Barry Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286690
- eISBN:
- 9780191604065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286698.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter examines Crispin Wright’s account of truth as superassertibility, and the account with which Putnam proposes in Reason, Truth, and History — of truth as idealized rational acceptability. ...
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This chapter examines Crispin Wright’s account of truth as superassertibility, and the account with which Putnam proposes in Reason, Truth, and History — of truth as idealized rational acceptability. It is argued that both can be represented as attempts to take a version of Part One’s Hierarchy of Certification as a serious analytic tool rather than as a disposable heuristic ladder.Less
This chapter examines Crispin Wright’s account of truth as superassertibility, and the account with which Putnam proposes in Reason, Truth, and History — of truth as idealized rational acceptability. It is argued that both can be represented as attempts to take a version of Part One’s Hierarchy of Certification as a serious analytic tool rather than as a disposable heuristic ladder.
Kees Hengeveld and J. Lachlan Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278107
- eISBN:
- 9780191707797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278107.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter turns to the encoding of the distinctions made at the Interpersonal and Representational Levels in morphosyntactic form. The layered structure distinguishes Clause, Phrase, Word and ...
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This chapter turns to the encoding of the distinctions made at the Interpersonal and Representational Levels in morphosyntactic form. The layered structure distinguishes Clause, Phrase, Word and Morpheme as composing the Linguistic Expression. Hierarchical and equipollent relations in formulation are shown to influence this level in its dynamic implementation.Less
This chapter turns to the encoding of the distinctions made at the Interpersonal and Representational Levels in morphosyntactic form. The layered structure distinguishes Clause, Phrase, Word and Morpheme as composing the Linguistic Expression. Hierarchical and equipollent relations in formulation are shown to influence this level in its dynamic implementation.
Jeanette Gundel and Nancy Hedberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331639
- eISBN:
- 9780199867981
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331639.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
The ability to produce and understand referring expressions is basic to human language use and human cognition. Reference comprises the ability to think of and represent objects (both real and ...
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The ability to produce and understand referring expressions is basic to human language use and human cognition. Reference comprises the ability to think of and represent objects (both real and imagined/fictional), to indicate to others which of these objects we are talking about, and to determine what others are talking about when they use a nominal expression. The articles in this volume are concerned with some of the central themes and challenges in research on reference within the cognitive sciences—philosophy (including philosophy of language and mind, logic, and formal semantics), theoretical and computational linguistics, and cognitive psychology. The papers in the volume address four basic questions: What is reference? What is the appropriate analysis of different referring forms, such as definite descriptions? How is reference resolved? and How do speaker/writers select appropriate referring forms, such as pronouns vs. full noun phrases, demonstrative vs. personal pronouns, and overt vs. null/zero pronominal forms? Some of the papers assume and build on existing theories, such as Centering Theory and the Givenness Hierarchy framework; others propose their own models of reference understanding and/or production. The articles examine reference from a number of disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives, informed by different research traditions and employing different methodologies. While the contributors to the volume were primarily trained in one of the four represented disciplines—computer science, linguistics, philosophy and psychology, and use methodologies typical of that discipline — each of them bridges more than one discipline in their work and their approach.Less
The ability to produce and understand referring expressions is basic to human language use and human cognition. Reference comprises the ability to think of and represent objects (both real and imagined/fictional), to indicate to others which of these objects we are talking about, and to determine what others are talking about when they use a nominal expression. The articles in this volume are concerned with some of the central themes and challenges in research on reference within the cognitive sciences—philosophy (including philosophy of language and mind, logic, and formal semantics), theoretical and computational linguistics, and cognitive psychology. The papers in the volume address four basic questions: What is reference? What is the appropriate analysis of different referring forms, such as definite descriptions? How is reference resolved? and How do speaker/writers select appropriate referring forms, such as pronouns vs. full noun phrases, demonstrative vs. personal pronouns, and overt vs. null/zero pronominal forms? Some of the papers assume and build on existing theories, such as Centering Theory and the Givenness Hierarchy framework; others propose their own models of reference understanding and/or production. The articles examine reference from a number of disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives, informed by different research traditions and employing different methodologies. While the contributors to the volume were primarily trained in one of the four represented disciplines—computer science, linguistics, philosophy and psychology, and use methodologies typical of that discipline — each of them bridges more than one discipline in their work and their approach.
