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The West‐German avant‐garde music scene of the early 1970s—the period in which the spirit of the New Left manifested itself most intensively in the musical field—was especially marked by the numerous discussions and debates about the nature of political music, its perfection and failures, conducted by musicians and music writers with endless energy and engagement. This chapter throws light on one of these debates: the argument between Nikolaus A. Huber and Clytus Gottwald in 1971–72 about Huber's composition Harakiri. It investigates the terms of the debate, firstly with regard to the musical facts—and in particular a comparison made at the time between Huber's Harakiri and Hans Otte's contemporary piece, Zero—and secondly with regard to the ideas of Theodor W. Adorno, who provided the New Leftist avant‐gardists with politico‐aesthetical ideas.

Susan Glaspell is well known for the widely anthologized Trifles (1916), and many critics treat the plays as her greatest works because they are an exciting and innovative contribution to American drama. In terms of her fiction, the plays are not a startling flowering or reversal, but can be seen as the thematic and symbolic bridge between Glaspell’s early and late novels. In keeping with this thematic continuum, this chapter discusses the plays that emphasize women, and especially the maternity theme. In these plays, motherhood becomes less connected with sweetness and light, and increasingly related to entrapment and oppression. In contrast to the self-sacrificial struggles of Ernestine Hubers in The Glory of the Conquered (1909) or the long self-immolation of Ruth Holland in Fidelity, Glaspell produces dramatic heroines who begin to realize that in living for others they are destroying themselves.

This chapter analyzes an algorithm suggested by Hendry (1999) for estimation in a regression with more regressors than observations, with the purpose of finding an estimator that is robust to outliers and structural breaks. This estimator is an example of a one-step M-estimator based on Huber's skip function. The asymptotic theory is derived in the situation where there are no outliers or structural breaks using empirical process techniques. Stationary processes, trend stationary autoregressions, and unit root processes are considered.

This chapter defines adic spaces. A scheme is a ringed space which locally looks like the spectrum of a ring. An adic space will be something similar. The chapter then identifies the adic version of “locally ringed space.” Briefly, it is a topologically ringed topological space equipped with valuations. The chapter also reflects on the role of A⁺ in the definition of adic spaces. The subring A⁺ in a Huber pair may seem unnecessary at first: why not just consider all continuous valuations on A? Specifying A⁺ keeps track of which inequalities have been enforced among the continuous valuations. Finally, the chapter differentiates between sheafy and non-sheafy Huber pairs.

Chapter 7 takes off from the discussion of the conflict between community and dissent by examining Protestant theology in its quest to reconcile human freedom with the Christian community of believers. It looks most closely at the works of German Protestant theologian Huber, who takes his point of departure from the so-called Barmen Declaration of 1934 drafted by Karl Barth. The declaration denounced co-optation of Christian churches by the fascist totalitarian state and at the same time vindicated faith as a source of freedom and as a leaven in the cultivation of genuine social solidarity. Unlike Barth and his other predecessors, however, Huber has been willing to embrace some recent philosophical and intellectual innovations. This chapter also discusses how this embrace has led Huber to the formulation of the principle of a “communicative freedom,” where human freedom emerges in engaged communication or dialogue with others without being submerged in a mindless collectivism. Moreover, this chapter describes freedom as denoting a communicative openness to society, world, and the community of believers.

To what extent does the contemporary transnational humanitarian field continue to bear the mark of the religious faith of its founders? This chapter shows that although the field has seen significant upheavals, its core identity and logics have persevered since the late-nineteenth-century. However, humanitarians have continuously disagreed about the ways in which they believed core field values should be realized. The chapter traces the increasing contestation among humanitarian actors over the proper ways to organize their field. It focuses in particular on the 1970s rise of Doctors without Borders, a movement highly critical of Red Cross organizational and ethical logics. The chapter shows that despite the multiple aspirations for revolution, Doctors without Borders had to rely on the existing moral infrastructure laid in place by the Red Cross to gain a prominent standing in the civil sphere.

