Barry Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286690
- eISBN:
- 9780191604065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286698.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter examines Crispin Wright’s account of truth as superassertibility, and the account with which Putnam proposes in Reason, Truth, and History — of truth as idealized rational acceptability. ...
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This chapter examines Crispin Wright’s account of truth as superassertibility, and the account with which Putnam proposes in Reason, Truth, and History — of truth as idealized rational acceptability. It is argued that both can be represented as attempts to take a version of Part One’s Hierarchy of Certification as a serious analytic tool rather than as a disposable heuristic ladder.Less
This chapter examines Crispin Wright’s account of truth as superassertibility, and the account with which Putnam proposes in Reason, Truth, and History — of truth as idealized rational acceptability. It is argued that both can be represented as attempts to take a version of Part One’s Hierarchy of Certification as a serious analytic tool rather than as a disposable heuristic ladder.
Kees Hengeveld and J. Lachlan Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278107
- eISBN:
- 9780191707797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278107.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter turns to the encoding of the distinctions made at the Interpersonal and Representational Levels in morphosyntactic form. The layered structure distinguishes Clause, Phrase, Word and ...
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This chapter turns to the encoding of the distinctions made at the Interpersonal and Representational Levels in morphosyntactic form. The layered structure distinguishes Clause, Phrase, Word and Morpheme as composing the Linguistic Expression. Hierarchical and equipollent relations in formulation are shown to influence this level in its dynamic implementation.Less
This chapter turns to the encoding of the distinctions made at the Interpersonal and Representational Levels in morphosyntactic form. The layered structure distinguishes Clause, Phrase, Word and Morpheme as composing the Linguistic Expression. Hierarchical and equipollent relations in formulation are shown to influence this level in its dynamic implementation.
Jeanette Gundel and Nancy Hedberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331639
- eISBN:
- 9780199867981
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331639.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
The ability to produce and understand referring expressions is basic to human language use and human cognition. Reference comprises the ability to think of and represent objects (both real and ...
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The ability to produce and understand referring expressions is basic to human language use and human cognition. Reference comprises the ability to think of and represent objects (both real and imagined/fictional), to indicate to others which of these objects we are talking about, and to determine what others are talking about when they use a nominal expression. The articles in this volume are concerned with some of the central themes and challenges in research on reference within the cognitive sciences—philosophy (including philosophy of language and mind, logic, and formal semantics), theoretical and computational linguistics, and cognitive psychology. The papers in the volume address four basic questions: What is reference? What is the appropriate analysis of different referring forms, such as definite descriptions? How is reference resolved? and How do speaker/writers select appropriate referring forms, such as pronouns vs. full noun phrases, demonstrative vs. personal pronouns, and overt vs. null/zero pronominal forms? Some of the papers assume and build on existing theories, such as Centering Theory and the Givenness Hierarchy framework; others propose their own models of reference understanding and/or production. The articles examine reference from a number of disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives, informed by different research traditions and employing different methodologies. While the contributors to the volume were primarily trained in one of the four represented disciplines—computer science, linguistics, philosophy and psychology, and use methodologies typical of that discipline — each of them bridges more than one discipline in their work and their approach.Less
The ability to produce and understand referring expressions is basic to human language use and human cognition. Reference comprises the ability to think of and represent objects (both real and imagined/fictional), to indicate to others which of these objects we are talking about, and to determine what others are talking about when they use a nominal expression. The articles in this volume are concerned with some of the central themes and challenges in research on reference within the cognitive sciences—philosophy (including philosophy of language and mind, logic, and formal semantics), theoretical and computational linguistics, and cognitive psychology. The papers in the volume address four basic questions: What is reference? What is the appropriate analysis of different referring forms, such as definite descriptions? How is reference resolved? and How do speaker/writers select appropriate referring forms, such as pronouns vs. full noun phrases, demonstrative vs. personal pronouns, and overt vs. null/zero pronominal forms? Some of the papers assume and build on existing theories, such as Centering Theory and the Givenness Hierarchy framework; others propose their own models of reference understanding and/or production. The articles examine reference from a number of disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives, informed by different research traditions and employing different methodologies. While the contributors to the volume were primarily trained in one of the four represented disciplines—computer science, linguistics, philosophy and psychology, and use methodologies typical of that discipline — each of them bridges more than one discipline in their work and their approach.
