Maylene Shung King, Paula Proudlock, and Lori Michelson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195314083
- eISBN:
- 9780199865550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314083.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Firearms were found to be a major cause of injury and death among children in the 5- to 18-year-old age group and the leading cause of death in young men in their late teens in South Africa. In the ...
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Firearms were found to be a major cause of injury and death among children in the 5- to 18-year-old age group and the leading cause of death in young men in their late teens in South Africa. In the 1990s, the high incidence of firearm deaths and injuries spurred government policy and law reform, culminating in a new Firearms Control Act, which replaced the ineffective and outdated Arms and Ammunition Act. This chapter considers the role research played in this complex process by examining the activities and impact of a research and advocacy project undertaken by an academic policy research organization called the Child Health Policy Institute (CHPI) at the University of Cape Town. The chapter describes the political context within which the project was initiated; outlines the research findings and how they were disseminated and utilized in relation to the law reform process; describes the law reform process and broader advocacy strategy related to it; and reflects on lessons learned.Less
Firearms were found to be a major cause of injury and death among children in the 5- to 18-year-old age group and the leading cause of death in young men in their late teens in South Africa. In the 1990s, the high incidence of firearm deaths and injuries spurred government policy and law reform, culminating in a new Firearms Control Act, which replaced the ineffective and outdated Arms and Ammunition Act. This chapter considers the role research played in this complex process by examining the activities and impact of a research and advocacy project undertaken by an academic policy research organization called the Child Health Policy Institute (CHPI) at the University of Cape Town. The chapter describes the political context within which the project was initiated; outlines the research findings and how they were disseminated and utilized in relation to the law reform process; describes the law reform process and broader advocacy strategy related to it; and reflects on lessons learned.
Carol M. Ashton and Nelda P. Wray
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199968565
- eISBN:
- 9780199346080
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199968565.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Americans like to believe that the medical care we get from our doctors is based on solid scientific evidence. We hear often that American medical care and medical research are the best in the world. ...
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Americans like to believe that the medical care we get from our doctors is based on solid scientific evidence. We hear often that American medical care and medical research are the best in the world. Yet between 2003 and 2010, three different laws were enacted, the most recent being the Affordable Care Act of 2010, that mandated new federal investments in a type of clinical research called comparative effectiveness research, research into what works best in medical care. In this book, we tell the story of how—and why—the federal government decided to make comparative effectiveness research an important feature of health reform. Despite significant legislative uptake of policy proposals on comparative effectiveness research, support for federal mandates took dramatic twists and turns as bipartisan alliances fell apart, special interests resisted, public opinion was mobilized, and compromises were reached. We examine where comparative effectiveness research fits in the production of scientific evidence about the benefits and harms of treatments for human diseases and conditions, and offer sobering confirmation that contemporary American medical care falls far short of the evidence-based ideal. While more research is needed, payment policy will be required in order to align medical practice with what the evidence shows works best in specific clinical scenarios, improving patients’ outcomes and enhancing the value of health care expenditures. Moreover, if we are to deal constructively with the vast uncertainties in medical care, policies are needed to make the generation of high-quality evidence an inseparable part of routine medical care.Less
Americans like to believe that the medical care we get from our doctors is based on solid scientific evidence. We hear often that American medical care and medical research are the best in the world. Yet between 2003 and 2010, three different laws were enacted, the most recent being the Affordable Care Act of 2010, that mandated new federal investments in a type of clinical research called comparative effectiveness research, research into what works best in medical care. In this book, we tell the story of how—and why—the federal government decided to make comparative effectiveness research an important feature of health reform. Despite significant legislative uptake of policy proposals on comparative effectiveness research, support for federal mandates took dramatic twists and turns as bipartisan alliances fell apart, special interests resisted, public opinion was mobilized, and compromises were reached. We examine where comparative effectiveness research fits in the production of scientific evidence about the benefits and harms of treatments for human diseases and conditions, and offer sobering confirmation that contemporary American medical care falls far short of the evidence-based ideal. While more research is needed, payment policy will be required in order to align medical practice with what the evidence shows works best in specific clinical scenarios, improving patients’ outcomes and enhancing the value of health care expenditures. Moreover, if we are to deal constructively with the vast uncertainties in medical care, policies are needed to make the generation of high-quality evidence an inseparable part of routine medical care.
