Trevor Bryce
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218721
- eISBN:
- 9780191739101
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218721.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Ancient Religions
This book provides an account of the military and political history of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms, which developed in south-eastern Anatolia and northern Syria during the Iron Age following the ...
More
This book provides an account of the military and political history of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms, which developed in south-eastern Anatolia and northern Syria during the Iron Age following the collapse of the Late Bronze Age Hittite empire. The book is divided into three parts. Parts I begins with a chapter on the last decades of the empire and proceeds, in Chapters 2-4, from a treatment of the Hittites’ Anatolian successors to a discussion of the chief features of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms and their possible links with the biblical Hittites. Part II deals with the individual Neo-Hittite kingdoms, their rulers, and their Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions, and also with the contemporary Aramaean states and the other kingdoms of the age, notably the Neo-Assyrian empire. Part III integrates the histories of the various Neo-Hittite states with those of their neighbours and contemporaries up to the time when the last Neo-Hittite kingdom was absorbed into the Assyrian provincial administration. The overall aim of this Part is to provide a historical synthesis of the Neo-Hittites and their contemporaries in the period from the 12th to the late 8th century. Assyria will play a major role throughout this synthesis, but the focus will be primarily on the cities, states, and territories that made up the world of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms.Less
This book provides an account of the military and political history of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms, which developed in south-eastern Anatolia and northern Syria during the Iron Age following the collapse of the Late Bronze Age Hittite empire. The book is divided into three parts. Parts I begins with a chapter on the last decades of the empire and proceeds, in Chapters 2-4, from a treatment of the Hittites’ Anatolian successors to a discussion of the chief features of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms and their possible links with the biblical Hittites. Part II deals with the individual Neo-Hittite kingdoms, their rulers, and their Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions, and also with the contemporary Aramaean states and the other kingdoms of the age, notably the Neo-Assyrian empire. Part III integrates the histories of the various Neo-Hittite states with those of their neighbours and contemporaries up to the time when the last Neo-Hittite kingdom was absorbed into the Assyrian provincial administration. The overall aim of this Part is to provide a historical synthesis of the Neo-Hittites and their contemporaries in the period from the 12th to the late 8th century. Assyria will play a major role throughout this synthesis, but the focus will be primarily on the cities, states, and territories that made up the world of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms.
Jonathan Z. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195394337
- eISBN:
- 9780199777358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394337.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter poses the question of whether or not the “companion volume” that Eliade promised in Patterns in Comparative Religions can be identified with “the awkward, multi-volume, unfinished ...
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This chapter poses the question of whether or not the “companion volume” that Eliade promised in Patterns in Comparative Religions can be identified with “the awkward, multi-volume, unfinished production of Eliade’s last years,” A History of Religious Ideas. It argues that Eliade thought it so, or came to think it so. The History functions—and will continue to function—in a way analogous to an encyclopedia, providing a valuable starting point for further inquiries, one that is provocative of both thought and questions. But despite Eliade’s identification of the History with the “companion volume,” it fails to reflect explicitly on the relations between the morphological approach, as exemplified in Patterns, and a historical approach, as illustrated by the History. In part, this is due to the lack of the concluding volume to the History, Eliade’s growing problems with his health, and, finally, his death; but it is also due to the inadequate conceptualization of the historical embodied in the work.Less
This chapter poses the question of whether or not the “companion volume” that Eliade promised in Patterns in Comparative Religions can be identified with “the awkward, multi-volume, unfinished production of Eliade’s last years,” A History of Religious Ideas. It argues that Eliade thought it so, or came to think it so. The History functions—and will continue to function—in a way analogous to an encyclopedia, providing a valuable starting point for further inquiries, one that is provocative of both thought and questions. But despite Eliade’s identification of the History with the “companion volume,” it fails to reflect explicitly on the relations between the morphological approach, as exemplified in Patterns, and a historical approach, as illustrated by the History. In part, this is due to the lack of the concluding volume to the History, Eliade’s growing problems with his health, and, finally, his death; but it is also due to the inadequate conceptualization of the historical embodied in the work.
Trevor Bryce
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218721
- eISBN:
- 9780191739101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218721.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Ancient Religions
Discussion of what the term ‘Hatti’, originally used of the Hittite empire, means in the Iron Ages sources which refer to it provides the first section of this chapter, and leads on to a more general ...
