessential Renaissance reformers and philosophers relied heavily on the patronage of the Valori, who evolved an innovative republicanism based on a hybrid fusion of the classical and Christian languages of Florentine communal politics. Jurdjevic's study thus illuminates how intellectual forces—humanist, republican, and Machiavellian—intersected and directed the politics and culture of the Florentine Renaissance.Less
Guardians of Republicanism analyses the political and intellectual history of Renaissance Florence—republican and princely—by focusing on five generations of the Valori family, each of which played a dynamic role in the city's political and cultural life. The Valori were early and influential supporters of the Medici family, but were also crucial participants in the city's periodic republican revivals throughout the Renaissance. Mark Jurdjevic examines their political struggles and conflicts against the larger backdrop of their patronage and support of the Neoplatonic philosopher Marsilio Ficino, the radical Dominican prophet Girolamo Savonarola, and Niccolò Machiavelli, the premier political philosopher of the Italian Renaissance. Each of these three quintessential Renaissance reformers and philosophers relied heavily on the patronage of the Valori, who evolved an innovative republicanism based on a hybrid fusion of the classical and Christian languages of Florentine communal politics. Jurdjevic's study thus illuminates how intellectual forces—humanist, republican, and Machiavellian—intersected and directed the politics and culture of the Florentine Renaissance.
Mark Jurdjevic
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199204489
- eISBN:
- 9780191708084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204489.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The introduction provides a narrative overview and survey of the five generations of the Valori analysed in the book. It explains the principal actions, conflicts, and outcomes of the family's ...
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The introduction provides a narrative overview and survey of the five generations of the Valori analysed in the book. It explains the principal actions, conflicts, and outcomes of the family's political careers between the late fifteenth century through the late seventeenth century. Additionally, the introduction provides an overview and survey of the family's primary intellectual patronage patterns, particularly their alliances with Girolamo Savonarola, a radical Dominican reformer and prophet, Marsilio Ficino, the city's leading Neoplatonic philosopher, and Niccolò Machiavelli, the most influential political philosopher of the Italian Renaissance.Less
The introduction provides a narrative overview and survey of the five generations of the Valori analysed in the book. It explains the principal actions, conflicts, and outcomes of the family's political careers between the late fifteenth century through the late seventeenth century. Additionally, the introduction provides an overview and survey of the family's primary intellectual patronage patterns, particularly their alliances with Girolamo Savonarola, a radical Dominican reformer and prophet, Marsilio Ficino, the city's leading Neoplatonic philosopher, and Niccolò Machiavelli, the most influential political philosopher of the Italian Renaissance.
F. M. Kamm
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195144024
- eISBN:
- 9780199870998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195144023.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Returns to a problem first raised in Ch. 8, namely, reconciling the existence of prerogatives not to maximize overall good (allowing for some such acts to be supererogatory) with restrictions on the ...
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Returns to a problem first raised in Ch. 8, namely, reconciling the existence of prerogatives not to maximize overall good (allowing for some such acts to be supererogatory) with restrictions on the pursuit of one's personal good. This problem becomes especially pressing since, despite the earlier emphasis on the existence of restrictions to pursuing the greater good, it is sometimes the case that greater good may permissibly take precedence over restrictions, for example, negative and positive duties (obligations) or rights; if personal good may take precedence over greater good (allowing some acts for greater good to be supererogatory), and these supererogatory acts may take precedence over restrictions, why may not personal good take precedence over restrictions — why does transitivity fail here? An attempt is made to prove each premise in this argument separately, and the associated objections and duties are presented. The third section of the chapter considers whether the intransitivity arises only because different factors account for precedence relations in each step of the argument, or whether the results obtained in the first two sections of the chapter are more general, and, indeed, another instance of the Principle of Contextual Interaction; consideration is also given to whether the intransitivities discussed share the cycling property characteristic of other intransitivities. Concludes by applying these results to a further discussion of those who never allow duty to be subordinated to supererogation, to Scheffler's Hybrid Theory, and to Parfit's problem of the Repugnant Conclusion.Less
Returns to a problem first raised in Ch. 8, namely, reconciling the existence of prerogatives not to maximize overall good (allowing for some such acts to be supererogatory) with restrictions on the pursuit of one's personal good. This problem becomes especially pressing since, despite the earlier emphasis on the existence of restrictions to pursuing the greater good, it is sometimes the case that greater good may permissibly take precedence over restrictions, for example, negative and positive duties (obligations) or rights; if personal good may take precedence over greater good (allowing some acts for greater good to be supererogatory), and these supererogatory acts may take precedence over restrictions, why may not personal good take precedence over restrictions — why does transitivity fail here? An attempt is made to prove each premise in this argument separately, and the associated objections and duties are presented. The third section of the chapter considers whether the intransitivity arises only because different factors account for precedence relations in each step of the argument, or whether the results obtained in the first two sections of the chapter are more general, and, indeed, another instance of the Principle of Contextual Interaction; consideration is also given to whether the intransitivities discussed share the cycling property characteristic of other intransitivities. Concludes by applying these results to a further discussion of those who never allow duty to be subordinated to supererogation, to Scheffler's Hybrid Theory, and to Parfit's problem of the Repugnant Conclusion.