Elizabeth Teresa Groppe
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195166422
- eISBN:
- 9780199835638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195166426.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter concludes the analysis with reflection on the contemporary significance of Congar’s integration of pneumatological anthropology and pneumatological ecclesiology. The author uses Congar’s ...
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This chapter concludes the analysis with reflection on the contemporary significance of Congar’s integration of pneumatological anthropology and pneumatological ecclesiology. The author uses Congar’s theology of the Holy Spirit as the basis for the formulation of constructive proposals on three issues facing the theological discipline today: the discussion as to whether the Catholic Church is a hierarchy or a democracy, the suitability of “persons in communion” as a framework for ecclesiological discourse, and reflection on the personhood of the Holy Spirit and the theology of appropriations.Less
This chapter concludes the analysis with reflection on the contemporary significance of Congar’s integration of pneumatological anthropology and pneumatological ecclesiology. The author uses Congar’s theology of the Holy Spirit as the basis for the formulation of constructive proposals on three issues facing the theological discipline today: the discussion as to whether the Catholic Church is a hierarchy or a democracy, the suitability of “persons in communion” as a framework for ecclesiological discourse, and reflection on the personhood of the Holy Spirit and the theology of appropriations.
Greville G. Corbett
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577743
- eISBN:
- 9780191722844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577743.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
Features are standard currency in linguistics; they allow generalizations in syntax, and equally in morphology. Yet while features are heavily used, they are often taken for granted. It is therefore ...
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Features are standard currency in linguistics; they allow generalizations in syntax, and equally in morphology. Yet while features are heavily used, they are often taken for granted. It is therefore worth considering: the use of features (their logic, their place in different components), the substantive semantics of features, and the inventory of features.Less
Features are standard currency in linguistics; they allow generalizations in syntax, and equally in morphology. Yet while features are heavily used, they are often taken for granted. It is therefore worth considering: the use of features (their logic, their place in different components), the substantive semantics of features, and the inventory of features.
Michael Hubbard MacKay
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252043017
- eISBN:
- 9780252051876
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043017.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This book is about how Joseph Smith established religious authority and a long-lasting, complex priesthood structure. The thesis of this book builds on three scholars’ major ideas about religious ...
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This book is about how Joseph Smith established religious authority and a long-lasting, complex priesthood structure. The thesis of this book builds on three scholars’ major ideas about religious authority and Mormonism in the antebellum United States. In an effort to move the conversation toward politics and its relationship to religion, Porterfield focused on the constraint of populism. Though it is true that Mormonism grew, as Hatch shows, from the populist appeal of a lay priesthood and communal living in early Mormonism, Flake demonstrates that the Mormon priesthood was hierarchical. Left just outside the focus of the work of Hatch, Porterfield, and Flake is the role of Joseph Smith defining Mormon authority—a role that has not been fully examined. Smith’s authority grew in opposition to the civic and political authority that evangelicals were garnering and as a countertrend to the populist religious movements of the Second Great Awakening. In fact, Smith’s prophetic voice and scripture formed a hierarchical priesthood structure that eventually empowered every male member of his church to become a prophet, priest, and king, although they answered to each leader above them within the same structure. Reinforced by that structure, Smith’s prophetic voice became the arbiter of authority. It had the ultimate power to create and guide, and it was used to form a strong lay priesthood order in a stable hierarchical democracy devoid of the kind of democratic political authority that evangelicals fostered.Less
This book is about how Joseph Smith established religious authority and a long-lasting, complex priesthood structure. The thesis of this book builds on three scholars’ major ideas about religious authority and Mormonism in the antebellum United States. In an effort to move the conversation toward politics and its relationship to religion, Porterfield focused on the constraint of populism. Though it is true that Mormonism grew, as Hatch shows, from the populist appeal of a lay priesthood and communal living in early Mormonism, Flake demonstrates that the Mormon priesthood was hierarchical. Left just outside the focus of the work of Hatch, Porterfield, and Flake is the role of Joseph Smith defining Mormon authority—a role that has not been fully examined. Smith’s authority grew in opposition to the civic and political authority that evangelicals were garnering and as a countertrend to the populist religious movements of the Second Great Awakening. In fact, Smith’s prophetic voice and scripture formed a hierarchical priesthood structure that eventually empowered every male member of his church to become a prophet, priest, and king, although they answered to each leader above them within the same structure. Reinforced by that structure, Smith’s prophetic voice became the arbiter of authority. It had the ultimate power to create and guide, and it was used to form a strong lay priesthood order in a stable hierarchical democracy devoid of the kind of democratic political authority that evangelicals fostered.