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Discussion of what the term ‘Hatti’, originally used of the Hittite empire, means in the Iron Ages sources which refer to it provides the first section of this chapter, and leads on to a more general survey of the political structure of Syria during the period of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms. That leads further to a consideration of who actually constituted the populations of these kingdoms. The general assumption that they were by and large the descendants of refugees from the Late Bronze Age Hittite world is questioned, and alternative possibilities are suggested. The chapter ends with a discussion of the emergence of the royal dynasties in the Neo-Hittite kingdoms and their possible links with Bronze Age Hittite royalty.Less
Discussion of what the term ‘Hatti’, originally used of the Hittite empire, means in the Iron Ages sources which refer to it provides the first section of this chapter, and leads on to a more general survey of the political structure of Syria during the period of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms. That leads further to a consideration of who actually constituted the populations of these kingdoms. The general assumption that they were by and large the descendants of refugees from the Late Bronze Age Hittite world is questioned, and alternative possibilities are suggested. The chapter ends with a discussion of the emergence of the royal dynasties in the Neo-Hittite kingdoms and their possible links with Bronze Age Hittite royalty.
Jay H. Jasanoff
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199249053
- eISBN:
- 9780191719370
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249053.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This book sets out to reconcile our picture of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verbal system with the evidence of Hittite and the other early Anatolian languages. The discovery that Hittite was an ...
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This book sets out to reconcile our picture of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verbal system with the evidence of Hittite and the other early Anatolian languages. The discovery that Hittite was an Indo-European (IE) language had dramatic consequences for our conception of the IE parent language. For most of the 20th century, attention focused mainly on the peculiarities of Hittite phonology, especially the consonant h and its implications for the evolving laryngeal theory. Yet the morphological ‘disconnects’ between Hittite and the other early languages are more profound than the phonological differences. The Hittite verbal system lacks most of the familiar tense-aspect categories of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. On the other hand, it presents the novelty of the hi-conjugation, a purely formal conjugation class to which nearly half of all Hittite active verbs belong. Repeated attempts to explain the hi-conjugation on the basis of the classical model of the PIE verbal system have failed. This book takes the alternative view that the hi-conjugation — in the form here called the ‘h2e-conjugation’ — was an inherited category of the parent language. Separate chapters are devoted to showing how the individual classes of Hittite hi-verbs can be identified with well-known present and aorist types in the ‘classical’ IE languages and derived from preforms which, though grammatically active, inflected with the ‘perfect’ (=h2e-conjugation) endings. In the course of the survey, many seemingly independent peculiarities of the PIE verbal system are systematically explained for the first time.Less
This book sets out to reconcile our picture of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verbal system with the evidence of Hittite and the other early Anatolian languages. The discovery that Hittite was an Indo-European (IE) language had dramatic consequences for our conception of the IE parent language. For most of the 20th century, attention focused mainly on the peculiarities of Hittite phonology, especially the consonant h and its implications for the evolving laryngeal theory. Yet the morphological ‘disconnects’ between Hittite and the other early languages are more profound than the phonological differences. The Hittite verbal system lacks most of the familiar tense-aspect categories of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. On the other hand, it presents the novelty of the hi-conjugation, a purely formal conjugation class to which nearly half of all Hittite active verbs belong. Repeated attempts to explain the hi-conjugation on the basis of the classical model of the PIE verbal system have failed. This book takes the alternative view that the hi-conjugation — in the form here called the ‘h2e-conjugation’ — was an inherited category of the parent language. Separate chapters are devoted to showing how the individual classes of Hittite hi-verbs can be identified with well-known present and aorist types in the ‘classical’ IE languages and derived from preforms which, though grammatically active, inflected with the ‘perfect’ (=h2e-conjugation) endings. In the course of the survey, many seemingly independent peculiarities of the PIE verbal system are systematically explained for the first time.
Jay H. Jasonoff
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199249053
- eISBN:
- 9780191719370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249053.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
An advantage of the h2e-conjugation theory over the ‘perfect theory’ is that it permits a natural explanation for the numerous Hittite hi-verbs built to suffixed stems. This chapter studies one such ...
