Dhruv Raina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198068808
- eISBN:
- 9780199080113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198068808.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter reviews a genre of the history of science appearing in the Indian Journal of History of Science that strictly observes the internal-external divide. One of the elements of this review is ...
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This chapter reviews a genre of the history of science appearing in the Indian Journal of History of Science that strictly observes the internal-external divide. One of the elements of this review is a bibliometric analysis that aims to identify the priorities of historians of science in India publishing in the journal. These priorities and the underlying historiography render certain kinds of problems amenable for research and investigation, and foreclose the pursuit of others. In attempting a social epistemology of the discipline, other themes and areas may be identified. While this review is partisan, it also seeks to evaluate the growth of the discipline in terms of the precepts set down by the founders of the journal itself. Rather than examining the avenues of professionalization of the discipline, this chapter focuses on the images of science that pervade the community of Indian scientists.Less
This chapter reviews a genre of the history of science appearing in the Indian Journal of History of Science that strictly observes the internal-external divide. One of the elements of this review is a bibliometric analysis that aims to identify the priorities of historians of science in India publishing in the journal. These priorities and the underlying historiography render certain kinds of problems amenable for research and investigation, and foreclose the pursuit of others. In attempting a social epistemology of the discipline, other themes and areas may be identified. While this review is partisan, it also seeks to evaluate the growth of the discipline in terms of the precepts set down by the founders of the journal itself. Rather than examining the avenues of professionalization of the discipline, this chapter focuses on the images of science that pervade the community of Indian scientists.
Stephen T. Casper
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719091926
- eISBN:
- 9781781706992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091926.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Why, despite often-alleged origins in antiquity, did neurology in Britain endeavour for so long to become a formally recognised specialty within general medicine? To answer this question, this ...
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Why, despite often-alleged origins in antiquity, did neurology in Britain endeavour for so long to become a formally recognised specialty within general medicine? To answer this question, this introduction follows a complicated story, one involving individuals, institutions, and ideas all located in the complex, shifting social and cultural ferment of nineteenth and twentieth century Britain.Less
Why, despite often-alleged origins in antiquity, did neurology in Britain endeavour for so long to become a formally recognised specialty within general medicine? To answer this question, this introduction follows a complicated story, one involving individuals, institutions, and ideas all located in the complex, shifting social and cultural ferment of nineteenth and twentieth century Britain.
Henning Schmidgen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823261949
- eISBN:
- 9780823266463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823261949.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Drawing in the example of physiology, the introduction argues in favour of combining approaches from the history science with conceptual tools derived from media studies. In the wake of Gilles ...
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Drawing in the example of physiology, the introduction argues in favour of combining approaches from the history science with conceptual tools derived from media studies. In the wake of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, it aims at establishing a machine-centred approach to the history of scientific and artistic innovation. At the same time, it is argued that situated research machines have to be contextualized with respect to large technical systems, e.g. telegraphy.Less
Drawing in the example of physiology, the introduction argues in favour of combining approaches from the history science with conceptual tools derived from media studies. In the wake of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, it aims at establishing a machine-centred approach to the history of scientific and artistic innovation. At the same time, it is argued that situated research machines have to be contextualized with respect to large technical systems, e.g. telegraphy.
Stephen T. Casper
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719091926
- eISBN:
- 9781781706992
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091926.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Since the 1990s, the English-speaking world has seen the rise of a neuroculture derived from neurology and neuroscience. The Neurologists is a book that asks how did we arrive at this moment? What is ...