Ward Keeler
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780824865948
- eISBN:
- 9780824876944
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824865948.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Looking at Buddhist monasteries as social institutions, this book integrates a thorough description of one such monastery with a wide-ranging study of Burmese social relations, both religious and ...
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Looking at Buddhist monasteries as social institutions, this book integrates a thorough description of one such monastery with a wide-ranging study of Burmese social relations, both religious and lay, looking particularly at the matter of gender. Hierarchical assumptions inform all such relations, and higher status implies a person’s greater autonomy. A monk is particularly idealized because he exemplifies the Buddhist ideal of “detachment” and so autonomy. A male head of household represents another masculine ideal, if a somewhat less prestigious one. He enjoys greater autonomy than other members of the household yet remains entangled in the world. Women and trans women are thought to be more invested in attachment than autonomy and are expected to subordinate themselves to men and monks as a result. But everyone must concern themselves with the matter of relative status in all of their interactions. This makes face-to-face encounter fraught. Several chapters detail the ways that individuals try to stave off the risks that interaction necessarily entails. One stratagem is to subordinate oneself to nodes of power, but this runs counter to efforts to demonstrate one’s autonomy. Another is to foster detachment, most dramatically in the practice of meditation.Less
Looking at Buddhist monasteries as social institutions, this book integrates a thorough description of one such monastery with a wide-ranging study of Burmese social relations, both religious and lay, looking particularly at the matter of gender. Hierarchical assumptions inform all such relations, and higher status implies a person’s greater autonomy. A monk is particularly idealized because he exemplifies the Buddhist ideal of “detachment” and so autonomy. A male head of household represents another masculine ideal, if a somewhat less prestigious one. He enjoys greater autonomy than other members of the household yet remains entangled in the world. Women and trans women are thought to be more invested in attachment than autonomy and are expected to subordinate themselves to men and monks as a result. But everyone must concern themselves with the matter of relative status in all of their interactions. This makes face-to-face encounter fraught. Several chapters detail the ways that individuals try to stave off the risks that interaction necessarily entails. One stratagem is to subordinate oneself to nodes of power, but this runs counter to efforts to demonstrate one’s autonomy. Another is to foster detachment, most dramatically in the practice of meditation.
Dana H. Ballard
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028615
- eISBN:
- 9780262323819
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028615.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
The vast differences between the brain’s neural circuitry and a computer’s silicon circuitry might suggest that they have nothing in common. In fact, as Dana Ballard argues in this book, ...