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An advantage of the h2e-conjugation theory over the ‘perfect theory’ is that it permits a natural explanation for the numerous Hittite hi-verbs built to suffixed stems. This chapter studies one such family of forms, the ‘i-presents’, characterized by an apophonically invariant stem-final element *-i-. Several subtypes are identified.Less
An advantage of the h2e-conjugation theory over the ‘perfect theory’ is that it permits a natural explanation for the numerous Hittite hi-verbs built to suffixed stems. This chapter studies one such family of forms, the ‘i-presents’, characterized by an apophonically invariant stem-final element *-i-. Several subtypes are identified.
David P. Wright
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195304756
- eISBN:
- 9780199866830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304756.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter discusses the inadequacy of other theories for explaining the similarities between the Covenant Code and the Laws of Hammurabi, including coincidence, the use of common scribal ...
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This chapter discusses the inadequacy of other theories for explaining the similarities between the Covenant Code and the Laws of Hammurabi, including coincidence, the use of common scribal techniques, oral tradition, oral transmission of Hammurabi's text, and the use of an unknown mediating Northwest Semitic/Canaanite text. The chapter outlines in detail the evidence for placing the composition of the Covenant Code in the Neo-Assyrian period, between 740–640 BCE and the opportunity for the use of Hammurabi's Laws. It also discusses the wide attestation of the Laws of Hammurabi as a canonical-scribal text in the Neo-Assyrian period. It discusses the Covenant Code's occasional use of laws from other cuneiform law collections and the attestation of these other collections.Less
This chapter discusses the inadequacy of other theories for explaining the similarities between the Covenant Code and the Laws of Hammurabi, including coincidence, the use of common scribal techniques, oral tradition, oral transmission of Hammurabi's text, and the use of an unknown mediating Northwest Semitic/Canaanite text. The chapter outlines in detail the evidence for placing the composition of the Covenant Code in the Neo-Assyrian period, between 740–640 BCE and the opportunity for the use of Hammurabi's Laws. It also discusses the wide attestation of the Laws of Hammurabi as a canonical-scribal text in the Neo-Assyrian period. It discusses the Covenant Code's occasional use of laws from other cuneiform law collections and the attestation of these other collections.
Edwin Bryant
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195137774
- eISBN:
- 9780199834044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137779.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
The dethronement is traced of Sanskrit from its initial position as the original proto-language of all the Indo-Europeans in the opinion of the early linguists to its ongoing diminishing status as a ...
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The dethronement is traced of Sanskrit from its initial position as the original proto-language of all the Indo-Europeans in the opinion of the early linguists to its ongoing diminishing status as a secondary language containing a number of linguistic features that are considered to be more recent than those of other Indo-European cognate languages. The chapter has two main sections. The first looks at the law of the palatals (the primary linguistic formula arrived at by the comparative method that shattered Sanskrit’s pre-eminent status) and the discovery of the laryngeals in Hittite (based on an examination of Hittite documents in Anatolia). The second discusses linguistic objections from India (mainly from Satya Swarup Misra).Less
The dethronement is traced of Sanskrit from its initial position as the original proto-language of all the Indo-Europeans in the opinion of the early linguists to its ongoing diminishing status as a secondary language containing a number of linguistic features that are considered to be more recent than those of other Indo-European cognate languages. The chapter has two main sections. The first looks at the law of the palatals (the primary linguistic formula arrived at by the comparative method that shattered Sanskrit’s pre-eminent status) and the discovery of the laryngeals in Hittite (based on an examination of Hittite documents in Anatolia). The second discusses linguistic objections from India (mainly from Satya Swarup Misra).
J. D. Hawkins
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263020
- eISBN:
- 9780191734199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263020.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
Oliver Robert Gurney's long career in Hittite studies spanned the greater part of the existence of this academic subject. He was a man of the greatest courtesy and integrity. A natural reserve might ...