Daniel Martin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628462340
- eISBN:
- 9781626746787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628462340.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
This chapter considers the superhero in transnational Japanese-Korean animation, focusing on the feature film Blade of the Phantom Master (2004). A Japanese-South Korean co-production, this animated ...
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This chapter considers the superhero in transnational Japanese-Korean animation, focusing on the feature film Blade of the Phantom Master (2004). A Japanese-South Korean co-production, this animated film offers a fantasy-action retelling of the iconic Korean folktale Chunhyang. Thus, this film is a revealing case of the cultural translation and transnational re-imagining of Korean literature and myth. This chapter covers the adaptation process, and examines the ways in which the specifically Korean aspects of the narrative and characters have been modified and adapted to reach a wider international audience. In particular, the recasting of the virtuous maiden Chunhyang as a fetishized super-ninja is shown to be particularly problematic. Rather than representing a step forward for Korean animation abroad, the film rewrites a Korean folktale for an international audience, drawing on the conventions of Japanese anime to create a new hybrid media for a global market.Less
This chapter considers the superhero in transnational Japanese-Korean animation, focusing on the feature film Blade of the Phantom Master (2004). A Japanese-South Korean co-production, this animated film offers a fantasy-action retelling of the iconic Korean folktale Chunhyang. Thus, this film is a revealing case of the cultural translation and transnational re-imagining of Korean literature and myth. This chapter covers the adaptation process, and examines the ways in which the specifically Korean aspects of the narrative and characters have been modified and adapted to reach a wider international audience. In particular, the recasting of the virtuous maiden Chunhyang as a fetishized super-ninja is shown to be particularly problematic. Rather than representing a step forward for Korean animation abroad, the film rewrites a Korean folktale for an international audience, drawing on the conventions of Japanese anime to create a new hybrid media for a global market.
F. M. Kamm
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195144024
- eISBN:
- 9780199870998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195144023.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The first three chapters of Part III of the book (Chs 8–10) examine the question of whether it is morally permissible to treat people in ways ruled out by the Principle of Permissible Harm (PPH; this ...
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The first three chapters of Part III of the book (Chs 8–10) examine the question of whether it is morally permissible to treat people in ways ruled out by the Principle of Permissible Harm (PPH; this was introduced in Ch. 7 and provides an account of certain restrictions/constraints on killing) only for the sake of minimizing violations of the PPH itself, or whether there is a constraint on doing this. Ch. 8 first examines the arguments Samuel Scheffler presents against both restrictions and constraints, and his defence of prerogatives not to maximize good or minimize harm (his Hybrid Theory); since Scheffler's views on prerogatives are in some ways related to those of Bernard Williams, the latter's views on integrity are also considered. The criticism made of Scheffler in Sect. I of this chapter is concerned with his view of the supposed gulf between prerogatives and restrictions, and consideration is given to whether too great an emphasis on an active/passive distinction does not underlie his strong opposition to restrictions and whether (by a transitivity argument) he is committed to no restrictions even in pursuing personal non‐optimal projects. Possible similarities between prerogatives and restrictions (or constraints) are considered, but the focus is on crucial differences with respect to minimizing the violation of prerogatives and restrictions, these differences giving rise to what are called the Value and Selection Problems; solutions to the Selection Problem based on asymmetries in victims and differentiation between agents are considered. Sect. II of the chapter re‐examines the foundations of a prerogative (not to maximize good or to minimize harm) that Scheffler located in the personal point of view (PPV); rejecting the sufficiency of Scheffler's account, the chapter focuses on freedom of choice over entitlements in creatures who are ends‐in‐themselves, discussing briefly the idea of reasons generated from the PPV in such creatures; finally, an examination is made of the arguments Shelly Kagan has constructed for and against prerogatives, including the Negative and Positive Arguments, and the Argument from Vividness.Less
The first three chapters of Part III of the book (Chs 8–10) examine the question of whether it is morally permissible to treat people in ways ruled out by the Principle of Permissible Harm (PPH; this was introduced in Ch. 7 and provides an account of certain restrictions/constraints on killing) only for the sake of minimizing violations of the PPH itself, or whether there is a constraint on doing this. Ch. 8 first examines the arguments Samuel Scheffler presents against both restrictions and constraints, and his defence of prerogatives not to maximize good or minimize harm (his Hybrid Theory); since Scheffler's views on prerogatives are in some ways related to those of Bernard Williams, the latter's views on integrity are also considered. The criticism made of Scheffler in Sect. I of this chapter is concerned with his view of the supposed gulf between prerogatives and restrictions, and consideration is given to whether too great an emphasis on an active/passive distinction does not underlie his strong opposition to restrictions and whether (by a transitivity argument) he is committed to no restrictions even in pursuing personal non‐optimal projects. Possible similarities between prerogatives and restrictions (or constraints) are considered, but the focus is on crucial differences with respect to minimizing the violation of prerogatives and restrictions, these differences giving rise to what are called the Value and Selection Problems; solutions to the Selection Problem based on asymmetries in victims and differentiation between agents are considered. Sect. II of the chapter re‐examines the foundations of a prerogative (not to maximize good or to minimize harm) that Scheffler located in the personal point of view (PPV); rejecting the sufficiency of Scheffler's account, the chapter focuses on freedom of choice over entitlements in creatures who are ends‐in‐themselves, discussing briefly the idea of reasons generated from the PPV in such creatures; finally, an examination is made of the arguments Shelly Kagan has constructed for and against prerogatives, including the Negative and Positive Arguments, and the Argument from Vividness.