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The vast differences between the brain’s neural circuitry and a computer’s silicon circuitry might suggest that they have nothing in common. In fact, as Dana Ballard argues in this book, computational tools are essential for understanding brain function. Ballard shows that the hierarchical organization of the brain has many parallels with the hierarchical organization of computing; as in silicon computing, the complexities of brain computation can be dramatically simplified when its computation is factored into different levels of abstraction. Drawing on several decades of progress in computational neuroscience, together with recent results in Bayesian and reinforcement learning methodologies, Ballard factors the brain’s principal computational issues in terms of their natural place in an overall hierarchy. Each of these factors leads to a fresh perspective. A neural level focuses on the basic forebrain functions and shows how processing demands dictate the extensive use of timing-based circuitry and an overall organization of tabular memories. An embodiment level organization works in reverse, making extensive use of multiplexing and on-demand processing to achieve fast parallel computation. An awareness level focuses on the brain’s representations of emotion, attention and consciousness, showing that they can operate with great economy in the context of the neural and embodiment substrates.Less
The vast differences between the brain’s neural circuitry and a computer’s silicon circuitry might suggest that they have nothing in common. In fact, as Dana Ballard argues in this book, computational tools are essential for understanding brain function. Ballard shows that the hierarchical organization of the brain has many parallels with the hierarchical organization of computing; as in silicon computing, the complexities of brain computation can be dramatically simplified when its computation is factored into different levels of abstraction. Drawing on several decades of progress in computational neuroscience, together with recent results in Bayesian and reinforcement learning methodologies, Ballard factors the brain’s principal computational issues in terms of their natural place in an overall hierarchy. Each of these factors leads to a fresh perspective. A neural level focuses on the basic forebrain functions and shows how processing demands dictate the extensive use of timing-based circuitry and an overall organization of tabular memories. An embodiment level organization works in reverse, making extensive use of multiplexing and on-demand processing to achieve fast parallel computation. An awareness level focuses on the brain’s representations of emotion, attention and consciousness, showing that they can operate with great economy in the context of the neural and embodiment substrates.
Katy Layton-Jones
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719099694
- eISBN:
- 9781526104038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099694.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The book concludes with re-evaluation of late eighteenth and nineteenth-century attitudes to provincial urbanisation and asserts that the reorganisation of the traditional urban hierarchy was ...
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The book concludes with re-evaluation of late eighteenth and nineteenth-century attitudes to provincial urbanisation and asserts that the reorganisation of the traditional urban hierarchy was mirrored by the evolution of a new visual vocabulary with which the urban scene was articulated. In the 1780s towns and cities were represented primarily through an aesthetic formula inherited from picturesque landscape painting. By the 1830s and 1840s, it was possible to present towns from myriad perspectives. However, by the 1880s this plurality was under attack from a new aesthetic archetype that privileged the scale and impact of industrial premises, pollution, and overcrowding.Less
The book concludes with re-evaluation of late eighteenth and nineteenth-century attitudes to provincial urbanisation and asserts that the reorganisation of the traditional urban hierarchy was mirrored by the evolution of a new visual vocabulary with which the urban scene was articulated. In the 1780s towns and cities were represented primarily through an aesthetic formula inherited from picturesque landscape painting. By the 1830s and 1840s, it was possible to present towns from myriad perspectives. However, by the 1880s this plurality was under attack from a new aesthetic archetype that privileged the scale and impact of industrial premises, pollution, and overcrowding.
Michael Hubbard MacKay
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252043017
- eISBN:
- 9780252051876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043017.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This chapter explores Joseph Smith’s overarching narrative of priestly power by identifying a continuous chain of authority back to Adam in Mormon scripture. A crucial component of that chain was the ...