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Oliver Robert Gurney's long career in Hittite studies spanned the greater part of the existence of this academic subject. He was a man of the greatest courtesy and integrity. A natural reserve might make him appear aloof at first, but behind that lay a warm and humorous personality. He served as president of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. He also served as member of Council for the British School of Archaeology in Iraq for many years. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1959. He became Foreign Member of the Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters in 1976 and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Higher Letters in the University of Chicago in 1991. He was Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford from 1963, and was also a Freeman in the City of Norwich.Less
Oliver Robert Gurney's long career in Hittite studies spanned the greater part of the existence of this academic subject. He was a man of the greatest courtesy and integrity. A natural reserve might make him appear aloof at first, but behind that lay a warm and humorous personality. He served as president of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. He also served as member of Council for the British School of Archaeology in Iraq for many years. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1959. He became Foreign Member of the Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters in 1976 and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Higher Letters in the University of Chicago in 1991. He was Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford from 1963, and was also a Freeman in the City of Norwich.
James K. Hoffmeier
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195155464
- eISBN:
- 9780199835652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/0195155467.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
One of the enduring images in the Torah’s is that of Moses the recipient of divine laws at Mt. Sinai. Early 19th-century scholarship rejected this scenario. One reason was the belief that writing was ...
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One of the enduring images in the Torah’s is that of Moses the recipient of divine laws at Mt. Sinai. Early 19th-century scholarship rejected this scenario. One reason was the belief that writing was not sufficiently developed. In recent decades the history of the Canaanite/Hebrew linear alphabet or Proto-Sinaitic script has been clarified and is known to have originated centuries before the time of Moses. In the 1950s, George Mendenhall noticed that there were similarities in the form of ancient Hittite treaties of the 2nd millennium B.C. and the Sinai legislation of Exodus 20ff. It is shown that the six-part 2nd millennium B.C. treaties are structurally closer to the Exodus 20ff and the book of Deuteronomy than the simple four-point outline of Assyrian and Aramean treaty formula of the 1st millennium that some scholars have suggested are analogous to the structure of the Torah’s law codes.Less
One of the enduring images in the Torah’s is that of Moses the recipient of divine laws at Mt. Sinai. Early 19th-century scholarship rejected this scenario. One reason was the belief that writing was not sufficiently developed. In recent decades the history of the Canaanite/Hebrew linear alphabet or Proto-Sinaitic script has been clarified and is known to have originated centuries before the time of Moses. In the 1950s, George Mendenhall noticed that there were similarities in the form of ancient Hittite treaties of the 2nd millennium B.C. and the Sinai legislation of Exodus 20ff. It is shown that the six-part 2nd millennium B.C. treaties are structurally closer to the Exodus 20ff and the book of Deuteronomy than the simple four-point outline of Assyrian and Aramean treaty formula of the 1st millennium that some scholars have suggested are analogous to the structure of the Torah’s law codes.
Jonathan Burnside
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199759217
- eISBN:
- 9780199827084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759217.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter argues that the biblical laws of theft and burglary are excellent illustrations of the need to read biblical law narratively and not semantically. The biblical laws of theft take an ...
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This chapter argues that the biblical laws of theft and burglary are excellent illustrations of the need to read biblical law narratively and not semantically. The biblical laws of theft take an objective approach to the question of “who is a thief” by applying objective tests of hot possession and lukewarm possession. These tests are shown to apply both in biblical law and biblical narratives (e.g., the Jacob story and the Joseph cycle). There is a risk that objective tests could lead to individual acts of injustice (as in the Joseph narratives), although the possibility of admitting evidence that would acquit the innocent should not be discounted (cf. the Laws of Hammurabi). Elsewhere in the Bible, the biblical laws of theft are used to expose King David's offences against Uriah the Hittite (which involve murder and adultery). Their use in this context emphasizes the creativity and didacticism of biblical law.Less
This chapter argues that the biblical laws of theft and burglary are excellent illustrations of the need to read biblical law narratively and not semantically. The biblical laws of theft take an objective approach to the question of “who is a thief” by applying objective tests of hot possession and lukewarm possession. These tests are shown to apply both in biblical law and biblical narratives (e.g., the Jacob story and the Joseph cycle). There is a risk that objective tests could lead to individual acts of injustice (as in the Joseph narratives), although the possibility of admitting evidence that would acquit the innocent should not be discounted (cf. the Laws of Hammurabi). Elsewhere in the Bible, the biblical laws of theft are used to expose King David's offences against Uriah the Hittite (which involve murder and adultery). Their use in this context emphasizes the creativity and didacticism of biblical law.