Stefan Schaefer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199691609
- eISBN:
- 9780191731792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691609.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This tutorial gives a practical introduction to the Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm and the analysis of Monte Carlo data. The method is exemplified at the ϕ 4 theory, for which all steps from the ...
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This tutorial gives a practical introduction to the Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm and the analysis of Monte Carlo data. The method is exemplified at the ϕ 4 theory, for which all steps from the derivation of the relevant formulae to the actual implementation in a computer program are discussed in detail. It concludes with the analysis of Monte Carlo data, in particular their auto-correlations.Less
This tutorial gives a practical introduction to the Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm and the analysis of Monte Carlo data. The method is exemplified at the ϕ 4 theory, for which all steps from the derivation of the relevant formulae to the actual implementation in a computer program are discussed in detail. It concludes with the analysis of Monte Carlo data, in particular their auto-correlations.
Bob Smale
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529204070
- eISBN:
- 9781529204117
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529204070.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter explores industrial and occupational union identities because it was observed that more than half of certified unions draw upon both occupational and industrial sources of identity. ...
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This chapter explores industrial and occupational union identities because it was observed that more than half of certified unions draw upon both occupational and industrial sources of identity. ‘Occupational / industrial union identity’ is projected by unions which either represent a single occupation within an industry, as with PFA, or a closely related group of occupations, as exemplified by Equity. ‘Industrial union identity’ is projected by unions organising a broad range of occupations within an industry, as with RMT. ‘Professional union identity’ is recognised as a subcategory of ‘occupational union identity’, with unions including BMA projecting a distinct range of characteristics, including a requirement for professional qualification and concern over professional issues and standards. The chapter explores the observable characteristics of industrial / occupational union identity together with the impact of mergers, membership benefits, affiliations and political alignment. It recognises that some unions project a ‘hybrid union identity’ in having servicing arrangements with other unions. ‘Protest union identity’ is projected by unions that demonstrate an antipathy to political affiliation and industrial action, providing a benign alternative to other unions within competitive sectors, whilst ‘clandestine union identity’ is applied to unions avoiding recognition as trade unions.Less
This chapter explores industrial and occupational union identities because it was observed that more than half of certified unions draw upon both occupational and industrial sources of identity. ‘Occupational / industrial union identity’ is projected by unions which either represent a single occupation within an industry, as with PFA, or a closely related group of occupations, as exemplified by Equity. ‘Industrial union identity’ is projected by unions organising a broad range of occupations within an industry, as with RMT. ‘Professional union identity’ is recognised as a subcategory of ‘occupational union identity’, with unions including BMA projecting a distinct range of characteristics, including a requirement for professional qualification and concern over professional issues and standards. The chapter explores the observable characteristics of industrial / occupational union identity together with the impact of mergers, membership benefits, affiliations and political alignment. It recognises that some unions project a ‘hybrid union identity’ in having servicing arrangements with other unions. ‘Protest union identity’ is projected by unions that demonstrate an antipathy to political affiliation and industrial action, providing a benign alternative to other unions within competitive sectors, whilst ‘clandestine union identity’ is applied to unions avoiding recognition as trade unions.
Peter Jaeger
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474440387
- eISBN:
- 9781474481236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474440387.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This hybrid creative-critical chapter considers the work of American poet and scholar Charles Bernstein. The chapter is modelled formally on Walter Benjamin’s The Arcades Project and its use of found ...
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This hybrid creative-critical chapter considers the work of American poet and scholar Charles Bernstein. The chapter is modelled formally on Walter Benjamin’s The Arcades Project and its use of found text to construct a critical montage. Benjamin’s influence on Bernstein can be dated to the late 1970s; the chapter begins with Bernstein’s early interest in Benjamin, and then tracks that interest throughout his poetry and poetics. The chapter also includes a discussion of Bernstein’s 2004 opera libretto Shadowtime, written for the music of English composer Brian Ferneyhough. This opera is based on Benjamin’s life and work.Less
This hybrid creative-critical chapter considers the work of American poet and scholar Charles Bernstein. The chapter is modelled formally on Walter Benjamin’s The Arcades Project and its use of found text to construct a critical montage. Benjamin’s influence on Bernstein can be dated to the late 1970s; the chapter begins with Bernstein’s early interest in Benjamin, and then tracks that interest throughout his poetry and poetics. The chapter also includes a discussion of Bernstein’s 2004 opera libretto Shadowtime, written for the music of English composer Brian Ferneyhough. This opera is based on Benjamin’s life and work.