Robert I. Field
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199746750
- eISBN:
- 9780199354528
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746750.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Private enterprise drives health care more pervasivelyin the United Statesthananywhere else in the developed world. To many people,thisis evidence of a resounding “free-market” success. However, ...
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Private enterprise drives health care more pervasivelyin the United Statesthananywhere else in the developed world. To many people,thisis evidence of a resounding “free-market” success. However, beneath the private veneer,the system also relies on a more influential but less visible player forindispensible support– the government. Public programs are of such foundational importance to American health care that they can be credited with creating the systemas it exists today. Private health care entrepreneurship actually representsa massive partnership between the public and private spheres. This book traces the role of seminal public programs in building four keyhealth care sectors into the financial powerhouses they are today - pharmaceuticals, hospitals, the medical profession, and private insurance. It followsthe history of each, recounts statistical trends in their growth, and illustrates with case studies the extensive impact of government policies. Beyond its accomplishments, health care’s public-private collaborationalso has its share of failings. In particular, public largess has spawned private sector behemoths that perennially lobby for regulatory favors and ever greater levels of support. This has helped to make American health care the most expensive in the world. Nevertheless, for better or worse, the government is the only entity with the resources and national perspective needed to create an infrastructure on which the system can rest. Its relationship with the private sector definesthe possibilities for meaningful reform, including prospects for the Obama plan. Calls to limit the government’s role would lead not to a more expansive system but to one that would wither away.Less
Private enterprise drives health care more pervasivelyin the United Statesthananywhere else in the developed world. To many people,thisis evidence of a resounding “free-market” success. However, beneath the private veneer,the system also relies on a more influential but less visible player forindispensible support– the government. Public programs are of such foundational importance to American health care that they can be credited with creating the systemas it exists today. Private health care entrepreneurship actually representsa massive partnership between the public and private spheres. This book traces the role of seminal public programs in building four keyhealth care sectors into the financial powerhouses they are today - pharmaceuticals, hospitals, the medical profession, and private insurance. It followsthe history of each, recounts statistical trends in their growth, and illustrates with case studies the extensive impact of government policies. Beyond its accomplishments, health care’s public-private collaborationalso has its share of failings. In particular, public largess has spawned private sector behemoths that perennially lobby for regulatory favors and ever greater levels of support. This has helped to make American health care the most expensive in the world. Nevertheless, for better or worse, the government is the only entity with the resources and national perspective needed to create an infrastructure on which the system can rest. Its relationship with the private sector definesthe possibilities for meaningful reform, including prospects for the Obama plan. Calls to limit the government’s role would lead not to a more expansive system but to one that would wither away.
David Baruffati, Mhairi Mackenzie, David Walsh, and Bruce Whyte
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447349778
- eISBN:
- 9781447349792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349778.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
The comparatively poor contemporary health profiles of Scotland and, in particular, Glasgow have become widely known. Drawing on a body of research compiled by the Glasgow Centre for Population ...
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The comparatively poor contemporary health profiles of Scotland and, in particular, Glasgow have become widely known. Drawing on a body of research compiled by the Glasgow Centre for Population Health, this chapter provides a detailed examination of the health profiles of these populations as they have been shaped over time. The chapter begins by tracing their historical development in their UK and European context, before turning to examine the political, social and economic causal factors and processes which have, over time, contributed to the particularly poor health outcomes experienced in Glasgow. Building on this knowledge, the chapter draws to a close by exploring the potential future health trajectory of the city’s population. Glasgow provides a potent case for other cities and countries as they consider the ways in which politics and policy come to shape health, and health inequalities, across their populations.Less
The comparatively poor contemporary health profiles of Scotland and, in particular, Glasgow have become widely known. Drawing on a body of research compiled by the Glasgow Centre for Population Health, this chapter provides a detailed examination of the health profiles of these populations as they have been shaped over time. The chapter begins by tracing their historical development in their UK and European context, before turning to examine the political, social and economic causal factors and processes which have, over time, contributed to the particularly poor health outcomes experienced in Glasgow. Building on this knowledge, the chapter draws to a close by exploring the potential future health trajectory of the city’s population. Glasgow provides a potent case for other cities and countries as they consider the ways in which politics and policy come to shape health, and health inequalities, across their populations.