Elizabeth Teresa Groppe
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195166422
- eISBN:
- 9780199835638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195166426.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter concludes the analysis with reflection on the contemporary significance of Congar’s integration of pneumatological anthropology and pneumatological ecclesiology. The author uses Congar’s ...
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This chapter concludes the analysis with reflection on the contemporary significance of Congar’s integration of pneumatological anthropology and pneumatological ecclesiology. The author uses Congar’s theology of the Holy Spirit as the basis for the formulation of constructive proposals on three issues facing the theological discipline today: the discussion as to whether the Catholic Church is a hierarchy or a democracy, the suitability of “persons in communion” as a framework for ecclesiological discourse, and reflection on the personhood of the Holy Spirit and the theology of appropriations.Less
This chapter concludes the analysis with reflection on the contemporary significance of Congar’s integration of pneumatological anthropology and pneumatological ecclesiology. The author uses Congar’s theology of the Holy Spirit as the basis for the formulation of constructive proposals on three issues facing the theological discipline today: the discussion as to whether the Catholic Church is a hierarchy or a democracy, the suitability of “persons in communion” as a framework for ecclesiological discourse, and reflection on the personhood of the Holy Spirit and the theology of appropriations.
Greville G. Corbett
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577743
- eISBN:
- 9780191722844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577743.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
Features are standard currency in linguistics; they allow generalizations in syntax, and equally in morphology. Yet while features are heavily used, they are often taken for granted. It is therefore ...
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Features are standard currency in linguistics; they allow generalizations in syntax, and equally in morphology. Yet while features are heavily used, they are often taken for granted. It is therefore worth considering: the use of features (their logic, their place in different components), the substantive semantics of features, and the inventory of features.Less
Features are standard currency in linguistics; they allow generalizations in syntax, and equally in morphology. Yet while features are heavily used, they are often taken for granted. It is therefore worth considering: the use of features (their logic, their place in different components), the substantive semantics of features, and the inventory of features.
Ward Keeler
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780824865948
- eISBN:
- 9780824876944
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824865948.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Looking at Buddhist monasteries as social institutions, this book integrates a thorough description of one such monastery with a wide-ranging study of Burmese social relations, both religious and ...
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Looking at Buddhist monasteries as social institutions, this book integrates a thorough description of one such monastery with a wide-ranging study of Burmese social relations, both religious and lay, looking particularly at the matter of gender. Hierarchical assumptions inform all such relations, and higher status implies a person’s greater autonomy. A monk is particularly idealized because he exemplifies the Buddhist ideal of “detachment” and so autonomy. A male head of household represents another masculine ideal, if a somewhat less prestigious one. He enjoys greater autonomy than other members of the household yet remains entangled in the world. Women and trans women are thought to be more invested in attachment than autonomy and are expected to subordinate themselves to men and monks as a result. But everyone must concern themselves with the matter of relative status in all of their interactions. This makes face-to-face encounter fraught. Several chapters detail the ways that individuals try to stave off the risks that interaction necessarily entails. One stratagem is to subordinate oneself to nodes of power, but this runs counter to efforts to demonstrate one’s autonomy. Another is to foster detachment, most dramatically in the practice of meditation.Less
Looking at Buddhist monasteries as social institutions, this book integrates a thorough description of one such monastery with a wide-ranging study of Burmese social relations, both religious and lay, looking particularly at the matter of gender. Hierarchical assumptions inform all such relations, and higher status implies a person’s greater autonomy. A monk is particularly idealized because he exemplifies the Buddhist ideal of “detachment” and so autonomy. A male head of household represents another masculine ideal, if a somewhat less prestigious one. He enjoys greater autonomy than other members of the household yet remains entangled in the world. Women and trans women are thought to be more invested in attachment than autonomy and are expected to subordinate themselves to men and monks as a result. But everyone must concern themselves with the matter of relative status in all of their interactions. This makes face-to-face encounter fraught. Several chapters detail the ways that individuals try to stave off the risks that interaction necessarily entails. One stratagem is to subordinate oneself to nodes of power, but this runs counter to efforts to demonstrate one’s autonomy. Another is to foster detachment, most dramatically in the practice of meditation.
Dana H. Ballard
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028615
- eISBN:
- 9780262323819
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028615.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
The vast differences between the brain’s neural circuitry and a computer’s silicon circuitry might suggest that they have nothing in common. In fact, as Dana Ballard argues in this book, ...