Kim Munro
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474419475
- eISBN:
- 9781474444699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474419475.003.0006
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This essay discusses how feminist filmmaking techniques embody the explicit construction of identity through a shared and collaborative approach to subject participation and performance in relation ...
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This essay discusses how feminist filmmaking techniques embody the explicit construction of identity through a shared and collaborative approach to subject participation and performance in relation to ideas around ‘voice’. It highlights the use of ‘hybrid’ practices and border-crossing in film and art processes. The author shows how strategies of participation and performance allow for non-binary complexities and voice-making to emerge.Less
This essay discusses how feminist filmmaking techniques embody the explicit construction of identity through a shared and collaborative approach to subject participation and performance in relation to ideas around ‘voice’. It highlights the use of ‘hybrid’ practices and border-crossing in film and art processes. The author shows how strategies of participation and performance allow for non-binary complexities and voice-making to emerge.
Laurence Broers
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474450522
- eISBN:
- 9781474476546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450522.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the much-debated question of conflict and democratization. It argues that over its first quarter-century the Armenian-Azerbaijani rivalry was sustained by the interactions of ...
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This chapter examines the much-debated question of conflict and democratization. It argues that over its first quarter-century the Armenian-Azerbaijani rivalry was sustained by the interactions of two hybrid regimes, in which authoritarian leaders were secure enough to secure power but not to enforce unpopular compromise. It then examines the roles of informal power structures and the persistent insecurity generated by prolonged militarised competition. It argues that while the causal relationship between regime type and rivalry is complex, over the long-term insecurity has provided important resources to authoritarian regimes ‘demobilizing’ constituencies for reform and democratic change. The chapter acknowledges revolutionary changes in Armenia in 2018, while highlighting the capacity of enduring rivalries to outlast democratic openings and remain stable across mixed-regime dyads.Less
This chapter examines the much-debated question of conflict and democratization. It argues that over its first quarter-century the Armenian-Azerbaijani rivalry was sustained by the interactions of two hybrid regimes, in which authoritarian leaders were secure enough to secure power but not to enforce unpopular compromise. It then examines the roles of informal power structures and the persistent insecurity generated by prolonged militarised competition. It argues that while the causal relationship between regime type and rivalry is complex, over the long-term insecurity has provided important resources to authoritarian regimes ‘demobilizing’ constituencies for reform and democratic change. The chapter acknowledges revolutionary changes in Armenia in 2018, while highlighting the capacity of enduring rivalries to outlast democratic openings and remain stable across mixed-regime dyads.
Hettie V. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781628460216
- eISBN:
- 9781626740426
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628460216.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter advances the idea that Barack Obama’s self-identity, as based on his writings, speeches and public statements, may be characterized as a type of hybrid fluidity as opposed to the hybrid ...
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This chapter advances the idea that Barack Obama’s self-identity, as based on his writings, speeches and public statements, may be characterized as a type of hybrid fluidity as opposed to the hybrid fixity sometimes expressed in black/white multiracial identity. In other words, hybrid fixity tends to focus on one’s multiraciality as the primary vehicle for self-identification and actualization. Obama’s composite identity includes a mixed race dimension as merely one component of a more encompassing hybridity, which also embraces his subjectivity as local (African American), and transnational (world citizen). Obama’s hybrid fluidity is deployed in his autobiographical writings.Less
This chapter advances the idea that Barack Obama’s self-identity, as based on his writings, speeches and public statements, may be characterized as a type of hybrid fluidity as opposed to the hybrid fixity sometimes expressed in black/white multiracial identity. In other words, hybrid fixity tends to focus on one’s multiraciality as the primary vehicle for self-identification and actualization. Obama’s composite identity includes a mixed race dimension as merely one component of a more encompassing hybridity, which also embraces his subjectivity as local (African American), and transnational (world citizen). Obama’s hybrid fluidity is deployed in his autobiographical writings.
Peter B. Tinker and Peter Nye
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195124927
- eISBN:
- 9780197561324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195124927.003.0005
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Soil Science
The art and study of plant nutrition go back at least to Roman times, as essential parts of the business of producing food. This long historical perspective can ...