This chapter reviews the theory of adic spaces as developed by Huber. There are two familiar categories of geometric objects which arise in nonarchimedean geometry: formal schemes and rigid-analytic varieties. The goal is to construct a category of adic spaces which contains both formal schemes and rigid-analytic spaces as full subcategories. Just as formal schemes are built out of affine formal schemes associated to adic rings, and rigid-analytic spaces are built out of affinoid spaces associated to affinoid algebras, adic spaces are built out of affinoid adic spaces, which are associated to pairs of topological rings. The affinoid adic space associated to such a pair is the adic spectrum. The chapter then looks at Huber rings and defines the set of continuous valuations on a Huber ring, which constitute the points of an adic space.

This chapter puts a specific priming effect in memory under the microscope, from a probabilistic point of view. Priming effects in word recognition and memory have typically been viewed as side-effects of the mechanisms of recognition — e.g. as arising from associations between lexical items, which operate automatically. It suggests, instead, that many priming phenomena may arise from the structure of the probabilistic reasoning problem that the perceiver faces. The perceiver has a range of pieces of evidence, but has to infer their likely source. When a piece of evidence from one source is attributed to another, priming may be observed. Huber demonstrates that experimentally observed priming is sensitive to the rational structure of the ‘attribution’ problem, rather than to the operation of mere associative mechanisms.

Few arbitral dicta have been more widely cited, or have come to assume a more important place in international law, than the dictum of Judge Max Huber in the Island of Palmas case. The question Huber was addressing was whether mere discovery had allowed Spain to acquire and retain sovereign title. There are good reasons for thinking that treaties that guarantee human rights — whether expressly or as an incident of their subject matter — fall into a special category so far as inter-temporal rule is concerned. Huber’s dictum in the Island of Palmas case referred to the need for a ‘juridical fact’ to be ‘appreciated’ in the light of the law contemporary with it. How does this bear, if at all, upon the need to interpret treaties and pronounce upon their validity? What is the relationship between ‘appreciation’, ‘interpretation’, and ‘validation’? The International Court of Justice certainly has indicated that the doctrine of international law does apply to treaties.

This chapter discusses function learning methods under covariate shift. Ordinary empirical risk minimization learning is not consistent under covariate shift for misspecified models, and this inconsistency issue can be resolved by considering importance-weighted loss functions. Here, various importance-weighted empirical risk minimization methods are introduced, including least squares and Huber’s method for regression, and Fisher discriminant analysis, logistic regression, support vector machines, and boosting for classification. Their adaptive and regularized variants are also described. The numerical behavior of these importance-weighted learning methods is illustrated through experiments.

Anna Huber's dances begin with a concept that becomes centered in and yet transcends the body. This existential approach to a visceral medium ends in structured dances. It defines the term conceptual art. As experimentally cutting-edge as her work is, it finds a sympathetic audience as well as full government support in Switzerland.

The chapter explores how the emergence of the Revolution as a fight between good and evil affected the potential for citizen participation. It discusses the reorientation of the armed forces and the impact of the Huber Matos affair, the mass demonstration of Catholic and civic activists, and cross-class conspiracies of faith and their consequences. The chapter also investigates the discrediting of public protests critical of state policy, through an analysis of the February 1960 visit of Soviet Vice-Premier Anastas Mikoyan and the demonstrations by students who denounced him for desecrating the legacy of José Martí.

This chapter examines perfectoid spaces. A Huber ring R is Tate if it contains a topologically nilpotent unit; such elements are called pseudo-uniformizers. One can more generally define when an analytic Huber ring is perfectoid. There are also notions of integral perfectoid rings which are not analytic. In this course, the perfectoid rings are all Tate. It would have been possible to proceed with the more general definition of perfectoid ring as a kind of analytic Huber ring. However, being analytic is critical for the purposes of the course. The chapter then looks at tilting and sousperfectoid rings. The class of sousperfectoid rings has good stability properties.