Trevor Bryce
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218721
- eISBN:
- 9780191739101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218721.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Ancient Religions
This raises the fundamental question of what happened to the populations of the Hittite world after the collapse of the Hittite kingdom at the end of the Bronze Age. It sets the scene for discussion ...
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This raises the fundamental question of what happened to the populations of the Hittite world after the collapse of the Hittite kingdom at the end of the Bronze Age. It sets the scene for discussion of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms which emerged in the Iron Age and their links with their Bronze Age predecessors. It also foreshadows discussion of the common assumption of widespread population movements at the end of the Hittite era. More generally, the Introduction indicates the scope of the book’s coverage, over the first four centuries of the Iron Age, and the range of foreign peoples and kingdoms that interacted with the Neo-Hittites throughout this period.Less
This raises the fundamental question of what happened to the populations of the Hittite world after the collapse of the Hittite kingdom at the end of the Bronze Age. It sets the scene for discussion of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms which emerged in the Iron Age and their links with their Bronze Age predecessors. It also foreshadows discussion of the common assumption of widespread population movements at the end of the Hittite era. More generally, the Introduction indicates the scope of the book’s coverage, over the first four centuries of the Iron Age, and the range of foreign peoples and kingdoms that interacted with the Neo-Hittites throughout this period.
Trevor Bryce
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218721
- eISBN:
- 9780191739101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218721.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Ancient Religions
The chapter begins with a reconstruction of events surrounding the evacuation of the Hittite capital Hattusa by its elite population, including the royal family, and proceeds to a discussion of the ...
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The chapter begins with a reconstruction of events surrounding the evacuation of the Hittite capital Hattusa by its elite population, including the royal family, and proceeds to a discussion of the circumstances which led to the collapse of the empire. It discusses the complex mix of peoples who were the inhabitants of the empire at the time of its collapse, and the wide range of languages which they spoke. The Luwian language, most visibly represented in hieroglyphs on large monuments, is a particular focus of attention, since it became the language used by Hittite royalty in its public declarations, and was henceforth the language of royalty in the Neo-Hittite kingdoms. The reasons for its prominence in both eras are discussed in some detail.Less
The chapter begins with a reconstruction of events surrounding the evacuation of the Hittite capital Hattusa by its elite population, including the royal family, and proceeds to a discussion of the circumstances which led to the collapse of the empire. It discusses the complex mix of peoples who were the inhabitants of the empire at the time of its collapse, and the wide range of languages which they spoke. The Luwian language, most visibly represented in hieroglyphs on large monuments, is a particular focus of attention, since it became the language used by Hittite royalty in its public declarations, and was henceforth the language of royalty in the Neo-Hittite kingdoms. The reasons for its prominence in both eras are discussed in some detail.
Trevor Bryce
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218721
- eISBN:
- 9780191739101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218721.003.0012
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Ancient Religions
There is much emphasis in this and in the following chapter on the enterprises of Neo-Assyrian kings in regions west of the Euphrates, and the substantial role many of these kings played in the ...
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There is much emphasis in this and in the following chapter on the enterprises of Neo-Assyrian kings in regions west of the Euphrates, and the substantial role many of these kings played in the shaping of the history of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms. This undoubtedly reflects the historical realities of the period as Assyrian power spread relentlessly westwards. But it also reflects the fact that most of our written sources for the period are Assyrian, and inevitably contain a strong Assyrian bias in the presentation of events. The historical narrative begins with the western campaign of the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (883–859), followed by the more substantial campaigns of his son and successor Shalmaneser III. The chapter ends with the western campaigns of Adad-nirari III (810–783). Throughout this period, we see the involvement of various Neo-Hittite kingdoms in the conflicts fought by the trans-Euphrates peoples and kingdoms against Assyrian aggression, often through military coalitions.Less
There is much emphasis in this and in the following chapter on the enterprises of Neo-Assyrian kings in regions west of the Euphrates, and the substantial role many of these kings played in the shaping of the history of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms. This undoubtedly reflects the historical realities of the period as Assyrian power spread relentlessly westwards. But it also reflects the fact that most of our written sources for the period are Assyrian, and inevitably contain a strong Assyrian bias in the presentation of events. The historical narrative begins with the western campaign of the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (883–859), followed by the more substantial campaigns of his son and successor Shalmaneser III. The chapter ends with the western campaigns of Adad-nirari III (810–783). Throughout this period, we see the involvement of various Neo-Hittite kingdoms in the conflicts fought by the trans-Euphrates peoples and kingdoms against Assyrian aggression, often through military coalitions.