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The art and study of plant nutrition go back at least to Roman times, as essential parts of the business of producing food. This long historical perspective can usefully be studied now, when plant nutrition is largely a matter of science in its principles, but still, to a surprising extent, an art in its application, even in developed countries. In the past, the delay between a scientific advance and the application in practical agriculture was usually many decades. Thus, the rates of fertilizer used by Lawes (Johnston 1994) in experiments in 1850 were not applied widely in practice until after 1950. The movement to precision agriculture may now take the final step to a full science-based nutrition of plants in the field. For these reasons, we have thought it worthwhile to give a highly condensed outline of the history of scientific advance in our subject. It is now generally accepted that under given growth conditions, uptake of a solute by roots is related to its concentration in the soil solution and the extent to which this, in turn, is buffered by the soil. Though these apparently simple ideas were advanced more than a century and a half ago, only recently have they been defined clearly enough to form a basis for detailed understanding of the effect of solutes on plants grown in the soil. These ideas have, in particular, been obscured by specific effects of roots with their associated rhizosphere organisms: for roots not only vary widely in their response to solute concentration, but also alter near them the soil properties we measure in the bulk of the soil. Thus, it is only since the 1950s that we have come within reach of the objective clearly set us by Liebig in 1840 when he wrote: ‘A rational system of agriculture must be based on an exact acquaintance with the means of nutrition of vegetables, and with the influence of soils and action of manure upon them’. The history of ideas about soil and plant relations has been well described by Russell (1937) and Wild (1988) for the period up to the beginning of the twentieth century.
Less
The art and study of plant nutrition go back at least to Roman times, as essential parts of the business of producing food. This long historical perspective can usefully be studied now, when plant nutrition is largely a matter of science in its principles, but still, to a surprising extent, an art in its application, even in developed countries. In the past, the delay between a scientific advance and the application in practical agriculture was usually many decades. Thus, the rates of fertilizer used by Lawes (Johnston 1994) in experiments in 1850 were not applied widely in practice until after 1950. The movement to precision agriculture may now take the final step to a full science-based nutrition of plants in the field. For these reasons, we have thought it worthwhile to give a highly condensed outline of the history of scientific advance in our subject. It is now generally accepted that under given growth conditions, uptake of a solute by roots is related to its concentration in the soil solution and the extent to which this, in turn, is buffered by the soil. Though these apparently simple ideas were advanced more than a century and a half ago, only recently have they been defined clearly enough to form a basis for detailed understanding of the effect of solutes on plants grown in the soil. These ideas have, in particular, been obscured by specific effects of roots with their associated rhizosphere organisms: for roots not only vary widely in their response to solute concentration, but also alter near them the soil properties we measure in the bulk of the soil. Thus, it is only since the 1950s that we have come within reach of the objective clearly set us by Liebig in 1840 when he wrote: ‘A rational system of agriculture must be based on an exact acquaintance with the means of nutrition of vegetables, and with the influence of soils and action of manure upon them’. The history of ideas about soil and plant relations has been well described by Russell (1937) and Wild (1988) for the period up to the beginning of the twentieth century.
Banu Özkazanç-Pan
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529204544
- eISBN:
- 9781529204582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529204544.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter focuses on hybrid selves, a new kind of self that arises as a result of the distinct context, experiences and set of social and material practices that a person engages in to understand ...
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This chapter focuses on hybrid selves, a new kind of self that arises as a result of the distinct context, experiences and set of social and material practices that a person engages in to understand themselves and those around them. While there are many different ways to define hybrid, its use here examines those novel socio-cultural transformations, combinations and “mixings” that take shape at the moment of cultural encounter. Hybrid selves form differently even if facing the same set of circumstances and conditions such studying the everyday lives of business people can elucidate the repertoires of actions that they embody and eschew. By outlining the main tenets of hybrid selves, this chapter challenges conceptualizations of ‘self’ that are based on static notions of identity which limit how we can understand people. It provides examples and comparative illustrations of hybrid selves and contrasts them with research that aims to study similar people in diversity and cross-cultural management. The chapter points out main differences between hybrid selves and bi-cultural or multicultural notions of identity that generally offer hyphenation as a solution to the complex ways people may understand themselves.Less
This chapter focuses on hybrid selves, a new kind of self that arises as a result of the distinct context, experiences and set of social and material practices that a person engages in to understand themselves and those around them. While there are many different ways to define hybrid, its use here examines those novel socio-cultural transformations, combinations and “mixings” that take shape at the moment of cultural encounter. Hybrid selves form differently even if facing the same set of circumstances and conditions such studying the everyday lives of business people can elucidate the repertoires of actions that they embody and eschew. By outlining the main tenets of hybrid selves, this chapter challenges conceptualizations of ‘self’ that are based on static notions of identity which limit how we can understand people. It provides examples and comparative illustrations of hybrid selves and contrasts them with research that aims to study similar people in diversity and cross-cultural management. The chapter points out main differences between hybrid selves and bi-cultural or multicultural notions of identity that generally offer hyphenation as a solution to the complex ways people may understand themselves.
Joan Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496811523
- eISBN:
- 9781496811561
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496811523.003.0018
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
Joan Gordon’s “Intersubjectivity and Cultural Exchange in Kij Johnson’s Novels of Japan” provides an illuminating reading of Kij Johnson’s innovative exploration of human and nonhuman animal ...