Steven Epstein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479845194
- eISBN:
- 9781479846306
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479845194.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter describes how sexual health has become a touchstone in discussions about political belonging in the United States. By linking the management of the individual body to the governance of ...
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This chapter describes how sexual health has become a touchstone in discussions about political belonging in the United States. By linking the management of the individual body to the governance of the social body, proponents of sexual health projects define healthy societies, responsible conduct, and “good” and “bad” sexual citizens. While the uptake of sexual health by federal health agencies suggests movement toward the centralized administration of the concept, other uses of the term escape the control of any central biomedical or state authority. This essay considers how projects of sexual health, some organized by the state and some the efforts of a politically diverse range of activists, circulate within worlds of politics and governance. It concludes that as proponents of sexual health work to establish the proper relations between bodily conduct and social order, they offer a range of templates for modern biocitizenship.Less
This chapter describes how sexual health has become a touchstone in discussions about political belonging in the United States. By linking the management of the individual body to the governance of the social body, proponents of sexual health projects define healthy societies, responsible conduct, and “good” and “bad” sexual citizens. While the uptake of sexual health by federal health agencies suggests movement toward the centralized administration of the concept, other uses of the term escape the control of any central biomedical or state authority. This essay considers how projects of sexual health, some organized by the state and some the efforts of a politically diverse range of activists, circulate within worlds of politics and governance. It concludes that as proponents of sexual health work to establish the proper relations between bodily conduct and social order, they offer a range of templates for modern biocitizenship.
Carol M. Ashton and Nelda P. Wray
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199968565
- eISBN:
- 9780199346080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199968565.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Contemporary U.S. health care is characterized by the under-use of services known to improve patients’ outcomes and the over-use of services beyond what can benefit patients. Large proportions of ...
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Contemporary U.S. health care is characterized by the under-use of services known to improve patients’ outcomes and the over-use of services beyond what can benefit patients. Large proportions of Americans are not receiving treatment that is in accordance with evidence showing what works best for their conditions. The situation is allowed to continue because of payment policies that reimburse physicians and hospitals for the services they deliver on the basis of volume rather than appropriateness, evidence of effectiveness, or value. Our outlays for health insurance premiums, deductibles, and co-payments are buying us suboptimal medical care. If more and better comparative effectiveness research is to increase the value of the dollars we spend on health care, patients, providers and third party payers must become better students of medical evidence, and payment policies and the organization of health services must be reconfigured to align medical care with evidence.Less
Contemporary U.S. health care is characterized by the under-use of services known to improve patients’ outcomes and the over-use of services beyond what can benefit patients. Large proportions of Americans are not receiving treatment that is in accordance with evidence showing what works best for their conditions. The situation is allowed to continue because of payment policies that reimburse physicians and hospitals for the services they deliver on the basis of volume rather than appropriateness, evidence of effectiveness, or value. Our outlays for health insurance premiums, deductibles, and co-payments are buying us suboptimal medical care. If more and better comparative effectiveness research is to increase the value of the dollars we spend on health care, patients, providers and third party payers must become better students of medical evidence, and payment policies and the organization of health services must be reconfigured to align medical care with evidence.
Gunnar Almgren
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231170130
- eISBN:
- 9780231543316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231170130.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter begins with an analysis of the ACA for what it is: the realization of an approach to health care reform that traces its origins to the conservative framework for health care reform once ...
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The chapter begins with an analysis of the ACA for what it is: the realization of an approach to health care reform that traces its origins to the conservative framework for health care reform once advanced by the moderate faction of the GOP and also the Heritage Foundation in its more moderate past. The policy aims, strategies, and specific provisions of the ACA are then critiqued in accordance to the principles of a national health care policy that would be consistent with the realization of democratic citizenship, as explicated in the first two chapters of the book. The chapter then concludes with arguments in support of a perspective of the ACA as a flawed but essential stage in an evolutionary policy progression that propels the nation’s health care system further toward the more radical and fundamental health care reform that is requisite to both the preservation of democratic governance, and the advancement of a more democratic society.Less
The chapter begins with an analysis of the ACA for what it is: the realization of an approach to health care reform that traces its origins to the conservative framework for health care reform once advanced by the moderate faction of the GOP and also the Heritage Foundation in its more moderate past. The policy aims, strategies, and specific provisions of the ACA are then critiqued in accordance to the principles of a national health care policy that would be consistent with the realization of democratic citizenship, as explicated in the first two chapters of the book. The chapter then concludes with arguments in support of a perspective of the ACA as a flawed but essential stage in an evolutionary policy progression that propels the nation’s health care system further toward the more radical and fundamental health care reform that is requisite to both the preservation of democratic governance, and the advancement of a more democratic society.
