RAIMO VÄYRYNEN
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297390
- eISBN:
- 9780191685323
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297390.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the concepts and issues related to the so-called complex humanitarian emergencies. It explains that complex humanitarian emergencies are the ultimate manifestation of the ...
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This chapter examines the concepts and issues related to the so-called complex humanitarian emergencies. It explains that complex humanitarian emergencies are the ultimate manifestation of the economic fragmentation, political turmoil, and human suffering that are spreading in the less developed parts of the world. It analyses various cases of complex humanitarian emergencies during the 1990s, which were mostly in Central Asia, the Horn of Africa, and West Africa.Less
This chapter examines the concepts and issues related to the so-called complex humanitarian emergencies. It explains that complex humanitarian emergencies are the ultimate manifestation of the economic fragmentation, political turmoil, and human suffering that are spreading in the less developed parts of the world. It analyses various cases of complex humanitarian emergencies during the 1990s, which were mostly in Central Asia, the Horn of Africa, and West Africa.
Amanda Kay McVety
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199796915
- eISBN:
- 9780199933266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199796915.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, World Modern History
World War II changed Ethiopia’s place in the world, making it suddenly valuable to the larger powers in a way that it had never been in the past. Haile Selassie used this to his advantage, working ...
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World War II changed Ethiopia’s place in the world, making it suddenly valuable to the larger powers in a way that it had never been in the past. Haile Selassie used this to his advantage, working diligently throughout the 1940s to convince the U.S. government that he and his nation could be valuable allies. Growing tensions with the Soviet Union and the presence of an Italian-made radio surveillance base in Asmara played right into his hands, ensuring that he remained in control of Ethiopia and that Ethiopia remained in control of Eritrea. The Cold War altered Haile Selassie’s fate, securing his status as emperor. Influential in both Africa and the Middle East, Ethiopia suddenly mattered in Washington.Less
World War II changed Ethiopia’s place in the world, making it suddenly valuable to the larger powers in a way that it had never been in the past. Haile Selassie used this to his advantage, working diligently throughout the 1940s to convince the U.S. government that he and his nation could be valuable allies. Growing tensions with the Soviet Union and the presence of an Italian-made radio surveillance base in Asmara played right into his hands, ensuring that he remained in control of Ethiopia and that Ethiopia remained in control of Eritrea. The Cold War altered Haile Selassie’s fate, securing his status as emperor. Influential in both Africa and the Middle East, Ethiopia suddenly mattered in Washington.
Samson A. Bezabeh
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789774167294
- eISBN:
- 9781617976797
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774167294.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
Although the Horn of Africa was historically one of the earliest destinations for Yemeni migrants, it has been overlooked by scholars, who have otherwise meticulously documented the Yemeni presence ...
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Although the Horn of Africa was historically one of the earliest destinations for Yemeni migrants, it has been overlooked by scholars, who have otherwise meticulously documented the Yemeni presence in the Indian Ocean region. This book examines the interaction of the Yemeni diaspora with states and empires in Djibouti and Ethiopia from the early twentieth century, when European powers began to colonize the region. In doing so, it aims to counter a dominant perspective in Indian Ocean studies that regards migrants across the region as by-products of personal networks and local oceanic systems, which according to most scholarship led to cosmopolitan spaces and hybrid cultures. The book argues that far from being free from the restrictions of state and empire, these migrant communities were constrained, and their agency structured, by their interactions with the institutions and relations of states and empires in the region. The book documents a largely forgotten period in the history of Yemeni migration as well as contributing to the wider debates on class, citizenship, and ethnicity in relation to diaspora groups. It will appeal to specialists in Middle East studies and to those who study the Indian Ocean and Horn of Africa regions, as well as to migration and diaspora studies scholars, nongovernmental organizations, and policy makers concerned with the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region.Less
Although the Horn of Africa was historically one of the earliest destinations for Yemeni migrants, it has been overlooked by scholars, who have otherwise meticulously documented the Yemeni presence in the Indian Ocean region. This book examines the interaction of the Yemeni diaspora with states and empires in Djibouti and Ethiopia from the early twentieth century, when European powers began to colonize the region. In doing so, it aims to counter a dominant perspective in Indian Ocean studies that regards migrants across the region as by-products of personal networks and local oceanic systems, which according to most scholarship led to cosmopolitan spaces and hybrid cultures. The book argues that far from being free from the restrictions of state and empire, these migrant communities were constrained, and their agency structured, by their interactions with the institutions and relations of states and empires in the region. The book documents a largely forgotten period in the history of Yemeni migration as well as contributing to the wider debates on class, citizenship, and ethnicity in relation to diaspora groups. It will appeal to specialists in Middle East studies and to those who study the Indian Ocean and Horn of Africa regions, as well as to migration and diaspora studies scholars, nongovernmental organizations, and policy makers concerned with the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region.