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The vast differences between the brain’s neural circuitry and a computer’s silicon circuitry might suggest that they have nothing in common. In fact, as Dana Ballard argues in this book, computational tools are essential for understanding brain function. Ballard shows that the hierarchical organization of the brain has many parallels with the hierarchical organization of computing; as in silicon computing, the complexities of brain computation can be dramatically simplified when its computation is factored into different levels of abstraction. Drawing on several decades of progress in computational neuroscience, together with recent results in Bayesian and reinforcement learning methodologies, Ballard factors the brain’s principal computational issues in terms of their natural place in an overall hierarchy. Each of these factors leads to a fresh perspective. A neural level focuses on the basic forebrain functions and shows how processing demands dictate the extensive use of timing-based circuitry and an overall organization of tabular memories. An embodiment level organization works in reverse, making extensive use of multiplexing and on-demand processing to achieve fast parallel computation. An awareness level focuses on the brain’s representations of emotion, attention and consciousness, showing that they can operate with great economy in the context of the neural and embodiment substrates.Less
The vast differences between the brain’s neural circuitry and a computer’s silicon circuitry might suggest that they have nothing in common. In fact, as Dana Ballard argues in this book, computational tools are essential for understanding brain function. Ballard shows that the hierarchical organization of the brain has many parallels with the hierarchical organization of computing; as in silicon computing, the complexities of brain computation can be dramatically simplified when its computation is factored into different levels of abstraction. Drawing on several decades of progress in computational neuroscience, together with recent results in Bayesian and reinforcement learning methodologies, Ballard factors the brain’s principal computational issues in terms of their natural place in an overall hierarchy. Each of these factors leads to a fresh perspective. A neural level focuses on the basic forebrain functions and shows how processing demands dictate the extensive use of timing-based circuitry and an overall organization of tabular memories. An embodiment level organization works in reverse, making extensive use of multiplexing and on-demand processing to achieve fast parallel computation. An awareness level focuses on the brain’s representations of emotion, attention and consciousness, showing that they can operate with great economy in the context of the neural and embodiment substrates.
Katy Layton-Jones
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719099694
- eISBN:
- 9781526104038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099694.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The book concludes with re-evaluation of late eighteenth and nineteenth-century attitudes to provincial urbanisation and asserts that the reorganisation of the traditional urban hierarchy was ...
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The book concludes with re-evaluation of late eighteenth and nineteenth-century attitudes to provincial urbanisation and asserts that the reorganisation of the traditional urban hierarchy was mirrored by the evolution of a new visual vocabulary with which the urban scene was articulated. In the 1780s towns and cities were represented primarily through an aesthetic formula inherited from picturesque landscape painting. By the 1830s and 1840s, it was possible to present towns from myriad perspectives. However, by the 1880s this plurality was under attack from a new aesthetic archetype that privileged the scale and impact of industrial premises, pollution, and overcrowding.Less
The book concludes with re-evaluation of late eighteenth and nineteenth-century attitudes to provincial urbanisation and asserts that the reorganisation of the traditional urban hierarchy was mirrored by the evolution of a new visual vocabulary with which the urban scene was articulated. In the 1780s towns and cities were represented primarily through an aesthetic formula inherited from picturesque landscape painting. By the 1830s and 1840s, it was possible to present towns from myriad perspectives. However, by the 1880s this plurality was under attack from a new aesthetic archetype that privileged the scale and impact of industrial premises, pollution, and overcrowding.
Sonia Cristofaro
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199282005
- eISBN:
- 9780191719271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282005.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter describes the cross-linguistic coding of the first of the three subordination relation types defined in Section 2.4.2, complement relations. It first distinguishes different types of ...