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Joan Gordon’s “Intersubjectivity and Cultural Exchange in Kij Johnson’s Novels of Japan” provides an illuminating reading of Kij Johnson’s innovative exploration of human and nonhuman animal subjectivities in The Fox Woman (2000) and Fudoki (2003). Gordon highlights Johnson’s use of traditional Japanese autobiographical literary forms to bridge gaps not only between an assumed Western contemporary audience and the medieval Japanese setting of her novels, but also between humans and nonhuman animals. These Japanese forms, using the careful eye of the observer and internal examinations of individual subjects, engages what Gordon calls the amborg gaze, and collapses the division between subject and object in human/other animal relations and, perhaps, in relations between humans of different cultures.Less
Joan Gordon’s “Intersubjectivity and Cultural Exchange in Kij Johnson’s Novels of Japan” provides an illuminating reading of Kij Johnson’s innovative exploration of human and nonhuman animal subjectivities in The Fox Woman (2000) and Fudoki (2003). Gordon highlights Johnson’s use of traditional Japanese autobiographical literary forms to bridge gaps not only between an assumed Western contemporary audience and the medieval Japanese setting of her novels, but also between humans and nonhuman animals. These Japanese forms, using the careful eye of the observer and internal examinations of individual subjects, engages what Gordon calls the amborg gaze, and collapses the division between subject and object in human/other animal relations and, perhaps, in relations between humans of different cultures.
Martin Ruivenkamp and Arie Rip
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262525381
- eISBN:
- 9780262319157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262525381.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
This chapter discusses the role of images in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology includes an array of scientific and engineering fields in which researchers observe and manipulate materials at or near the ...
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This chapter discusses the role of images in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology includes an array of scientific and engineering fields in which researchers observe and manipulate materials at or near the nanometer scale (one billionth of a meter). The very idea of visualizing nanoscale phenomena is controversial, as such phenomena are far smaller than a wavelength of light; nevertheless, nanoimages are ubiquitous in research articles, press releases, and other displays of nanoscale phenomena. This chapter shows how such images often take a hybrid form, freely combining elements of traditional scientific representation with speculative portrayals that showcase promised and imagined possibilities. Three emerging genre of nanoimages are presented, and the authors critically discuss the possibility that they exemplify a new mode of scientific representation.Less
This chapter discusses the role of images in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology includes an array of scientific and engineering fields in which researchers observe and manipulate materials at or near the nanometer scale (one billionth of a meter). The very idea of visualizing nanoscale phenomena is controversial, as such phenomena are far smaller than a wavelength of light; nevertheless, nanoimages are ubiquitous in research articles, press releases, and other displays of nanoscale phenomena. This chapter shows how such images often take a hybrid form, freely combining elements of traditional scientific representation with speculative portrayals that showcase promised and imagined possibilities. Three emerging genre of nanoimages are presented, and the authors critically discuss the possibility that they exemplify a new mode of scientific representation.
Ofer Fridman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190877378
- eISBN:
- 9780190943103
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190877378.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
During the last decade, 'Hybrid Warfare' has become a novel yet controversial term in academic, political and professional military lexicons, intended to suggest some sort of mix between different ...
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During the last decade, 'Hybrid Warfare' has become a novel yet controversial term in academic, political and professional military lexicons, intended to suggest some sort of mix between different military and non-military means and methods of confrontation. Enthusiastic discussion of the notion has been undermined by conceptual vagueness and political manipulation, particularly since the onset of the Ukrainian crisis in early 2014, as ideas about Hybrid Warfare engulf Russia and the West, especially in the media. Western defense and political specialists analyzing Russian responses to the crisis have been quick to confirm that Hybrid Warfare is the Kremlin's main strategy in the twenty-first century. But many respected Russian strategists and political observers contend that it is the West that has been waging Hybrid War, Gibridnaya Voyna, since the end of the Cold War. In this highly topical book, Ofer Fridman offers a clear delineation of the conceptual debates about Hybrid Warfare. What leads Russian experts to say that the West is conducting a Gibridnaya Voyna against Russia, and what do they mean by it? Why do Western observers claim that the Kremlin engages in Hybrid Warfare? And, beyond terminology, is this something genuinely new?Less
During the last decade, 'Hybrid Warfare' has become a novel yet controversial term in academic, political and professional military lexicons, intended to suggest some sort of mix between different military and non-military means and methods of confrontation. Enthusiastic discussion of the notion has been undermined by conceptual vagueness and political manipulation, particularly since the onset of the Ukrainian crisis in early 2014, as ideas about Hybrid Warfare engulf Russia and the West, especially in the media. Western defense and political specialists analyzing Russian responses to the crisis have been quick to confirm that Hybrid Warfare is the Kremlin's main strategy in the twenty-first century. But many respected Russian strategists and political observers contend that it is the West that has been waging Hybrid War, Gibridnaya Voyna, since the end of the Cold War. In this highly topical book, Ofer Fridman offers a clear delineation of the conceptual debates about Hybrid Warfare. What leads Russian experts to say that the West is conducting a Gibridnaya Voyna against Russia, and what do they mean by it? Why do Western observers claim that the Kremlin engages in Hybrid Warfare? And, beyond terminology, is this something genuinely new?