Gebru Tareke
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300141634
- eISBN:
- 9780300156157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300141634.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
In mid-1977, the Democratic Republic of Somalia invaded Ethiopia in order to annex the Ogaden, a territory that it had coveted since the 1960s on ethnic and cultural grounds. The invasion, seen as a ...
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In mid-1977, the Democratic Republic of Somalia invaded Ethiopia in order to annex the Ogaden, a territory that it had coveted since the 1960s on ethnic and cultural grounds. The invasion, seen as a first step toward the establishment of a Greater Somalia coextensive with the Somali people in the Horn of Africa, ignited a major war of attrition that dragged many external actors into the fray. However, Somalia's military dictator, Siyad Barre, never expected that Ethiopia would get massive support from socialist countries, particularly Cuba and the Soviet Union. Ethiopia would go on to crush and repel Barre's invading army, becoming the most militarized and powerful state in the Horn of Africa after the conflict.Less
In mid-1977, the Democratic Republic of Somalia invaded Ethiopia in order to annex the Ogaden, a territory that it had coveted since the 1960s on ethnic and cultural grounds. The invasion, seen as a first step toward the establishment of a Greater Somalia coextensive with the Somali people in the Horn of Africa, ignited a major war of attrition that dragged many external actors into the fray. However, Somalia's military dictator, Siyad Barre, never expected that Ethiopia would get massive support from socialist countries, particularly Cuba and the Soviet Union. Ethiopia would go on to crush and repel Barre's invading army, becoming the most militarized and powerful state in the Horn of Africa after the conflict.
Afyare A. Elmi
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190916688
- eISBN:
- 9780190942984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190916688.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
The Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean have always been vital routes for world navigation and traveling. These waters are particularly important for most of the countries in the Middle East and ...
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The Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean have always been vital routes for world navigation and traveling. These waters are particularly important for most of the countries in the Middle East and North Africa. This chapter examines the geopolitics of maritime piracy and IUU fishing in the Horn of Africa waters. First, the chapter provides historical background on maritime piracy in Somalia, arguing that this is a new phenomenon in the region. Second, it discusses the extent of illegal fishing in Somali waters. Third, it assesses the political and economic explanations for clandestine maritime activities of statelessness, illegal fishing, toxic waste dumping, and poverty. Fourth, the chapter analyzes the implications of piracy and illegal fishing for the MENA region.Less
The Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean have always been vital routes for world navigation and traveling. These waters are particularly important for most of the countries in the Middle East and North Africa. This chapter examines the geopolitics of maritime piracy and IUU fishing in the Horn of Africa waters. First, the chapter provides historical background on maritime piracy in Somalia, arguing that this is a new phenomenon in the region. Second, it discusses the extent of illegal fishing in Somali waters. Third, it assesses the political and economic explanations for clandestine maritime activities of statelessness, illegal fishing, toxic waste dumping, and poverty. Fourth, the chapter analyzes the implications of piracy and illegal fishing for the MENA region.
Samson A. Bezabeh
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789774167294
- eISBN:
- 9781617976797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774167294.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This introductory chapter lays out the groundwork for this volume's primary argument regarding the role that states and empires play in structuring the Yemeni diasporic community. Diasporic groups, ...
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This introductory chapter lays out the groundwork for this volume's primary argument regarding the role that states and empires play in structuring the Yemeni diasporic community. Diasporic groups, which are generated outside the direct involvement of empires, have not been looked at in terms of the structuring power of empire and state. Hence the chapter jumpstarts this discussion by reviewing the prevailing literature concerning Yemenis or Hadrami—the people who are the focus of this book—and how they are considered in relation to state power. And given the book's particular focus on Yemeni interactions with states and empires in the Horn of Africa, this chapter also presents a brief historical overview of the involvement of empires and the formation of the state in the area.Less
This introductory chapter lays out the groundwork for this volume's primary argument regarding the role that states and empires play in structuring the Yemeni diasporic community. Diasporic groups, which are generated outside the direct involvement of empires, have not been looked at in terms of the structuring power of empire and state. Hence the chapter jumpstarts this discussion by reviewing the prevailing literature concerning Yemenis or Hadrami—the people who are the focus of this book—and how they are considered in relation to state power. And given the book's particular focus on Yemeni interactions with states and empires in the Horn of Africa, this chapter also presents a brief historical overview of the involvement of empires and the formation of the state in the area.