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This chapter describes the cross-linguistic coding of the first of the three subordination relation types defined in Section 2.4.2, complement relations. It first distinguishes different types of complement relations based on their semantic features, or more specifically, the semantic features of the predicates expressing the main SoA. The cross-linguistic coding of the dependent SoA in these types of complement relations are then examined with respect to the morphosyntactic phenomena described in Chapter 3. The chapter shows that the distribution of the different morphosyntactic phenomena across various types of complement relation can be described by means of a major implicational hierarchy, The Complement Deranking-Argument Hierarchy. Finally, it establishes a connection between this hierarchy and the semantic features of complement relations.Less
This chapter describes the cross-linguistic coding of the first of the three subordination relation types defined in Section 2.4.2, complement relations. It first distinguishes different types of complement relations based on their semantic features, or more specifically, the semantic features of the predicates expressing the main SoA. The cross-linguistic coding of the dependent SoA in these types of complement relations are then examined with respect to the morphosyntactic phenomena described in Chapter 3. The chapter shows that the distribution of the different morphosyntactic phenomena across various types of complement relation can be described by means of a major implicational hierarchy, The Complement Deranking-Argument Hierarchy. Finally, it establishes a connection between this hierarchy and the semantic features of complement relations.
Sonia Cristofaro
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199282005
- eISBN:
- 9780191719271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282005.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses relative relations. Topics covered include cross-linguistic coding of relative relations, cross-linguistic coding of relative relations and functional factors, data supporting ...
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This chapter discusses relative relations. Topics covered include cross-linguistic coding of relative relations, cross-linguistic coding of relative relations and functional factors, data supporting the implicational hierarchies, and language data. The chapter shows that the Accessibility Hierarchy is of crucial relevance to the cross-linguistic coding of relative relations.Less
This chapter discusses relative relations. Topics covered include cross-linguistic coding of relative relations, cross-linguistic coding of relative relations and functional factors, data supporting the implicational hierarchies, and language data. The chapter shows that the Accessibility Hierarchy is of crucial relevance to the cross-linguistic coding of relative relations.
John A. Hawkins
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199252695
- eISBN:
- 9780191719301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252695.003.007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter is concerned with relative clauses and wh-movement structures across languages, which is examined from the perspective of Minimize Domains, Minimize Forms, and Maximize On-line ...
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This chapter is concerned with relative clauses and wh-movement structures across languages, which is examined from the perspective of Minimize Domains, Minimize Forms, and Maximize On-line Processing. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 7.1 introduces background assumptions and details. Section 7.2 examines the Keenan–Comrie Accessibility Hierarchy from the perspective of MiD and MiF. Section 7.3 links the wh-fronting option to basic word order types, specifically to verb position, and accounts for the quantitative regularities in terms of MiD. In Section 7.4 numerous other increasing complexity hierarchies are proposed and tested, derived from MiD and MiF. Section 7.5 examines MaOP effects in wh-questions and relative clauses. Section 7.6 summarizes some apparent grammatical mysteries that make sense from a processing perspective, such as the ‘that-trace’ effect in English and subjacency violations in Japanese.Less
This chapter is concerned with relative clauses and wh-movement structures across languages, which is examined from the perspective of Minimize Domains, Minimize Forms, and Maximize On-line Processing. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 7.1 introduces background assumptions and details. Section 7.2 examines the Keenan–Comrie Accessibility Hierarchy from the perspective of MiD and MiF. Section 7.3 links the wh-fronting option to basic word order types, specifically to verb position, and accounts for the quantitative regularities in terms of MiD. In Section 7.4 numerous other increasing complexity hierarchies are proposed and tested, derived from MiD and MiF. Section 7.5 examines MaOP effects in wh-questions and relative clauses. Section 7.6 summarizes some apparent grammatical mysteries that make sense from a processing perspective, such as the ‘that-trace’ effect in English and subjacency violations in Japanese.
Antonella Sorace
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257652
- eISBN:
- 9780191717772
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257652.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter shows that the Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy provides a generalization that captures the systematic variation exhibited by intransitive verbs in their choice of auxiliary across a number ...
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This chapter shows that the Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy provides a generalization that captures the systematic variation exhibited by intransitive verbs in their choice of auxiliary across a number of languages. By doing so, it offers a stronger empirical basis to a range of observations and data that had been presented in the literature on split intransitivity. The ASH also accounts for the developmental paths followed by second-language learners of Italian and French, who start acquiring auxiliary selection from core verbs and are more likely to retain non-native intuitions with respect to non-core verbs at advanced stages of development. Further research is needed to corroborate the still limited evidence that the ASH may underlie not only auxiliary selection but also other syntactic reflexes of split intransitivity.Less
This chapter shows that the Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy provides a generalization that captures the systematic variation exhibited by intransitive verbs in their choice of auxiliary across a number of languages. By doing so, it offers a stronger empirical basis to a range of observations and data that had been presented in the literature on split intransitivity. The ASH also accounts for the developmental paths followed by second-language learners of Italian and French, who start acquiring auxiliary selection from core verbs and are more likely to retain non-native intuitions with respect to non-core verbs at advanced stages of development. Further research is needed to corroborate the still limited evidence that the ASH may underlie not only auxiliary selection but also other syntactic reflexes of split intransitivity.