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This chapter explores Joseph Smith’s overarching narrative of priestly power by identifying a continuous chain of authority back to Adam in Mormon scripture. A crucial component of that chain was the idea of administrative keys that link priestly authority among the New Testament apostles with priestly authority in Joseph Smith’s church. The chapter focuses on how an emerging narrative about Peter, James, and John determined Mormon administration and the ecclesiastical hierarchy. This apostolic narrative enabled Joseph Smith to empower the Mormon clergy with authority without compromising his unique position within the church as its president and prophet. On the one hand, Smith centralized power in himself, like a monarch over the kingdom of God. He alone held all of the keys of full church administration. On the other hand, he empowered regional parallel sites of authority of priests and high priests by distributing some keys freely to others, who also distributed them regionally. The chapter further explores the notion of the Mormon kingdom of God and how the apostolic mythos about Peter, James, and John enabled and maintained a long-lasting Mormon hierarchy. The chapter explores the mythos historically as an evolving narrative, to demonstrate how it came to represent the foundations of Mormon authority.Less
This chapter explores Joseph Smith’s overarching narrative of priestly power by identifying a continuous chain of authority back to Adam in Mormon scripture. A crucial component of that chain was the idea of administrative keys that link priestly authority among the New Testament apostles with priestly authority in Joseph Smith’s church. The chapter focuses on how an emerging narrative about Peter, James, and John determined Mormon administration and the ecclesiastical hierarchy. This apostolic narrative enabled Joseph Smith to empower the Mormon clergy with authority without compromising his unique position within the church as its president and prophet. On the one hand, Smith centralized power in himself, like a monarch over the kingdom of God. He alone held all of the keys of full church administration. On the other hand, he empowered regional parallel sites of authority of priests and high priests by distributing some keys freely to others, who also distributed them regionally. The chapter further explores the notion of the Mormon kingdom of God and how the apostolic mythos about Peter, James, and John enabled and maintained a long-lasting Mormon hierarchy. The chapter explores the mythos historically as an evolving narrative, to demonstrate how it came to represent the foundations of Mormon authority.
Sonia Cristofaro
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199282005
- eISBN:
- 9780191719271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282005.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter describes the cross-linguistic coding of the first of the three subordination relation types defined in Section 2.4.2, complement relations. It first distinguishes different types of ...
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This chapter describes the cross-linguistic coding of the first of the three subordination relation types defined in Section 2.4.2, complement relations. It first distinguishes different types of complement relations based on their semantic features, or more specifically, the semantic features of the predicates expressing the main SoA. The cross-linguistic coding of the dependent SoA in these types of complement relations are then examined with respect to the morphosyntactic phenomena described in Chapter 3. The chapter shows that the distribution of the different morphosyntactic phenomena across various types of complement relation can be described by means of a major implicational hierarchy, The Complement Deranking-Argument Hierarchy. Finally, it establishes a connection between this hierarchy and the semantic features of complement relations.Less
This chapter describes the cross-linguistic coding of the first of the three subordination relation types defined in Section 2.4.2, complement relations. It first distinguishes different types of complement relations based on their semantic features, or more specifically, the semantic features of the predicates expressing the main SoA. The cross-linguistic coding of the dependent SoA in these types of complement relations are then examined with respect to the morphosyntactic phenomena described in Chapter 3. The chapter shows that the distribution of the different morphosyntactic phenomena across various types of complement relation can be described by means of a major implicational hierarchy, The Complement Deranking-Argument Hierarchy. Finally, it establishes a connection between this hierarchy and the semantic features of complement relations.
Sonia Cristofaro
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199282005
- eISBN:
- 9780191719271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282005.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses relative relations. Topics covered include cross-linguistic coding of relative relations, cross-linguistic coding of relative relations and functional factors, data supporting ...
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This chapter discusses relative relations. Topics covered include cross-linguistic coding of relative relations, cross-linguistic coding of relative relations and functional factors, data supporting the implicational hierarchies, and language data. The chapter shows that the Accessibility Hierarchy is of crucial relevance to the cross-linguistic coding of relative relations.Less
This chapter discusses relative relations. Topics covered include cross-linguistic coding of relative relations, cross-linguistic coding of relative relations and functional factors, data supporting the implicational hierarchies, and language data. The chapter shows that the Accessibility Hierarchy is of crucial relevance to the cross-linguistic coding of relative relations.
John A. Hawkins
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199252695
- eISBN:
- 9780191719301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252695.003.007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter is concerned with relative clauses and wh-movement structures across languages, which is examined from the perspective of Minimize Domains, Minimize Forms, and Maximize On-line ...