Ilya Gridneff
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190916688
- eISBN:
- 9780190942984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190916688.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
This chapter argues that the charcoal trade exposes Somalia’s political economy as a driver of persistent conflict fueled by competing local, regional, and international interests. Of particular note ...
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This chapter argues that the charcoal trade exposes Somalia’s political economy as a driver of persistent conflict fueled by competing local, regional, and international interests. Of particular note is the tendency of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states to buy Somalia’s charcoal, whether licit or illicit, for domestic use: such commercial activity contributes to the country’s regressive imbalances. At the same time, GCC states jockeying for geopolitical influence across the Horn of Africa increases the uneven spread of resources and access to finance for Somalia’s leaders. This process has fed the political elite’s insatiable appetite for personal patronage and has produced a nexus of competing rivalries that further destabilizes Somalia and the broader Red Sea region. This chapter studies the use of one natural resource, charcoal, and its trans-boundary trade as a vehicle to illustrate how Somalia’s ties to the GCC states—and the broader Islamic or Arab world—are being strengthened. The chapter concludes that this growing proximity is both offering beneficial forms of assistance and support, as well as proving to be a factor for destabilization at a time when Somalia is becoming of increasing strategic concern for Western and emerging powers.Less
This chapter argues that the charcoal trade exposes Somalia’s political economy as a driver of persistent conflict fueled by competing local, regional, and international interests. Of particular note is the tendency of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states to buy Somalia’s charcoal, whether licit or illicit, for domestic use: such commercial activity contributes to the country’s regressive imbalances. At the same time, GCC states jockeying for geopolitical influence across the Horn of Africa increases the uneven spread of resources and access to finance for Somalia’s leaders. This process has fed the political elite’s insatiable appetite for personal patronage and has produced a nexus of competing rivalries that further destabilizes Somalia and the broader Red Sea region. This chapter studies the use of one natural resource, charcoal, and its trans-boundary trade as a vehicle to illustrate how Somalia’s ties to the GCC states—and the broader Islamic or Arab world—are being strengthened. The chapter concludes that this growing proximity is both offering beneficial forms of assistance and support, as well as proving to be a factor for destabilization at a time when Somalia is becoming of increasing strategic concern for Western and emerging powers.
Ahmad Hegazy and Jonathan Lovett-Doust
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199660810
- eISBN:
- 9780191820687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660810.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry, Ecology
This chapter considers the challenges faced by plant conservation in the Middle East, outlining what is needed for successful conservation. It describes how humans are exacerbating the ongoing ...
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This chapter considers the challenges faced by plant conservation in the Middle East, outlining what is needed for successful conservation. It describes how humans are exacerbating the ongoing effects of desertification, including wood collection, road construction, and extractive petroleum-related technologies. Meanwhile, massive coastal developments are degrading the diverse and productive marine ecosystems. Agriculture continues to stress the regional ecology through overstocking of livestock, land conversion, and ephemeral agriculture. Negative consequences of wadi-damming and water recharge wells all create additional challenges and the hydro-politics are a major source of conflict. The region’s major biodiversity hotspots are described, including the Horn of Africa and Eastern Afromontane regions, Eastern Mediterranean basin, the Irano–Anatolian region with its ancient “Hyrcanian” forestland south of the Caspian, and the Caucasus mountain refugia of Arcto–Tertiary relicts (with the Colchic and Hyrcan forests there and in Hyrcanian Iran being among the oldest forests in western Eurasia).Less
This chapter considers the challenges faced by plant conservation in the Middle East, outlining what is needed for successful conservation. It describes how humans are exacerbating the ongoing effects of desertification, including wood collection, road construction, and extractive petroleum-related technologies. Meanwhile, massive coastal developments are degrading the diverse and productive marine ecosystems. Agriculture continues to stress the regional ecology through overstocking of livestock, land conversion, and ephemeral agriculture. Negative consequences of wadi-damming and water recharge wells all create additional challenges and the hydro-politics are a major source of conflict. The region’s major biodiversity hotspots are described, including the Horn of Africa and Eastern Afromontane regions, Eastern Mediterranean basin, the Irano–Anatolian region with its ancient “Hyrcanian” forestland south of the Caspian, and the Caucasus mountain refugia of Arcto–Tertiary relicts (with the Colchic and Hyrcan forests there and in Hyrcanian Iran being among the oldest forests in western Eurasia).