Trevor Bryce
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218721
- eISBN:
- 9780191739101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218721.003.0014
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Ancient Religions
The absorption of the last of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms into the Assyrian provincial system in the late 8th century marked the end of the history of the Neo-Hittite world. But not the end of all the ...
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The absorption of the last of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms into the Assyrian provincial system in the late 8th century marked the end of the history of the Neo-Hittite world. But not the end of all the states that had belonged to this world. Some of them, like Adanawa and Malatya, made new bids for independence in the following century. Even after this, the legacy of the Hittites lived on in the retention of the name Hatti for a large part of the region where the Late Bronze Age kingdom had held sway, and where a number of its successors had developed and for a time flourished. Elements of the Hittite imperial legacy survived for many centuries after the last Late Bronze Age king Suppiluliuma II had departed his capital Hattusa for the last time.Less
The absorption of the last of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms into the Assyrian provincial system in the late 8th century marked the end of the history of the Neo-Hittite world. But not the end of all the states that had belonged to this world. Some of them, like Adanawa and Malatya, made new bids for independence in the following century. Even after this, the legacy of the Hittites lived on in the retention of the name Hatti for a large part of the region where the Late Bronze Age kingdom had held sway, and where a number of its successors had developed and for a time flourished. Elements of the Hittite imperial legacy survived for many centuries after the last Late Bronze Age king Suppiluliuma II had departed his capital Hattusa for the last time.
TREVOR BRYCE
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199281329
- eISBN:
- 9780191706752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281329.003.14
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
The citadel with which the name Troy is associated lies in the north-west corner of Anatolia in the region called the Troad, so named by Graeco-Roman writers who believed that the whole area was ...
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The citadel with which the name Troy is associated lies in the north-west corner of Anatolia in the region called the Troad, so named by Graeco-Roman writers who believed that the whole area was controlled by Troy. For almost 3,000 years, the story of the Trojan War pitting the Trojans against the Greeks has provided one of the western world's richest sources of inspiration in the realms of art and literature. However, the question remains: did the Trojan War really happen? This chapter considers possible Anatolian sources on Troy including Hittite texts, the discovery of a bronze seal bearing a brief inscription in Luwian hieroglyphs during excavations in 1995, Troy's role in Anatolian Affairs, Troy VIh as the more likely candidate for Homeric Troy, and the making of Homer's epic Iliad.Less
The citadel with which the name Troy is associated lies in the north-west corner of Anatolia in the region called the Troad, so named by Graeco-Roman writers who believed that the whole area was controlled by Troy. For almost 3,000 years, the story of the Trojan War pitting the Trojans against the Greeks has provided one of the western world's richest sources of inspiration in the realms of art and literature. However, the question remains: did the Trojan War really happen? This chapter considers possible Anatolian sources on Troy including Hittite texts, the discovery of a bronze seal bearing a brief inscription in Luwian hieroglyphs during excavations in 1995, Troy's role in Anatolian Affairs, Troy VIh as the more likely candidate for Homeric Troy, and the making of Homer's epic Iliad.
Christopher Metcalf
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198723363
- eISBN:
- 9780191790041
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723363.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This book contributes to the current academic debate on the relationship between early Greek poetry and the ancient Near East, especially Mesopotamia. It is the first extensive study to be based on a ...