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This chapter is concerned with relative clauses and wh-movement structures across languages, which is examined from the perspective of Minimize Domains, Minimize Forms, and Maximize On-line Processing. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 7.1 introduces background assumptions and details. Section 7.2 examines the Keenan–Comrie Accessibility Hierarchy from the perspective of MiD and MiF. Section 7.3 links the wh-fronting option to basic word order types, specifically to verb position, and accounts for the quantitative regularities in terms of MiD. In Section 7.4 numerous other increasing complexity hierarchies are proposed and tested, derived from MiD and MiF. Section 7.5 examines MaOP effects in wh-questions and relative clauses. Section 7.6 summarizes some apparent grammatical mysteries that make sense from a processing perspective, such as the ‘that-trace’ effect in English and subjacency violations in Japanese.Less
This chapter is concerned with relative clauses and wh-movement structures across languages, which is examined from the perspective of Minimize Domains, Minimize Forms, and Maximize On-line Processing. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 7.1 introduces background assumptions and details. Section 7.2 examines the Keenan–Comrie Accessibility Hierarchy from the perspective of MiD and MiF. Section 7.3 links the wh-fronting option to basic word order types, specifically to verb position, and accounts for the quantitative regularities in terms of MiD. In Section 7.4 numerous other increasing complexity hierarchies are proposed and tested, derived from MiD and MiF. Section 7.5 examines MaOP effects in wh-questions and relative clauses. Section 7.6 summarizes some apparent grammatical mysteries that make sense from a processing perspective, such as the ‘that-trace’ effect in English and subjacency violations in Japanese.
Antonella Sorace
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257652
- eISBN:
- 9780191717772
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257652.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter shows that the Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy provides a generalization that captures the systematic variation exhibited by intransitive verbs in their choice of auxiliary across a number ...
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This chapter shows that the Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy provides a generalization that captures the systematic variation exhibited by intransitive verbs in their choice of auxiliary across a number of languages. By doing so, it offers a stronger empirical basis to a range of observations and data that had been presented in the literature on split intransitivity. The ASH also accounts for the developmental paths followed by second-language learners of Italian and French, who start acquiring auxiliary selection from core verbs and are more likely to retain non-native intuitions with respect to non-core verbs at advanced stages of development. Further research is needed to corroborate the still limited evidence that the ASH may underlie not only auxiliary selection but also other syntactic reflexes of split intransitivity.Less
This chapter shows that the Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy provides a generalization that captures the systematic variation exhibited by intransitive verbs in their choice of auxiliary across a number of languages. By doing so, it offers a stronger empirical basis to a range of observations and data that had been presented in the literature on split intransitivity. The ASH also accounts for the developmental paths followed by second-language learners of Italian and French, who start acquiring auxiliary selection from core verbs and are more likely to retain non-native intuitions with respect to non-core verbs at advanced stages of development. Further research is needed to corroborate the still limited evidence that the ASH may underlie not only auxiliary selection but also other syntactic reflexes of split intransitivity.
I. G. Simmons
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621583
- eISBN:
- 9780748670765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621583.003.0003
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The development of agriculture after about 10,000 BC produced human-directed genetics and environments. Though fire was still used, solar energy was garnered from more concentrated sources as crops ...
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The development of agriculture after about 10,000 BC produced human-directed genetics and environments. Though fire was still used, solar energy was garnered from more concentrated sources as crops and domestic animals. Wind and water power were also harnessed. Outside the cultivable areas, pastoralism might tap wild vegetation with tame animals. Emphasis was placed on extending the productive area in order to feed growing populations and demanding elites. Stratification permeates the structures of society and in parallel the natural world becomes classified into types of resource. Not all of these are for subsistence since pleasure gardens and hunting reserves appear. The invention of writing further confers power on selected elites and also allows worldviews to be transmitted which confirm an hierarchy of the world in which humans are exceptional and entitled to the use of the rest of Earth's materials.Less
The development of agriculture after about 10,000 BC produced human-directed genetics and environments. Though fire was still used, solar energy was garnered from more concentrated sources as crops and domestic animals. Wind and water power were also harnessed. Outside the cultivable areas, pastoralism might tap wild vegetation with tame animals. Emphasis was placed on extending the productive area in order to feed growing populations and demanding elites. Stratification permeates the structures of society and in parallel the natural world becomes classified into types of resource. Not all of these are for subsistence since pleasure gardens and hunting reserves appear. The invention of writing further confers power on selected elites and also allows worldviews to be transmitted which confirm an hierarchy of the world in which humans are exceptional and entitled to the use of the rest of Earth's materials.