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Since the 1990s, the English-speaking world has seen the rise of a neuroculture derived from neurology and neuroscience. The Neurologists is a book that asks how did we arrive at this moment? What is it about neurology and neuroscience that makes neuroculture seem self-evident? To tell this story The Neurologists charts a chronological course from the time of the French Revolution to after the ‘Decade of the Brain’ that outlines the rise of medical and scientific neurology and the emergence of neuroculture. With its focus chiefly on Great Britain, arguably the place where it all began, The Neurologists describes how Victorian physicians located in a medical culture that privileged general knowledge over narrow specialism came to be transformed into the specialized physicians now called neurologists. The Neurologists therefore recasts the received history of neurology and the history of professions and specialties. It provides new insights into the social, cultural, and institutional practices of British medical and scientific culture in the nineteenth and twentieth century. Delving into how and why physicians and scientists were interested in nerves, the nervous system, the brain, and the psyche, The Neurologists explores how Renaissance-styled men and women of medicine and science made neurology the medical field seemingly most concerned by the ‘philosophical status of man.’Less
Since the 1990s, the English-speaking world has seen the rise of a neuroculture derived from neurology and neuroscience. The Neurologists is a book that asks how did we arrive at this moment? What is it about neurology and neuroscience that makes neuroculture seem self-evident? To tell this story The Neurologists charts a chronological course from the time of the French Revolution to after the ‘Decade of the Brain’ that outlines the rise of medical and scientific neurology and the emergence of neuroculture. With its focus chiefly on Great Britain, arguably the place where it all began, The Neurologists describes how Victorian physicians located in a medical culture that privileged general knowledge over narrow specialism came to be transformed into the specialized physicians now called neurologists. The Neurologists therefore recasts the received history of neurology and the history of professions and specialties. It provides new insights into the social, cultural, and institutional practices of British medical and scientific culture in the nineteenth and twentieth century. Delving into how and why physicians and scientists were interested in nerves, the nervous system, the brain, and the psyche, The Neurologists explores how Renaissance-styled men and women of medicine and science made neurology the medical field seemingly most concerned by the ‘philosophical status of man.’
Rens Bod
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199665211
- eISBN:
- 9780191757471
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665211.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This book offers the first overarching history of the humanities from Antiquity to the present. Unlike the sciences and the social sciences, the humanities lack a general history. There are already ...
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This book offers the first overarching history of the humanities from Antiquity to the present. Unlike the sciences and the social sciences, the humanities lack a general history. There are already historical studies of musicology, logic, art history, linguistics, and historiography. This book pulls all these fields together, with many more, in a single coherent account. It takes as it main theme the way scholars throughout the ages and in virtually all civilizations have sought to identify patterns in texts, art, music, languages, literature, and the past. What rules can we apply if we wish to determine whether a tale about the past is really trustworthy? By what criteria are we to distinguish consonant from dissonant musical intervals? What rules jointly describe all possible grammatical sentences in a language? How can modern digital methods enhance pattern-seeking in the humanities? A New History of the Humanities amounts to a persuasive plea to give Panini, Valla, Bopp, and countless other often overlooked intellectual giants their rightful place next to the Galileos, Newtons, and Einsteins we celebrate so much more often.Less
This book offers the first overarching history of the humanities from Antiquity to the present. Unlike the sciences and the social sciences, the humanities lack a general history. There are already historical studies of musicology, logic, art history, linguistics, and historiography. This book pulls all these fields together, with many more, in a single coherent account. It takes as it main theme the way scholars throughout the ages and in virtually all civilizations have sought to identify patterns in texts, art, music, languages, literature, and the past. What rules can we apply if we wish to determine whether a tale about the past is really trustworthy? By what criteria are we to distinguish consonant from dissonant musical intervals? What rules jointly describe all possible grammatical sentences in a language? How can modern digital methods enhance pattern-seeking in the humanities? A New History of the Humanities amounts to a persuasive plea to give Panini, Valla, Bopp, and countless other often overlooked intellectual giants their rightful place next to the Galileos, Newtons, and Einsteins we celebrate so much more often.
Stephen T. Casper
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719091926
- eISBN:
- 9781781706992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091926.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Who were the neurologists? Were there any noteworthy developments in their work in the post-1960s? Were they able to maintain their integrative identity with the rise of specialised medicine? Did the ...
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Who were the neurologists? Were there any noteworthy developments in their work in the post-1960s? Were they able to maintain their integrative identity with the rise of specialised medicine? Did the neurologists’ unique path to specialisation leave a marked legacy in historiography of neurology? And finally, how might the neurologists’ integrative identity have contributed to the rise of a postmodern culture preoccupied with the brain and the nerves? To begin to answer these questions, it is necessary first to mention a few important trends about neurology and to explore how neurologists’ tendencies to possess and aggrandise an integrative perspective left them with a marked legacy of ambivalence towards specialised knowledge. In turn, that ambivalence created opportunities for workers in other arenas to engage in the construction of the neuroculture that became so evident in the post-1990s.Less
Who were the neurologists? Were there any noteworthy developments in their work in the post-1960s? Were they able to maintain their integrative identity with the rise of specialised medicine? Did the neurologists’ unique path to specialisation leave a marked legacy in historiography of neurology? And finally, how might the neurologists’ integrative identity have contributed to the rise of a postmodern culture preoccupied with the brain and the nerves? To begin to answer these questions, it is necessary first to mention a few important trends about neurology and to explore how neurologists’ tendencies to possess and aggrandise an integrative perspective left them with a marked legacy of ambivalence towards specialised knowledge. In turn, that ambivalence created opportunities for workers in other arenas to engage in the construction of the neuroculture that became so evident in the post-1990s.