Hanna Herzog
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199862184
- eISBN:
- 9780199979950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199862184.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The chapter suggests that the prolonged conflict and the occupation have become a social mechanism that institutionalizes a narrow understanding of the concept of human security, excluding issues of ...
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The chapter suggests that the prolonged conflict and the occupation have become a social mechanism that institutionalizes a narrow understanding of the concept of human security, excluding issues of personal and economic security. In particular it replicates the gendered division of roles and has led to a gendered hierarchy, discrimination and even violence against women. It allocates men and resources to carry on the occupation and emphasizes women’s domestic roles. The traditional preference of the public sphere as men’s sphere is reproduced, thereby elevating men’s status and prestige as protectors of the family and the nation and strengthening the masculine discourse and values.Less
The chapter suggests that the prolonged conflict and the occupation have become a social mechanism that institutionalizes a narrow understanding of the concept of human security, excluding issues of personal and economic security. In particular it replicates the gendered division of roles and has led to a gendered hierarchy, discrimination and even violence against women. It allocates men and resources to carry on the occupation and emphasizes women’s domestic roles. The traditional preference of the public sphere as men’s sphere is reproduced, thereby elevating men’s status and prestige as protectors of the family and the nation and strengthening the masculine discourse and values.
I. G. Simmons
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621583
- eISBN:
- 9780748670765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621583.003.0003
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The development of agriculture after about 10,000 BC produced human-directed genetics and environments. Though fire was still used, solar energy was garnered from more concentrated sources as crops ...
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The development of agriculture after about 10,000 BC produced human-directed genetics and environments. Though fire was still used, solar energy was garnered from more concentrated sources as crops and domestic animals. Wind and water power were also harnessed. Outside the cultivable areas, pastoralism might tap wild vegetation with tame animals. Emphasis was placed on extending the productive area in order to feed growing populations and demanding elites. Stratification permeates the structures of society and in parallel the natural world becomes classified into types of resource. Not all of these are for subsistence since pleasure gardens and hunting reserves appear. The invention of writing further confers power on selected elites and also allows worldviews to be transmitted which confirm an hierarchy of the world in which humans are exceptional and entitled to the use of the rest of Earth's materials.Less
The development of agriculture after about 10,000 BC produced human-directed genetics and environments. Though fire was still used, solar energy was garnered from more concentrated sources as crops and domestic animals. Wind and water power were also harnessed. Outside the cultivable areas, pastoralism might tap wild vegetation with tame animals. Emphasis was placed on extending the productive area in order to feed growing populations and demanding elites. Stratification permeates the structures of society and in parallel the natural world becomes classified into types of resource. Not all of these are for subsistence since pleasure gardens and hunting reserves appear. The invention of writing further confers power on selected elites and also allows worldviews to be transmitted which confirm an hierarchy of the world in which humans are exceptional and entitled to the use of the rest of Earth's materials.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226388700
- eISBN:
- 9780226388724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226388724.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
There are only a few books in Christian culture that rival—in scope or impact—the fabulous career of the Greek works in theology attributed to St. Dionysius the Areopagite. These works, which have ...
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There are only a few books in Christian culture that rival—in scope or impact—the fabulous career of the Greek works in theology attributed to St. Dionysius the Areopagite. These works, which have survived as a unified corpus, encompass four treatises, The Divine Names, The Mystical Theology, The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, and The Celestial Hierarchy, as well as ten Epistles. Each of them holds a unique position of authority in the Christian canon, and the corpus as a whole has shaped Christian spirituality as few texts, outside the biblical canon, ever have. This chapter focuses on the names of God, and its particular interest turns on The Divine Names, which stands out in the Christian tradition as the most authoritative theological discourse on the naming of God.Less
There are only a few books in Christian culture that rival—in scope or impact—the fabulous career of the Greek works in theology attributed to St. Dionysius the Areopagite. These works, which have survived as a unified corpus, encompass four treatises, The Divine Names, The Mystical Theology, The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, and The Celestial Hierarchy, as well as ten Epistles. Each of them holds a unique position of authority in the Christian canon, and the corpus as a whole has shaped Christian spirituality as few texts, outside the biblical canon, ever have. This chapter focuses on the names of God, and its particular interest turns on The Divine Names, which stands out in the Christian tradition as the most authoritative theological discourse on the naming of God.