Gebru Tareke
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300141634
- eISBN:
- 9780300156157
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300141634.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This book is the history of the quarter of the century that led up to the American disaster in Somalia. It also describes the rise and fall of the Ethiopian socialist dictator and ruler, Mengistu ...
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This book is the history of the quarter of the century that led up to the American disaster in Somalia. It also describes the rise and fall of the Ethiopian socialist dictator and ruler, Mengistu Haile Mariam. The collapse of that tyranny in 1991 spawned civil wars and regional conflicts that devastated this impoverished region and brought into question the very feasibility of maintaining state structures in the Horn of Africa. That devastation happened at the same time as the rise of al Qaeda and the expansion of Iranian efforts to establish links with Islamist extremists in Africa in the 1990s. These effects converged in Sudan, where they remained intertwined. This book integrates detailed narratives of conventional military operations and multiple revolutionary wars.Less
This book is the history of the quarter of the century that led up to the American disaster in Somalia. It also describes the rise and fall of the Ethiopian socialist dictator and ruler, Mengistu Haile Mariam. The collapse of that tyranny in 1991 spawned civil wars and regional conflicts that devastated this impoverished region and brought into question the very feasibility of maintaining state structures in the Horn of Africa. That devastation happened at the same time as the rise of al Qaeda and the expansion of Iranian efforts to establish links with Islamist extremists in Africa in the 1990s. These effects converged in Sudan, where they remained intertwined. This book integrates detailed narratives of conventional military operations and multiple revolutionary wars.
Daniel Maxwell and Nisar Majid
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190499389
- eISBN:
- 9780190638559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190499389.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter puts the famine of 2011 in the context of Somalia’s recent history, the political economy of humanitarian aid in the Greater Horn of Africa, and Somalia’s protracted crisis of ...
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This chapter puts the famine of 2011 in the context of Somalia’s recent history, the political economy of humanitarian aid in the Greater Horn of Africa, and Somalia’s protracted crisis of development since the 1970s. This includes the Ethio-Somali war in 1978, the civil war in Somalia, the collapse of the Siad Barre regime, the 1992 famine, the “warlord” era, the rise of the Islamic Courts Union, the Ethiopian invasion in 2006 and the rise of Al Shabaab. The chapter traces the history of the “normalization of crisis in Somalia,” and sets the scene for the crisis of 2011. Lastly, it traces the impact of Al Shabaab and the counter-terrorism legislation intended to curb its activities.Less
This chapter puts the famine of 2011 in the context of Somalia’s recent history, the political economy of humanitarian aid in the Greater Horn of Africa, and Somalia’s protracted crisis of development since the 1970s. This includes the Ethio-Somali war in 1978, the civil war in Somalia, the collapse of the Siad Barre regime, the 1992 famine, the “warlord” era, the rise of the Islamic Courts Union, the Ethiopian invasion in 2006 and the rise of Al Shabaab. The chapter traces the history of the “normalization of crisis in Somalia,” and sets the scene for the crisis of 2011. Lastly, it traces the impact of Al Shabaab and the counter-terrorism legislation intended to curb its activities.
Leon Fink
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834503
- eISBN:
- 9781469603322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807877807_fink.3
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This book, although not about pirates, begins with the topic of pirates. In April 2009, most Americans were startled to learn that a U.S. flagged merchant ship, the Maersk Alabama, had been attacked ...
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This book, although not about pirates, begins with the topic of pirates. In April 2009, most Americans were startled to learn that a U.S. flagged merchant ship, the Maersk Alabama, had been attacked by Somali pirates off the Horn of Africa and equally relieved when the destroyer USS Bainbridge, which happened to be patrolling in the area, arrived to rescue the captain and literally blow up his captors. A sporadic and generally marginal phenomenon across two centuries, the incidence of oceanic piracy has picked up in recent years due to the juncture of rising Asian exports—especially for transshipment through the Suez Canal and the Molucca Straits—and the number of “failed states” around the Indian Ocean.Less
This book, although not about pirates, begins with the topic of pirates. In April 2009, most Americans were startled to learn that a U.S. flagged merchant ship, the Maersk Alabama, had been attacked by Somali pirates off the Horn of Africa and equally relieved when the destroyer USS Bainbridge, which happened to be patrolling in the area, arrived to rescue the captain and literally blow up his captors. A sporadic and generally marginal phenomenon across two centuries, the incidence of oceanic piracy has picked up in recent years due to the juncture of rising Asian exports—especially for transshipment through the Suez Canal and the Molucca Straits—and the number of “failed states” around the Indian Ocean.