Hanna Herzog
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199862184
- eISBN:
- 9780199979950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199862184.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The chapter suggests that the prolonged conflict and the occupation have become a social mechanism that institutionalizes a narrow understanding of the concept of human security, excluding issues of ...
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The chapter suggests that the prolonged conflict and the occupation have become a social mechanism that institutionalizes a narrow understanding of the concept of human security, excluding issues of personal and economic security. In particular it replicates the gendered division of roles and has led to a gendered hierarchy, discrimination and even violence against women. It allocates men and resources to carry on the occupation and emphasizes women’s domestic roles. The traditional preference of the public sphere as men’s sphere is reproduced, thereby elevating men’s status and prestige as protectors of the family and the nation and strengthening the masculine discourse and values.Less
The chapter suggests that the prolonged conflict and the occupation have become a social mechanism that institutionalizes a narrow understanding of the concept of human security, excluding issues of personal and economic security. In particular it replicates the gendered division of roles and has led to a gendered hierarchy, discrimination and even violence against women. It allocates men and resources to carry on the occupation and emphasizes women’s domestic roles. The traditional preference of the public sphere as men’s sphere is reproduced, thereby elevating men’s status and prestige as protectors of the family and the nation and strengthening the masculine discourse and values.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226388700
- eISBN:
- 9780226388724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226388724.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
There are only a few books in Christian culture that rival—in scope or impact—the fabulous career of the Greek works in theology attributed to St. Dionysius the Areopagite. These works, which have ...
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There are only a few books in Christian culture that rival—in scope or impact—the fabulous career of the Greek works in theology attributed to St. Dionysius the Areopagite. These works, which have survived as a unified corpus, encompass four treatises, The Divine Names, The Mystical Theology, The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, and The Celestial Hierarchy, as well as ten Epistles. Each of them holds a unique position of authority in the Christian canon, and the corpus as a whole has shaped Christian spirituality as few texts, outside the biblical canon, ever have. This chapter focuses on the names of God, and its particular interest turns on The Divine Names, which stands out in the Christian tradition as the most authoritative theological discourse on the naming of God.Less
There are only a few books in Christian culture that rival—in scope or impact—the fabulous career of the Greek works in theology attributed to St. Dionysius the Areopagite. These works, which have survived as a unified corpus, encompass four treatises, The Divine Names, The Mystical Theology, The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, and The Celestial Hierarchy, as well as ten Epistles. Each of them holds a unique position of authority in the Christian canon, and the corpus as a whole has shaped Christian spirituality as few texts, outside the biblical canon, ever have. This chapter focuses on the names of God, and its particular interest turns on The Divine Names, which stands out in the Christian tradition as the most authoritative theological discourse on the naming of God.
Heather Martel
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813066189
- eISBN:
- 9780813058399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813066189.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
In the early Atlantic Protestant gendered hierarchy of beauty and power, political, social, spiritual, and imperial relationships were eroticized, and desire signaled effeminacy defined by ...
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In the early Atlantic Protestant gendered hierarchy of beauty and power, political, social, spiritual, and imperial relationships were eroticized, and desire signaled effeminacy defined by recognition of power, influence, and the more virtuous, masculine body. The French Calvinists had hoped the Indigenous kings Saturiwa, Outina, and Houstaqua would recognize their beauty, fall in love, and so willingly subordinate themselves, coming to emulate Protestantism and French culture in a normative form of homoeroticism. Instead, critics of the French at Fort Caroline implied that the slippages of some Christian travelers (who lost control to their desires, became dependent on Indigenous hospitality, and sometimes assimilated into Indigenous societies) became idolatrous, which was akin to committing sodomy and amounting to sexual slavery.Less
In the early Atlantic Protestant gendered hierarchy of beauty and power, political, social, spiritual, and imperial relationships were eroticized, and desire signaled effeminacy defined by recognition of power, influence, and the more virtuous, masculine body. The French Calvinists had hoped the Indigenous kings Saturiwa, Outina, and Houstaqua would recognize their beauty, fall in love, and so willingly subordinate themselves, coming to emulate Protestantism and French culture in a normative form of homoeroticism. Instead, critics of the French at Fort Caroline implied that the slippages of some Christian travelers (who lost control to their desires, became dependent on Indigenous hospitality, and sometimes assimilated into Indigenous societies) became idolatrous, which was akin to committing sodomy and amounting to sexual slavery.