Carmelo Giacovazzo
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199686995
- eISBN:
- 9780191918377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199686995.003.0012
- Subject:
- Chemistry, Crystallography: Chemistry
The title of this chapter may seem a little strange; it relates Fourier syntheses, an algebraic method for calculating electron densities, to the joint probability ...
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The title of this chapter may seem a little strange; it relates Fourier syntheses, an algebraic method for calculating electron densities, to the joint probability distribution functions of structure factors, which are devoted to the probabilistic estimate of s.i.s and s.s.s. We will see that the two topics are strictly related, and that optimization of the Fourier syntheses requires previous knowledge and the use of joint probability distributions. The distributions used in Chapters 4 to 6 are able to estimate s.i. or s.s. by exploiting the information contained in the experimental diffraction moduli of the target structure (the structure one wants to phase). An important tool for such distributions are the theories of neighbourhoods and of representations, which allow us to arrange, for each invariant or seminvariant Φ, the set of amplitudes in a sequence of shells, each contained within the subsequent shell, with the property that any s.i. or s.s. may be estimated via the magnitudes constituting any shell. The resulting conditional distributions were of the type, . . . P(Φ| {R}), (7.1) . . . where {R} represents the chosen phasing shell for the observed magnitudes. The more information contained within the set of observed moduli {R}, the better will be the Φ estimate. By definition, conditional distributions (7.1) cannot change during the phasing process because prior information (i.e. the observed moduli) does not change; equation (7.1) maintains the same identical algebraic form. However, during any phasing process, various model structures progressively become available, with different degrees of correlation with the target structure. Such models are a source of supplementary information (e.g. the current model phases) which, in principle, can be exploited during the phasing procedure. If this observation is accepted, the method of joint probability distribution, as described so far, should be suitably modified. In a symbolic way, we should look for deriving conditional distributions . . . P (Φ| {R}, {Rp}) , (7.2) . . . rather than (7.1), where {Rp} represents a suitable subset of the amplitudes of the model structure factors. Such an approach modifies the traditional phasing strategy described in the preceding chapters; indeed, the set {Rp} will change during the phasing process in conjunction with the model changes, which will continuously modify the probabilities (7.2).
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The title of this chapter may seem a little strange; it relates Fourier syntheses, an algebraic method for calculating electron densities, to the joint probability distribution functions of structure factors, which are devoted to the probabilistic estimate of s.i.s and s.s.s. We will see that the two topics are strictly related, and that optimization of the Fourier syntheses requires previous knowledge and the use of joint probability distributions. The distributions used in Chapters 4 to 6 are able to estimate s.i. or s.s. by exploiting the information contained in the experimental diffraction moduli of the target structure (the structure one wants to phase). An important tool for such distributions are the theories of neighbourhoods and of representations, which allow us to arrange, for each invariant or seminvariant Φ, the set of amplitudes in a sequence of shells, each contained within the subsequent shell, with the property that any s.i. or s.s. may be estimated via the magnitudes constituting any shell. The resulting conditional distributions were of the type, . . . P(Φ| {R}), (7.1) . . . where {R} represents the chosen phasing shell for the observed magnitudes. The more information contained within the set of observed moduli {R}, the better will be the Φ estimate. By definition, conditional distributions (7.1) cannot change during the phasing process because prior information (i.e. the observed moduli) does not change; equation (7.1) maintains the same identical algebraic form. However, during any phasing process, various model structures progressively become available, with different degrees of correlation with the target structure. Such models are a source of supplementary information (e.g. the current model phases) which, in principle, can be exploited during the phasing procedure. If this observation is accepted, the method of joint probability distribution, as described so far, should be suitably modified. In a symbolic way, we should look for deriving conditional distributions . . . P (Φ| {R}, {Rp}) , (7.2) . . . rather than (7.1), where {Rp} represents a suitable subset of the amplitudes of the model structure factors. Such an approach modifies the traditional phasing strategy described in the preceding chapters; indeed, the set {Rp} will change during the phasing process in conjunction with the model changes, which will continuously modify the probabilities (7.2).
Carmelo Giacovazzo
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199686995
- eISBN:
- 9780191918377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199686995.003.0014
- Subject:
- Chemistry, Crystallography: Chemistry
Direct methods procedures (see Chapter 6) or Patterson techniques (see Chapter 10), primarily the former, have been methods of choice for crystal structure solution of ...