Sahan Africa
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190947910
- eISBN:
- 9780190055929
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0036
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter considers the threat posed by Al-Shabaab both in Somalia and to the Horn of Africa. Al-Shabaab is a composite insurgency, which has exploited local grievances by aligning itself with ...
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This chapter considers the threat posed by Al-Shabaab both in Somalia and to the Horn of Africa. Al-Shabaab is a composite insurgency, which has exploited local grievances by aligning itself with disaffected clans or minority groups. In 2016, it stepped up efforts to co-opt clan leaders through coercion and incentives, even establishing a new Council of Clan Leaders. Since 2010, Al-Shabaab has sought to establish itself in the Horn of Africa, initiating insurgent activities in six countries of the region and conducting attacks in five of them. In 2013, Al-Shabaab established two transnational military wings: one focusing on Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; the other on Ethiopia. Al-Shabaab's regional unit, Jaysh Ayman, has carried out a campaign of attacks in northern Kenya, while its affiliate Al-Hijra is said to have established a range of networks and operational cells, including in Kenya's prisons.Less
This chapter considers the threat posed by Al-Shabaab both in Somalia and to the Horn of Africa. Al-Shabaab is a composite insurgency, which has exploited local grievances by aligning itself with disaffected clans or minority groups. In 2016, it stepped up efforts to co-opt clan leaders through coercion and incentives, even establishing a new Council of Clan Leaders. Since 2010, Al-Shabaab has sought to establish itself in the Horn of Africa, initiating insurgent activities in six countries of the region and conducting attacks in five of them. In 2013, Al-Shabaab established two transnational military wings: one focusing on Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; the other on Ethiopia. Al-Shabaab's regional unit, Jaysh Ayman, has carried out a campaign of attacks in northern Kenya, while its affiliate Al-Hijra is said to have established a range of networks and operational cells, including in Kenya's prisons.
Daniel Maxwell and Nisar Majid (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190499389
- eISBN:
- 9780190638559
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190499389.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Some 250,000 people died in the southern Somalia famine of 2011–12, which also displaced and destroyed the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands more. Yet this crisis had been predicted in 2010. The ...
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Some 250,000 people died in the southern Somalia famine of 2011–12, which also displaced and destroyed the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands more. Yet this crisis had been predicted in 2010. The harshest drought in Somalia’s recent history coincided with a global spike in food prices, hitting this arid, import-dependent country hard. The policies of Al-Shabaab, a militant Islamist group that controlled southern Somalia, exacerbated an already difficult situation, barring most humanitarian assistance, while the donors’ counter-terrorism policies criminalized any aid falling into their hands. A major disaster resulted from production and market failures precipitated by the drought and food price crisis, while the famine itself resulted from failure to respond quickly to these events—and was thus largely human-made. This book analyzes the famine: the trade-offs between competing policy priorities that led to it, the collective failure in response, and how those affected by it attempted to protect themselves and their livelihoods. It also examines the humanitarian response, including from actors that had not previously been particularly visible in Somalia—from Turkey, the Middle East, and Islamic charities worldwide.Less
Some 250,000 people died in the southern Somalia famine of 2011–12, which also displaced and destroyed the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands more. Yet this crisis had been predicted in 2010. The harshest drought in Somalia’s recent history coincided with a global spike in food prices, hitting this arid, import-dependent country hard. The policies of Al-Shabaab, a militant Islamist group that controlled southern Somalia, exacerbated an already difficult situation, barring most humanitarian assistance, while the donors’ counter-terrorism policies criminalized any aid falling into their hands. A major disaster resulted from production and market failures precipitated by the drought and food price crisis, while the famine itself resulted from failure to respond quickly to these events—and was thus largely human-made. This book analyzes the famine: the trade-offs between competing policy priorities that led to it, the collective failure in response, and how those affected by it attempted to protect themselves and their livelihoods. It also examines the humanitarian response, including from actors that had not previously been particularly visible in Somalia—from Turkey, the Middle East, and Islamic charities worldwide.