Anne-Emanuelle Birn, Yogan Pillay, and Timothy H. Holtz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199392285
- eISBN:
- 9780199392315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199392285.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
Operationalizing our political economy of health framework, this chapter introduces the role of societal determinants and determination of health (SDOH) in producing health and disease at multiple, ...
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Operationalizing our political economy of health framework, this chapter introduces the role of societal determinants and determination of health (SDOH) in producing health and disease at multiple, co-existing levels: historical, social, economic, and political contexts (including colonialism, the trade and production regime, distribution of wealth, and class, race, and gender-based power and social structures); societal governance and social policies (including democratic processes, welfare state regimes, and conditions related to migration, poverty, education, work, environment, and public health); living conditions (including neighborhood and housing conditions, nutrition, water and sanitation, and transport). Drawing from ecosocial theory, the chapter examines how these synchronous levels and the intersectionality of SDOH over the lifecourse lead to population patterns of health inequities and embodiment of health and illness in individuals. We conclude the chapter with an overview of approaches to addressing SDOH to achieve health equity, turning to global, national, and municipal intersectoral approaches.Less
Operationalizing our political economy of health framework, this chapter introduces the role of societal determinants and determination of health (SDOH) in producing health and disease at multiple, co-existing levels: historical, social, economic, and political contexts (including colonialism, the trade and production regime, distribution of wealth, and class, race, and gender-based power and social structures); societal governance and social policies (including democratic processes, welfare state regimes, and conditions related to migration, poverty, education, work, environment, and public health); living conditions (including neighborhood and housing conditions, nutrition, water and sanitation, and transport). Drawing from ecosocial theory, the chapter examines how these synchronous levels and the intersectionality of SDOH over the lifecourse lead to population patterns of health inequities and embodiment of health and illness in individuals. We conclude the chapter with an overview of approaches to addressing SDOH to achieve health equity, turning to global, national, and municipal intersectoral approaches.
Douglas Besharov and Karen Baehler (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199990313
- eISBN:
- 9780199346363
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199990313.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
The story of China’s spectacular economic growth is well known. Less well known is the country’s equally dramatic, though not always equally successful, social policy transition. Between the ...
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The story of China’s spectacular economic growth is well known. Less well known is the country’s equally dramatic, though not always equally successful, social policy transition. Between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s---the focal period for this book---China’s central government went a long way toward consolidating the social policy framework that had gradually emerged in piecemeal fashion during the initial phases of economic liberalization. Major policy decisions during the focal period included adopting a single national pension plan for urban areas, standardizing unemployment insurance, (re)establishing nationwide rural health care coverage, opening urban education systems to children of rural migrants, introducing trilingual education policies in ethnic minority regions, expanding college enrolment, addressing the challenge of HIV/AIDS more comprehensively, and equalizing social welfare spending across provinces, among others. Unresolved is the direction of policy in the face of longer-term industrial and demographic trends---and the possibility of a chronically weak global economy. Chinese Social Policy in a Time of Transition offers scholars, practitioners, students, and policymakers a foundation from which to explore those issues based on a composite snapshot of Chinese social policy at its point of greatest maturation prior to the 2007 global crisis.Less
The story of China’s spectacular economic growth is well known. Less well known is the country’s equally dramatic, though not always equally successful, social policy transition. Between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s---the focal period for this book---China’s central government went a long way toward consolidating the social policy framework that had gradually emerged in piecemeal fashion during the initial phases of economic liberalization. Major policy decisions during the focal period included adopting a single national pension plan for urban areas, standardizing unemployment insurance, (re)establishing nationwide rural health care coverage, opening urban education systems to children of rural migrants, introducing trilingual education policies in ethnic minority regions, expanding college enrolment, addressing the challenge of HIV/AIDS more comprehensively, and equalizing social welfare spending across provinces, among others. Unresolved is the direction of policy in the face of longer-term industrial and demographic trends---and the possibility of a chronically weak global economy. Chinese Social Policy in a Time of Transition offers scholars, practitioners, students, and policymakers a foundation from which to explore those issues based on a composite snapshot of Chinese social policy at its point of greatest maturation prior to the 2007 global crisis.