Pablo F. Gómez
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469630878
- eISBN:
- 9781469630892
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630878.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book examines the strategies that Caribbean people used to create authoritative knowledge about the natural world, and particularly the body, during the long seventeenth century. It reveals a ...
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This book examines the strategies that Caribbean people used to create authoritative knowledge about the natural world, and particularly the body, during the long seventeenth century. It reveals a hitherto untold history about the transformation of early modern natural and human landscapes, one that unfolds outside existent analytical frameworks for the study of the Atlantic world. The book introduces some of the earliest and richest known records carrying the voices of people of African descent, including African themselves, to change our understanding of the dynamics and intellectual spaces in which early modern people produced transformative ideas about the natural world. Caribbean cultures of bodies and healing appeared through a localized epistemological upheaval based on the experiential and articulated by ritual specialists of African origin. These changes resulted from multiple encounters between actors coming from all over the globe that occurred in a social, spiritual, and intellectual realm that, even though ubiquitous, does not appear in existent histories of science, medicine, and the African diaspora. The intellectual leaders of the mostly black and free communities of the seventeenth century Caribbean defined not only how to interpret nature, but also the very sensorial landscapes on which reality could be experienced. They invented a powerful and lasting way of imagining, defining and dealing with the world.Less
This book examines the strategies that Caribbean people used to create authoritative knowledge about the natural world, and particularly the body, during the long seventeenth century. It reveals a hitherto untold history about the transformation of early modern natural and human landscapes, one that unfolds outside existent analytical frameworks for the study of the Atlantic world. The book introduces some of the earliest and richest known records carrying the voices of people of African descent, including African themselves, to change our understanding of the dynamics and intellectual spaces in which early modern people produced transformative ideas about the natural world. Caribbean cultures of bodies and healing appeared through a localized epistemological upheaval based on the experiential and articulated by ritual specialists of African origin. These changes resulted from multiple encounters between actors coming from all over the globe that occurred in a social, spiritual, and intellectual realm that, even though ubiquitous, does not appear in existent histories of science, medicine, and the African diaspora. The intellectual leaders of the mostly black and free communities of the seventeenth century Caribbean defined not only how to interpret nature, but also the very sensorial landscapes on which reality could be experienced. They invented a powerful and lasting way of imagining, defining and dealing with the world.
Henning Schmidgen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823261949
- eISBN:
- 9780823266463
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823261949.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This book reconstructs the emergence of the phenomenon of “lost time,” i.e. the interval between stimulus and response, with respect to the German physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) and ...
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This book reconstructs the emergence of the phenomenon of “lost time,” i.e. the interval between stimulus and response, with respect to the German physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) and the French writer Marcel Proust (1871-1922). It argues that the discovery and explanation of this phenomenon was closely tied to the functioning of laboratory technologies. In the winter of 1849/50, Helmholtz conducted pioneering measurements concerning the propagation speed of stimulations in the living nerve in Königsberg by using electromagnetic devices and graphical instruments. When presenting his findings in the Parisian Academy of Science, he coined the term “lost time” in order to illustrate the delays accompanying the functioning of nerves. In the 1910s, Proust adopted the same expression from the popular writings of the French physiologist Etienne-Jules Marey.Less
This book reconstructs the emergence of the phenomenon of “lost time,” i.e. the interval between stimulus and response, with respect to the German physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) and the French writer Marcel Proust (1871-1922). It argues that the discovery and explanation of this phenomenon was closely tied to the functioning of laboratory technologies. In the winter of 1849/50, Helmholtz conducted pioneering measurements concerning the propagation speed of stimulations in the living nerve in Königsberg by using electromagnetic devices and graphical instruments. When presenting his findings in the Parisian Academy of Science, he coined the term “lost time” in order to illustrate the delays accompanying the functioning of nerves. In the 1910s, Proust adopted the same expression from the popular writings of the French physiologist Etienne-Jules Marey.