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Direct methods procedures (see Chapter 6) or Patterson techniques (see Chapter 10), primarily the former, have been methods of choice for crystal structure solution of small- to medium-sized molecules from diffraction data. Over the last 30 years, several new phasing algorithms have been proposed, not requiring the use of triplet and quartet invariants, but based only on the properties of Fourier transforms. These were not competitive with direct methods and have never became popular, but they contain a nucleus for further advances. Among these we mention: (i) Bhat (1990) proposed a Metropolis technique (Metropolis et al., 1953; Kirkpatrick et al., 1983; Press et al., 1992), also known as simulated annealing (the reader is referred to Section 12.9 for details on the algorithm). From a random set of phases, an electron density map is calculated, modified, and inverted. The corresponding phases are altered according to the simulated annealing algorithm, and then used to calculate a new electron density map. The procedure is cyclic. (ii) A strictly related simulated annealing procedure has been proposed by Su (1995). The objective function to minimize was . . . R = ∑h (S|Fh|calc − |Fh|obs)2, . . . where S is the scale factor. The scheme is as follows: random atomic positions are generated and in succession shifted; the simulated annealing algorithm is applied to accept or reject atomic shifts. At the end, a new atomic structure is generated, whose positions are shifted in succession, and so on in a cyclic way. (iii) The forced coalescence method (FCP) was proposed by Drendel et al. (1995). Hybrid electron density maps (see Section 7.3.4) were actively used with different values of τ and ω. Even if never popular, the above algorithms opened the way to two other methods which are much more efficient, charge flipping and VLD (vive la difference), to which this chapter is dedicated. Both are based on the properties of the Fourier transform; they do not require the explicit use of structure invariants and seminvariants, or a deep knowledge of their properties. The reader should not, however, conclude that the invariance and seminvariance concepts are not necessary in the handling of these approaches, on the contrary, understanding these basic concepts is essential to the appreciation of these new methods.
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Direct methods procedures (see Chapter 6) or Patterson techniques (see Chapter 10), primarily the former, have been methods of choice for crystal structure solution of small- to medium-sized molecules from diffraction data. Over the last 30 years, several new phasing algorithms have been proposed, not requiring the use of triplet and quartet invariants, but based only on the properties of Fourier transforms. These were not competitive with direct methods and have never became popular, but they contain a nucleus for further advances. Among these we mention: (i) Bhat (1990) proposed a Metropolis technique (Metropolis et al., 1953; Kirkpatrick et al., 1983; Press et al., 1992), also known as simulated annealing (the reader is referred to Section 12.9 for details on the algorithm). From a random set of phases, an electron density map is calculated, modified, and inverted. The corresponding phases are altered according to the simulated annealing algorithm, and then used to calculate a new electron density map. The procedure is cyclic. (ii) A strictly related simulated annealing procedure has been proposed by Su (1995). The objective function to minimize was . . . R = ∑h (S|Fh|calc − |Fh|obs)2, . . . where S is the scale factor. The scheme is as follows: random atomic positions are generated and in succession shifted; the simulated annealing algorithm is applied to accept or reject atomic shifts. At the end, a new atomic structure is generated, whose positions are shifted in succession, and so on in a cyclic way. (iii) The forced coalescence method (FCP) was proposed by Drendel et al. (1995). Hybrid electron density maps (see Section 7.3.4) were actively used with different values of τ and ω. Even if never popular, the above algorithms opened the way to two other methods which are much more efficient, charge flipping and VLD (vive la difference), to which this chapter is dedicated. Both are based on the properties of the Fourier transform; they do not require the explicit use of structure invariants and seminvariants, or a deep knowledge of their properties. The reader should not, however, conclude that the invariance and seminvariance concepts are not necessary in the handling of these approaches, on the contrary, understanding these basic concepts is essential to the appreciation of these new methods.
Paul-Brian McInerney
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785129
- eISBN:
- 9780804789066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785129.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter describes the rise of a challenger organization, called NPower, that took advantage of transformations in the Circuit Rider social movement to rise in prominence. NPower combined some of ...
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This chapter describes the rise of a challenger organization, called NPower, that took advantage of transformations in the Circuit Rider social movement to rise in prominence. NPower combined some of the Circuit Riders’ social values with market values of technology entrepreneurs into a hybrid organizational form: the social enterprise. The result attracted funding from for-profit companies such as Microsoft as well as other large for-profit technology firms. Materially, these resources allowed NPower to grow rapidly and eventually gain national prominence. Symbolically, the support of for-profit firms provided a different basis for moral legitimacy in the nonprofit technology assistance field, moving the account of worth away from the larger social good and into more narrowly defined economic goods, such as efficiency gains.Less
This chapter describes the rise of a challenger organization, called NPower, that took advantage of transformations in the Circuit Rider social movement to rise in prominence. NPower combined some of the Circuit Riders’ social values with market values of technology entrepreneurs into a hybrid organizational form: the social enterprise. The result attracted funding from for-profit companies such as Microsoft as well as other large for-profit technology firms. Materially, these resources allowed NPower to grow rapidly and eventually gain national prominence. Symbolically, the support of for-profit firms provided a different basis for moral legitimacy in the nonprofit technology assistance field, moving the account of worth away from the larger social good and into more narrowly defined economic goods, such as efficiency gains.