What is health? What is wellbeing? Various definitions of health explored: a common-sense definition first. The health of middle-aged men and the effectiveness (or otherwise) of health and wellbeing programmes (including smartphone apps) in the workplace. US occupational physician, Dr Ray Fabius’ finding that such programmes work only in workplaces with a culture of health. Definition of health: the WHO’s definition (‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’), rejected as an unworkable tool; and one proposed in The Lancet in 2003 as ‘the ability to adapt’. Radically, this definition sees a patient in the context of their current life; the doctor’s role is to help the patient adapt to their prevailing condition. The social determinants of health. Dr Machteld Huber’s definition in The BMJ: ‘health is the ability to adapt and self-manage’. Her subsequent research and definition of six domains in which health manifested. Patients and nurses gave all six about equal weight, but policymakers rated bodily functions as much more important. Doctors rated the spiritual/existential dimension lower than patients. Patient-centred model of medical practice proposed that gives equal weight to all six. Moving towards a positive concept of health. Maslow’s ‘hierarchy of needs’ from his 1943 paper ‘A theory of human motivation’ explained. Professor Martin Seligman, former president of the American Psychological Association, and the concept of flourishing. Seligman’s five components of wellbeing in the PERMA model. Author’s definition of positive health.

“New justice” ideas concerning the validity of post-war prosecution entered the revision of the Geneva Conventions in an expected way. The International Committee of the Red Cross was not willing initially to get involved in war crimes trials after World War Two, considering them exercises in victor's justice. One delegate even lobbied Great Britain to halt war crimes trials. However, other Red Cross officials favored criminal prosecution to ensure compliance with the Geneva Conventions in the future, as long as there were adequate safeguards for the accused. International jurists, some with ties to the Nuremberg proceedings and to international criminal law, supported universal jurisdiction and an international criminal court for violations, but British and U.S. officials opposed them. In the end, the creation of the “grave breaches” provisions in the Geneva Conventions synthesized traditional legal concepts with “new justice” ideas.

This chapter examines the ‘vested or acquired rights’ theory of Professor A. V. Dicey in England and Professor J. H. Beale in the United States, which is traceable to Ulrich Huber (1635-94), a Dutch jurist-cum-judge. Huber’s formulations in respect of the binding force of law in general and conflict of laws in particular is derived from the sovereignty of states which, according to him, is unlimited and absolute. This view is in keeping with Hobbesian theory of sovereignty of states. The chapter aims to impress upon the Indian legal fraternity that it is high time to reorient their attitude and approach to conflict of laws or private international law.

Understanding household farming behavior among smallholders is an essential element of land-change studies inasmuch as a considerable portion of the world is dominated by land-users of this kind. Smallholders (peasants in some literature) are especially important within the tropical forests of Mexico, and the southern Yucatán peninsular region is no exception. This region, as elsewhere in the tropics, is characterized by underdeveloped markets and the consequent partial engagement of frontier farmers as market participants. Sparse exchange opportunities resulting from remoteness, low population density, and poorly developed infrastructure constrain these farmers to maintain a strong focus on consumption production, especially in terms of staple foods. Indeed, until the late 1960s, households in the region were totally subsistence-based and had virtually no experience with the agricultural market. Today, smallholder farmers retain consumption production, though a growing proportion also produce crops for sale. While this dual position in the market and in subsistence is an increasingly prevalent feature of smallholder farmers throughout the developing world, studies of deforestation commonly ascribe to them a wholly commercial orientation by employing profit-maximizing theoretical structures as a basis for econometrically modeling their land-use decisions (e.g. Chomitz and Gray 1996; Cropper, Griffiths, and Mani 1999; Cropper, Puri, and Griffiths 2001; Nelson, Harris, and Stone 2001; Nelson and Hellerstein 1997; Panayotou and Sungsuwan 1994; Pfaff 1999). In essence, the assertion of profit-maximization rests on the assumption that agents are fully engaged in markets, from which it follows that production, being strictly a function of farm technology and exogenously given input and output prices, is entirely independent of consumption and labor supply (Barnum and Squire 1979). This chapter explores the implications of relaxing the perfect-markets assumption for the modeling of semi-subsistence and commercial land-use decisions. By introducing variables measuring the consumption side of the colonist household, evidence is presented to suggest that, consistent with mixed or hybrid production themes (e.g. Singh, Squire, and Strauss 1986; Turner and Brush 1987), farmers operating in a context of thin product and/or labor markets do not exhibit behavior corresponding to that of a commercially oriented profit-maximizing farm.