Alexandra Green
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9789888390885
- eISBN:
- 9789882204850
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390885.003.0003
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
Chapter Two examines the depicted events and scenes as expressions of religious commemoration and as promoting particular social, political, and religious hierarchies. The relationships between the ...
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Chapter Two examines the depicted events and scenes as expressions of religious commemoration and as promoting particular social, political, and religious hierarchies. The relationships between the main, usually sculpted, Buddha image and the painted walls created a narrative structure that encompassed the temple interior as a whole and made the Buddha present within the space and in the contemporary moment. The mural sites created a place to remember and honor the Buddha, with the sculpted and painted biographical narratives making him available to contemporary Burmese. The wall paintings illustrated what was culturally praiseworthy to the Burmese, reinforced the relevance of these things socially, and inspired people to participate in the dominant cultural discourse. In the process of doing so, the commemorative imagery demonstrated the field of merit surrounding Gotama Buddha. It memorialized his great achievement and the awakenings of the Buddhas before him, presenting them to the current audience and preserving them for future ones. However, it is the structure of the paintings within the temple layout - the disposition of the images and the selection of stories - that integrated the representations of the Buddhas into a complete unit.Less
Chapter Two examines the depicted events and scenes as expressions of religious commemoration and as promoting particular social, political, and religious hierarchies. The relationships between the main, usually sculpted, Buddha image and the painted walls created a narrative structure that encompassed the temple interior as a whole and made the Buddha present within the space and in the contemporary moment. The mural sites created a place to remember and honor the Buddha, with the sculpted and painted biographical narratives making him available to contemporary Burmese. The wall paintings illustrated what was culturally praiseworthy to the Burmese, reinforced the relevance of these things socially, and inspired people to participate in the dominant cultural discourse. In the process of doing so, the commemorative imagery demonstrated the field of merit surrounding Gotama Buddha. It memorialized his great achievement and the awakenings of the Buddhas before him, presenting them to the current audience and preserving them for future ones. However, it is the structure of the paintings within the temple layout - the disposition of the images and the selection of stories - that integrated the representations of the Buddhas into a complete unit.
Wolfgang Banzhaf and Lidia Yamamoto
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029438
- eISBN:
- 9780262329460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029438.003.0014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Here we study self-organization, which refers to a class of systems that are able to form and maintain their organization by themselves. Related to self-organization (and sometimes mixed with it) is ...
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Here we study self-organization, which refers to a class of systems that are able to form and maintain their organization by themselves. Related to self-organization (and sometimes mixed with it) is the term emergent phenomena which encompasses the observation of phenomena that come about by self-organization. Both terms emphasize different characteristics of a systems behavior, but they appear often together. We start with laying out examples of self-organization. We then delve into the fascinating topic of the emergence of phenomena which are found everywhere around us. The last two sections are devoted to explain how the mechanism of emergence could work with a particular emphasis on top-down causation.Less
Here we study self-organization, which refers to a class of systems that are able to form and maintain their organization by themselves. Related to self-organization (and sometimes mixed with it) is the term emergent phenomena which encompasses the observation of phenomena that come about by self-organization. Both terms emphasize different characteristics of a systems behavior, but they appear often together. We start with laying out examples of self-organization. We then delve into the fascinating topic of the emergence of phenomena which are found everywhere around us. The last two sections are devoted to explain how the mechanism of emergence could work with a particular emphasis on top-down causation.
Carol M. Ashton and Nelda P. Wray
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199968565
- eISBN:
- 9780199346080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199968565.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Federal mandates for comparative effectiveness research enacted during the 2000’s are intended to increase the kind of high-quality evidence that doctors and patients need for optimal clinical ...