Alexander MacDonald
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300219326
- eISBN:
- 9780300227888
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300219326.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The early years of the twenty-first century have seen the rise to prominence of private-sector American spaceflight. The result is a new phase of space development—one where human spaceflight is no ...
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The early years of the twenty-first century have seen the rise to prominence of private-sector American spaceflight. The result is a new phase of space development—one where human spaceflight is no longer the exclusive domain of governments, but an activity increasingly driven by the interests and motivations of individuals and corporations. In order to understand this phenomenon, we need to examine the long-run economic history of American space exploration. This book examines three critical phases of that history. The first phase is the financing and construction of American astronomical observatories from Colonial America to the middle of the twentieth century. The second is the career of Robert Goddard, the American father of liquid-fuel rocketry, whose efforts constituted the world’s first spaceflight development program. The third is the American political history of the Cold War ‘Space Race’ and subsequent NASA human spaceflight initiatives in the twentieth century. Examining these episodes from an economic perspective results in a new view of American space exploration—one where personal initiative and private funding have been dominant long-run trends, where the demand for impressive public signals has funded large space exploration projects across two centuries, and where government leadership in the field is a relatively recent phenomenon.Less
The early years of the twenty-first century have seen the rise to prominence of private-sector American spaceflight. The result is a new phase of space development—one where human spaceflight is no longer the exclusive domain of governments, but an activity increasingly driven by the interests and motivations of individuals and corporations. In order to understand this phenomenon, we need to examine the long-run economic history of American space exploration. This book examines three critical phases of that history. The first phase is the financing and construction of American astronomical observatories from Colonial America to the middle of the twentieth century. The second is the career of Robert Goddard, the American father of liquid-fuel rocketry, whose efforts constituted the world’s first spaceflight development program. The third is the American political history of the Cold War ‘Space Race’ and subsequent NASA human spaceflight initiatives in the twentieth century. Examining these episodes from an economic perspective results in a new view of American space exploration—one where personal initiative and private funding have been dominant long-run trends, where the demand for impressive public signals has funded large space exploration projects across two centuries, and where government leadership in the field is a relatively recent phenomenon.
Catelijne Coopman, Janet Vertesi, Michaeland Lynch, and Steve Woolgar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262525381
- eISBN:
- 9780262319157
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262525381.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
Representation in Scientific Practice Revisited, the long-awaited sequel to the influential volume, Representation in Scientific Practice, unites original editors Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar with ...
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Representation in Scientific Practice Revisited, the long-awaited sequel to the influential volume, Representation in Scientific Practice, unites original editors Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar with colleagues Catelijne Coopmans and Janet Vertesi to present a new series of essays that sets the bar for the study of representation in science in the twenty-first century. Chapters span a range of topics, including molecular modeling, nano-imaging, mathematical formalisms, and digital imagery in neuroscience, planetary science, and biology - as well as business data visualization, economics diagrams and technology-mediated surgery. They draw on a widened range of disciplinary perspectives (on information, communication, and culture) and themes (embodiment, materiality, digitality) to elaborate original implications for the study of imaging and scientific visualization, broadly conceived. The book features work by an emerging generation of scholars who open up novel and important avenues for research, as well as commentaries by established scholars such as Lorraine Daston, Martin Kemp, Bruno Latour, and others from the original volume, to elaborate on continuities and changes in our approach to the important topic of representation in scientific practice.Less
Representation in Scientific Practice Revisited, the long-awaited sequel to the influential volume, Representation in Scientific Practice, unites original editors Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar with colleagues Catelijne Coopmans and Janet Vertesi to present a new series of essays that sets the bar for the study of representation in science in the twenty-first century. Chapters span a range of topics, including molecular modeling, nano-imaging, mathematical formalisms, and digital imagery in neuroscience, planetary science, and biology - as well as business data visualization, economics diagrams and technology-mediated surgery. They draw on a widened range of disciplinary perspectives (on information, communication, and culture) and themes (embodiment, materiality, digitality) to elaborate original implications for the study of imaging and scientific visualization, broadly conceived. The book features work by an emerging generation of scholars who open up novel and important avenues for research, as well as commentaries by established scholars such as Lorraine Daston, Martin Kemp, Bruno Latour, and others from the original volume, to elaborate on continuities and changes in our approach to the important topic of representation in scientific practice.