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This book contributes to the current academic debate on the relationship between early Greek poetry and the ancient Near East, especially Mesopotamia. It is the first extensive study to be based on a detailed analysis of the ancient texts, consisting in this case of a selection of religious poems mainly in Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, and Greek. The first part of the book (Chapters 1–3) presents the core groups of sources from the ancient Near East, describing the main features of style and content of Sumerian and Akkadian religious poetry and showing how certain compositions were translated and adapted beyond Mesopotamia (such as in Hittite). Chapter 4 introduces the early Greek sources and makes some initial comparative observations. The study then proceeds to compare selected elements of form and content: hymnic openings (Chapter 5), negative predication (Chapter 6), the birth of Aphrodite in the Theogony of Hesiod (Chapter 7), and the origins and development of a phrase in Hittite prayers and the Iliad of Homer (Chapter 8). The first conclusion is that, in terms of form and style, early Greek religious poetry was probably not indebted to ancient Near Eastern models. This contradicts some current thinking in Classical scholarship, according to which Near Eastern influence was pervasive in early Greek poetry in general. But this book also argues that such influence may nevertheless be perceived in certain closely defined instances, particularly where supplementary evidence from other ancient sources is available, and where the sources permit a reconstruction of the process of translation and adaptation.Less
This book contributes to the current academic debate on the relationship between early Greek poetry and the ancient Near East, especially Mesopotamia. It is the first extensive study to be based on a detailed analysis of the ancient texts, consisting in this case of a selection of religious poems mainly in Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, and Greek. The first part of the book (Chapters 1–3) presents the core groups of sources from the ancient Near East, describing the main features of style and content of Sumerian and Akkadian religious poetry and showing how certain compositions were translated and adapted beyond Mesopotamia (such as in Hittite). Chapter 4 introduces the early Greek sources and makes some initial comparative observations. The study then proceeds to compare selected elements of form and content: hymnic openings (Chapter 5), negative predication (Chapter 6), the birth of Aphrodite in the Theogony of Hesiod (Chapter 7), and the origins and development of a phrase in Hittite prayers and the Iliad of Homer (Chapter 8). The first conclusion is that, in terms of form and style, early Greek religious poetry was probably not indebted to ancient Near Eastern models. This contradicts some current thinking in Classical scholarship, according to which Near Eastern influence was pervasive in early Greek poetry in general. But this book also argues that such influence may nevertheless be perceived in certain closely defined instances, particularly where supplementary evidence from other ancient sources is available, and where the sources permit a reconstruction of the process of translation and adaptation.
Ian Rutherford
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199593279
- eISBN:
- 9780191890543
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199593279.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions
There has been a lot of interest in recent decades in the question of whether ancient Greek religion was influenced by the religions of the Ancient Near East. This book examines the relationship ...
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There has been a lot of interest in recent decades in the question of whether ancient Greek religion was influenced by the religions of the Ancient Near East. This book examines the relationship between Greek religion and the religious system of the Hittites, as we know it from cuneiform texts perserved in the Hittite archives. The question seems worth exploring partly because the Hittite texts are such a rich source for religion, documenting religious practices of many cultures Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age (e.g. the Luwians), and partly because the Hittites are known to have been in contact with Mycenaean Greece, known to them as Ahhiyawa. Greek religion of the 1st millennium BC may also show influence from Hittite religion, either inheriting it from Mycenaean religon or borrowing it from the successor cultures of Anatolia. The book is divided into three parts: Part 1 (chapters 1-4) is introductory, setting out the evidence and a methodological paradigm for using comparative data (chapter 4). Part 2 (chapters 5-8) look at cases where there may have been contact or influence: contact in the Late Bronze (chapter 5), the case of scapegoat rituals (chapter 6), Cybele (chapter 7) and the Kumarbi-Cycle (chapter 8). Part 3 looks at some key aspects of religion shared by both religious systems: the pantheon (chapter 9), rituals of war (chapter 10), festivals (chapter 11) and animal sacrifice (chapter 12).Less
There has been a lot of interest in recent decades in the question of whether ancient Greek religion was influenced by the religions of the Ancient Near East. This book examines the relationship between Greek religion and the religious system of the Hittites, as we know it from cuneiform texts perserved in the Hittite archives. The question seems worth exploring partly because the Hittite texts are such a rich source for religion, documenting religious practices of many cultures Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age (e.g. the Luwians), and partly because the Hittites are known to have been in contact with Mycenaean Greece, known to them as Ahhiyawa. Greek religion of the 1st millennium BC may also show influence from Hittite religion, either inheriting it from Mycenaean religon or borrowing it from the successor cultures of Anatolia. The book is divided into three parts: Part 1 (chapters 1-4) is introductory, setting out the evidence and a methodological paradigm for using comparative data (chapter 4). Part 2 (chapters 5-8) look at cases where there may have been contact or influence: contact in the Late Bronze (chapter 5), the case of scapegoat rituals (chapter 6), Cybele (chapter 7) and the Kumarbi-Cycle (chapter 8). Part 3 looks at some key aspects of religion shared by both religious systems: the pantheon (chapter 9), rituals of war (chapter 10), festivals (chapter 11) and animal sacrifice (chapter 12).