Rebecca L. Walker, Michele Rivkin-Fish, and Mara Buchbinder
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469630359
- eISBN:
- 9781469630373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630359.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The introduction to Understanding Health Inequalities and Justice: New Conversations Across the Disciplines describes the terrain of health justice and inequalities and the multiple disciplinary ...
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The introduction to Understanding Health Inequalities and Justice: New Conversations Across the Disciplines describes the terrain of health justice and inequalities and the multiple disciplinary perspectives that explore it. In the introduction, the editors advance the view that how we approach health inequalities and justice is a matter of great import, and argue for the positive impact multiple disciplinary perspectives may have when engaged in conversations together on these matters. The introduction offers a substantive discussion of normative paradigms informing health justice including egalitarian, libertarian, utilitiarian, rights-based, and principles-based bioethics approaches. In addition to examining each of the three sub-headings of the volume: 1. Interrogating Normative Perspectives on Health Inequality and Justice, 2. Disrupting Assumptions and Expanding Perspectives through Cases, and 3. Rethinking Evidence and the Making of Policy, each chapter is given a detailed introduction and described in relationship to other relevant chapters in the volume.Less
The introduction to Understanding Health Inequalities and Justice: New Conversations Across the Disciplines describes the terrain of health justice and inequalities and the multiple disciplinary perspectives that explore it. In the introduction, the editors advance the view that how we approach health inequalities and justice is a matter of great import, and argue for the positive impact multiple disciplinary perspectives may have when engaged in conversations together on these matters. The introduction offers a substantive discussion of normative paradigms informing health justice including egalitarian, libertarian, utilitiarian, rights-based, and principles-based bioethics approaches. In addition to examining each of the three sub-headings of the volume: 1. Interrogating Normative Perspectives on Health Inequality and Justice, 2. Disrupting Assumptions and Expanding Perspectives through Cases, and 3. Rethinking Evidence and the Making of Policy, each chapter is given a detailed introduction and described in relationship to other relevant chapters in the volume.
Carol M. Ashton and Nelda P. Wray
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199968565
- eISBN:
- 9780199346080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199968565.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Throughout the legislative odyssey of federal policy on comparative effectiveness research from 2002 to 2008, the specifics of the policy took many different forms. While opponents to ...
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Throughout the legislative odyssey of federal policy on comparative effectiveness research from 2002 to 2008, the specifics of the policy took many different forms. While opponents to federally-mandated comparative effectiveness research objected to the policy entirely, proponents of the policy were divided as to where the function should be housed (inside the federal government or outside); how it should be financed (congressional appropriations or fees levied on public and private health insurers and health plans), and how it should be governed (how much representation should each stakeholder have on a governing board). Every specification has its advantages and disadvantages. The two federal mandates currently in force for comparative effectiveness research—the 2003 Medicare Modernization Act and the 2010 Affordable Care Act—differ markedly in placement, financing, governance, research priority-setting methods, and processes, illustrating the fact that every alternative is a balance between advantages and disadvantages.Less
Throughout the legislative odyssey of federal policy on comparative effectiveness research from 2002 to 2008, the specifics of the policy took many different forms. While opponents to federally-mandated comparative effectiveness research objected to the policy entirely, proponents of the policy were divided as to where the function should be housed (inside the federal government or outside); how it should be financed (congressional appropriations or fees levied on public and private health insurers and health plans), and how it should be governed (how much representation should each stakeholder have on a governing board). Every specification has its advantages and disadvantages. The two federal mandates currently in force for comparative effectiveness research—the 2003 Medicare Modernization Act and the 2010 Affordable Care Act—differ markedly in placement, financing, governance, research priority-setting methods, and processes, illustrating the fact that every alternative is a balance between advantages and disadvantages.