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Federal mandates for comparative effectiveness research enacted during the 2000’s are intended to increase the kind of high-quality evidence that doctors and patients need for optimal clinical decision-making. Within the hierarchy of research designs, experimental designs—clinical trials— outweigh non-experimental designs in the ability to provide least-biased estimates that an intervention is likely to provide clinical benefit. Because of steady advances in the methods of clinical trials, we know how to generate high-quality evidence. Yet contemporary medical practice rests on a foundation of shaky scientific evidence. Many clinically-important questions go unstudied, and when they are addressed, research findings are often of dubious validity because weak study designs were used. The utility of syntheses of multiple studies addressing the same clinical question is undermined by variability in the methods and quality across individual studies. Additional funding for comparative effectiveness research will solve some of these problems, but not all.Less
Federal mandates for comparative effectiveness research enacted during the 2000’s are intended to increase the kind of high-quality evidence that doctors and patients need for optimal clinical decision-making. Within the hierarchy of research designs, experimental designs—clinical trials— outweigh non-experimental designs in the ability to provide least-biased estimates that an intervention is likely to provide clinical benefit. Because of steady advances in the methods of clinical trials, we know how to generate high-quality evidence. Yet contemporary medical practice rests on a foundation of shaky scientific evidence. Many clinically-important questions go unstudied, and when they are addressed, research findings are often of dubious validity because weak study designs were used. The utility of syntheses of multiple studies addressing the same clinical question is undermined by variability in the methods and quality across individual studies. Additional funding for comparative effectiveness research will solve some of these problems, but not all.
Stephen R. Latham
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029124
- eISBN:
- 9780262328579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029124.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
Stephen Latham addresses the question of whether plural approaches to death are merely relative. He begins with the notion that, over time and across cultures, humans have conceived of many different ...
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Stephen Latham addresses the question of whether plural approaches to death are merely relative. He begins with the notion that, over time and across cultures, humans have conceived of many different types of death as “good.” He then analyzes this plurality of types of death by drawing from the German philosopher Nicolai Hartmann’s work on the hierarchy of values. The achievement of high values—such as universal love or artistic beauty—is praiseworthy. It is a great wrong to deprive a person of strong values such as those of health and life. By giving consideration to strong values but reaching for high values—even in dying—Latham shows that a good death is not simply relative.Less
Stephen Latham addresses the question of whether plural approaches to death are merely relative. He begins with the notion that, over time and across cultures, humans have conceived of many different types of death as “good.” He then analyzes this plurality of types of death by drawing from the German philosopher Nicolai Hartmann’s work on the hierarchy of values. The achievement of high values—such as universal love or artistic beauty—is praiseworthy. It is a great wrong to deprive a person of strong values such as those of health and life. By giving consideration to strong values but reaching for high values—even in dying—Latham shows that a good death is not simply relative.
Alexandra Sanmark
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474402293
- eISBN:
- 9781474435260
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474402293.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Chapter 3 represents the starting point for the assembly site investigations by examining the layout and design of some of the most important thing sites across Scandinavia. It is demonstrated that ...
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Chapter 3 represents the starting point for the assembly site investigations by examining the layout and design of some of the most important thing sites across Scandinavia. It is demonstrated that these major assembly sites had many features and traits in common, albeit in ever-shifting patterns. When a thing site was first created, the location was carefully selected, as it needed to have the right topography, and often pre-existing anthropogenic features, such as burials. For the continued creation, or redesign of an existing assembly, a pool of features was available, from which a selection were added and presented in varying combinations. By bringing together archaeology, written sources and place-names, it is possible to characterise a range of features associated with assembly sites. This clearly demonstrates the most important result of this study: that a shared idea of what constituted an assembly site existed in the minds of the Norse. The detailed site investigations also show that the assemblies that were designated as top-level sites have the most striking monuments and design. The archaeology of these sites therefore reflects the hierarchy spelt out in the written sources.Less
Chapter 3 represents the starting point for the assembly site investigations by examining the layout and design of some of the most important thing sites across Scandinavia. It is demonstrated that these major assembly sites had many features and traits in common, albeit in ever-shifting patterns. When a thing site was first created, the location was carefully selected, as it needed to have the right topography, and often pre-existing anthropogenic features, such as burials. For the continued creation, or redesign of an existing assembly, a pool of features was available, from which a selection were added and presented in varying combinations. By bringing together archaeology, written sources and place-names, it is possible to characterise a range of features associated with assembly sites. This clearly demonstrates the most important result of this study: that a shared idea of what constituted an assembly site existed in the minds of the Norse. The detailed site investigations also show that the assemblies that were designated as top-level sites have the most striking monuments and design. The archaeology of these sites therefore reflects the hierarchy spelt out in the written sources.