Paola Dardano
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- December 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199655359
- eISBN:
- 9780191841347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199655359.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
The tablet collections discovered in the Hittite capital are the largest collections of cuneiform texts in the Hittite language. In this paper the organization of the Hittite tablet collections will ...
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The tablet collections discovered in the Hittite capital are the largest collections of cuneiform texts in the Hittite language. In this paper the organization of the Hittite tablet collections will be examined on the basis of internal and external factors, i.e. colophons, labels, and catalogues. In particular, catalogues are not exhaustive lists of texts, but inventories of texts that were intended to be preserved for a longer period of time, and which were therefore continuously monitored and copied, and, in the course of time, reworked in various ways. Finally, collections management allows some reflections on genres of texts collected, copying practices, and typology of text collection (libraries or archives).Less
The tablet collections discovered in the Hittite capital are the largest collections of cuneiform texts in the Hittite language. In this paper the organization of the Hittite tablet collections will be examined on the basis of internal and external factors, i.e. colophons, labels, and catalogues. In particular, catalogues are not exhaustive lists of texts, but inventories of texts that were intended to be preserved for a longer period of time, and which were therefore continuously monitored and copied, and, in the course of time, reworked in various ways. Finally, collections management allows some reflections on genres of texts collected, copying practices, and typology of text collection (libraries or archives).
Aidan Dodson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774163043
- eISBN:
- 9781936190041
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774163043.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
After Tutankhamun's death, the queen wanted a husband to make him the successor of Tutankhamun's throne. She wrote to Shuppiluliumash to beg him to give her one of his sons, and promised to make him ...
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After Tutankhamun's death, the queen wanted a husband to make him the successor of Tutankhamun's throne. She wrote to Shuppiluliumash to beg him to give her one of his sons, and promised to make him a king of Egypt. Shuppiluliumash wondered whether the letter was some kind of trick to deliver a Hittite prince into Egyptian hands and then to turn him into a hostage. With a doubt on the back of his mind, Shuppiluliumash sent one of their princes, Zananzash, as a response to the Egyptian queen's request. But Zananzash died without knowing the real cause of his death, and they do not even know where his death occurred. In the legal view of Hittie, Zananzash was assassinated by opposition who were against with the idea of an Egyptian court in handling the throne to a foreigner.Less
After Tutankhamun's death, the queen wanted a husband to make him the successor of Tutankhamun's throne. She wrote to Shuppiluliumash to beg him to give her one of his sons, and promised to make him a king of Egypt. Shuppiluliumash wondered whether the letter was some kind of trick to deliver a Hittite prince into Egyptian hands and then to turn him into a hostage. With a doubt on the back of his mind, Shuppiluliumash sent one of their princes, Zananzash, as a response to the Egyptian queen's request. But Zananzash died without knowing the real cause of his death, and they do not even know where his death occurred. In the legal view of Hittie, Zananzash was assassinated by opposition who were against with the idea of an Egyptian court in handling the throne to a foreigner.
Matthew P. Canepa
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520290037
- eISBN:
- 9780520964365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520290037.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
Chapter 9 explores the impact of Persian religion on Anatolia and the Caucasus and the means by which the Orontids, Artaxiads, Pharnabazids, Mithradatids and Ariarathids engaged ancient Persian royal ...
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Chapter 9 explores the impact of Persian religion on Anatolia and the Caucasus and the means by which the Orontids, Artaxiads, Pharnabazids, Mithradatids and Ariarathids engaged ancient Persian royal traditions while cultivating pre-Persian cults.Less
Chapter 9 explores the impact of Persian religion on Anatolia and the Caucasus and the means by which the Orontids, Artaxiads, Pharnabazids, Mithradatids and Ariarathids engaged ancient Persian royal traditions while cultivating pre-Persian cults.