Purendra Prasad
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199482160
- eISBN:
- 9780199097746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199482160.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter provides a narrative that explains the politics of access (distribution, utilization, outcomes) as well as the context in which health inequalities are produced in India. While fields ...
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This chapter provides a narrative that explains the politics of access (distribution, utilization, outcomes) as well as the context in which health inequalities are produced in India. While fields such as medical sociology, medical anthropology, health economics, community health, social medicine, epidemiology, and public health, among others, with their own theories, methods, and approaches are able to contribute distinctive dimensions, it becomes essential to engage across the boundaries in a collective manner to understand the complexity of health care that is increasingly shaped by the global market forces and ideologies. This volume thus opens up the possibility of constructing a new paradigm for understanding health sector as well as signalling a new field ‘health care studies’.Less
This chapter provides a narrative that explains the politics of access (distribution, utilization, outcomes) as well as the context in which health inequalities are produced in India. While fields such as medical sociology, medical anthropology, health economics, community health, social medicine, epidemiology, and public health, among others, with their own theories, methods, and approaches are able to contribute distinctive dimensions, it becomes essential to engage across the boundaries in a collective manner to understand the complexity of health care that is increasingly shaped by the global market forces and ideologies. This volume thus opens up the possibility of constructing a new paradigm for understanding health sector as well as signalling a new field ‘health care studies’.
Elisabeth Solvang Koren
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780986497360
- eISBN:
- 9781786944481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497360.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This section approaches the political issues that concerned Norwegian shipping as part of the international shipping industry, from four separate angles. The first explores the Norwegian Health ...
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This section approaches the political issues that concerned Norwegian shipping as part of the international shipping industry, from four separate angles. The first explores the Norwegian Health Policy as it related to merchant seamen between 1890 and 1940. The second explores the establishment of the Norwegian-American line between 1908 and 1913 and the extent to which the government played a supportive role through intervention, incentives, and nation-building strategies. The third continues to explore government support of maritime activity, by looking at the successes of Norwegian shipping in the Interwar period and the factors which enabled large-scale modernisation such as the re-evaluated tax regime that worked in favour of maritime expansion. The final segment examines the visibility of the small nation of Norway on the international maritime stage - particularly the formation of international organisations and networks, and cooperation between shipowners and government with the end goal of promoting Norwegian shipping to the international community. Overall, it determines that the cohesion between politics and trade helped strengthen Norwegian maritime endeavors during the early-twentieth century.Less
This section approaches the political issues that concerned Norwegian shipping as part of the international shipping industry, from four separate angles. The first explores the Norwegian Health Policy as it related to merchant seamen between 1890 and 1940. The second explores the establishment of the Norwegian-American line between 1908 and 1913 and the extent to which the government played a supportive role through intervention, incentives, and nation-building strategies. The third continues to explore government support of maritime activity, by looking at the successes of Norwegian shipping in the Interwar period and the factors which enabled large-scale modernisation such as the re-evaluated tax regime that worked in favour of maritime expansion. The final segment examines the visibility of the small nation of Norway on the international maritime stage - particularly the formation of international organisations and networks, and cooperation between shipowners and government with the end goal of promoting Norwegian shipping to the international community. Overall, it determines that the cohesion between politics and trade helped strengthen Norwegian maritime endeavors during the early-twentieth century.
Walter Bruchhausen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter examines the changing meanings, popular expectations, health policies and medical views connected to the term “development” in the health care of Tanganyika Territory. The idea that ...
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This chapter examines the changing meanings, popular expectations, health policies and medical views connected to the term “development” in the health care of Tanganyika Territory. The idea that development means improvement or modernization of pre-existing local institutions whereas medicine demands a complete break with and replacement of previous services made health policy a special case. In addition, ideas of what development in health should be, differed largely between “native”, governmental and medical authorities, culminating in open conflict in the 1940s. Bruchhausen takes his point of departure from defining three concepts of causal relations between health and development in development policies after independence: 1. Health as a precondition for economic development 2. Health as a late result of economic development, and 3. Health as an explicit goal of development. The chapter traces the beginnings and earlier expressions of these different conceptual approaches from roughly 1920 to 1960.Less
This chapter examines the changing meanings, popular expectations, health policies and medical views connected to the term “development” in the health care of Tanganyika Territory. The idea that development means improvement or modernization of pre-existing local institutions whereas medicine demands a complete break with and replacement of previous services made health policy a special case. In addition, ideas of what development in health should be, differed largely between “native”, governmental and medical authorities, culminating in open conflict in the 1940s. Bruchhausen takes his point of departure from defining three concepts of causal relations between health and development in development policies after independence: 1. Health as a precondition for economic development 2. Health as a late result of economic development, and 3. Health as an explicit goal of development. The chapter traces the beginnings and earlier expressions of these different conceptual approaches from roughly 1920 to 1960.