Filippo Del Lucchese
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474456203
- eISBN:
- 9781474476935
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474456203.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This is the longest chapter of the book, because of the number, nature, and importance of the philosophers that take the side of Plato and develop his teleological idealism in different directions. ...
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This is the longest chapter of the book, because of the number, nature, and importance of the philosophers that take the side of Plato and develop his teleological idealism in different directions. It also includes several early Christian thinkers – Augustin among them – whose philosophical background and inspiration are largely Platonic. For reasons of consistency, this chapter explores this complex and long-lived philosophical movement through the same categories that have been used in previous chapters, namely the conflict between immanence and transcendence, the questions of nature’s hierarchies, teleology and providence, as well as the origin of evil. However, new elements are introduced because of the puculiar reworking of these ideas within the new and original monotheism of the Judeo-Christian early tradition, as well as their importance for the later medieval and early modern philosophy.Less
This is the longest chapter of the book, because of the number, nature, and importance of the philosophers that take the side of Plato and develop his teleological idealism in different directions. It also includes several early Christian thinkers – Augustin among them – whose philosophical background and inspiration are largely Platonic. For reasons of consistency, this chapter explores this complex and long-lived philosophical movement through the same categories that have been used in previous chapters, namely the conflict between immanence and transcendence, the questions of nature’s hierarchies, teleology and providence, as well as the origin of evil. However, new elements are introduced because of the puculiar reworking of these ideas within the new and original monotheism of the Judeo-Christian early tradition, as well as their importance for the later medieval and early modern philosophy.
Michael Hubbard MacKay
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252043017
- eISBN:
- 9780252051876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043017.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
To explore the foundations of Mormon religious authority, this chapter introduces the idea of a Mormon prophet, demonstrates how the production of the Book of Mormon established Smith’s claim to ...
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To explore the foundations of Mormon religious authority, this chapter introduces the idea of a Mormon prophet, demonstrates how the production of the Book of Mormon established Smith’s claim to authority, and show how his ongoing revelation created a hospitable environment to maintain his prophetic authority hierarchically within his church. This will lay the foundational concepts for how Smith developed and maintained a hierarchal role while also developing a democratic priesthood. It will also set the scene for how an inclusive populist priesthood could eventually embrace a hierarchical ecclesiology, demonstrated by Kathleen Flake’s work. The chapter will begin to define what a Mormon prophet looks like and how Joseph Smith establishes his prophethood and authority through the charismatic practices of communing with the dead and producing modern revelation and ancient scripture. It will establish that this kind a charisma founds authority and creates a space in which prophetic authority can exist charismatically without the grounding of an institution.Less
To explore the foundations of Mormon religious authority, this chapter introduces the idea of a Mormon prophet, demonstrates how the production of the Book of Mormon established Smith’s claim to authority, and show how his ongoing revelation created a hospitable environment to maintain his prophetic authority hierarchically within his church. This will lay the foundational concepts for how Smith developed and maintained a hierarchal role while also developing a democratic priesthood. It will also set the scene for how an inclusive populist priesthood could eventually embrace a hierarchical ecclesiology, demonstrated by Kathleen Flake’s work. The chapter will begin to define what a Mormon prophet looks like and how Joseph Smith establishes his prophethood and authority through the charismatic practices of communing with the dead and producing modern revelation and ancient scripture. It will establish that this kind a charisma founds authority and creates a space in which prophetic authority can exist charismatically without the grounding of an institution.