Purendra Prasad and Amar Jesani (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199482160
- eISBN:
- 9780199097746
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199482160.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
Equity and Access attempts to unravel the complex narrative of why inequities in the health sector are growing and access to basic health care is worsening, and the underlying forces that contribute ...
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Equity and Access attempts to unravel the complex narrative of why inequities in the health sector are growing and access to basic health care is worsening, and the underlying forces that contribute to this situation. It draws attention to the way globalization has influenced India’s development trajectory as health care issues have assumed significant socio-economic and political significance in contemporary India. The volume explains how state and market forces have progressively heightened the iniquitous health care system and the process through which substantial burden of meeting health care needs has fallen on the individual households. Twenty-eight scholars comprising social scientists, medical experts, public health experts, policy makers, health activists, legal experts, and gender specialists have delved into the politics of access for different classes, castes, gender, and other categories to contribute to a new field of ‘health care studies’ in this volume. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach within a broader political-economy framework, the volume is useful for understanding power relations within social groups and complex organizational systems.Less
Equity and Access attempts to unravel the complex narrative of why inequities in the health sector are growing and access to basic health care is worsening, and the underlying forces that contribute to this situation. It draws attention to the way globalization has influenced India’s development trajectory as health care issues have assumed significant socio-economic and political significance in contemporary India. The volume explains how state and market forces have progressively heightened the iniquitous health care system and the process through which substantial burden of meeting health care needs has fallen on the individual households. Twenty-eight scholars comprising social scientists, medical experts, public health experts, policy makers, health activists, legal experts, and gender specialists have delved into the politics of access for different classes, castes, gender, and other categories to contribute to a new field of ‘health care studies’ in this volume. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach within a broader political-economy framework, the volume is useful for understanding power relations within social groups and complex organizational systems.
K. Srinath Reddy and Manu Raj Mathur
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199482160
- eISBN:
- 9780199097746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199482160.003.0015
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
In the last few decades, several initiatives have been undertaken by Government of India to increase access to essential health services. A framework for UHC was also developed by a High Level Expert ...
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In the last few decades, several initiatives have been undertaken by Government of India to increase access to essential health services. A framework for UHC was also developed by a High Level Expert Group (HLEG). The recently developed National Health Policy of India also espouses equity, universality, and affordability among its key principles and commits higher financial resources with emphasis on Primary Health Care. For UHC to be viable, it has to be embedded in a broad based framework of health assurance, based on a conceptual model that extends from financial protection, across a well-functioning health system, to the social determinants of health.Less
In the last few decades, several initiatives have been undertaken by Government of India to increase access to essential health services. A framework for UHC was also developed by a High Level Expert Group (HLEG). The recently developed National Health Policy of India also espouses equity, universality, and affordability among its key principles and commits higher financial resources with emphasis on Primary Health Care. For UHC to be viable, it has to be embedded in a broad based framework of health assurance, based on a conceptual model that extends from financial protection, across a well-functioning health system, to the social determinants of health.
Guillem López-Casasnovas and Laia Maynou
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447332497
- eISBN:
- 9781447332534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447332497.003.0011
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
The links between health and development are complex but sufficiently well-established for policy development purposes. The whole idea that health is not a burden on the economy, but is an active ...
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The links between health and development are complex but sufficiently well-established for policy development purposes. The whole idea that health is not a burden on the economy, but is an active partner in fostering economic growth and tackling health inequalities is widely acknowledged. Investments in improving the health of a population as a whole will have positive economic consequences resulting in higher growth; which as a consequence will improve health – a virtuous circle as this chapter illustrates.Less
The links between health and development are complex but sufficiently well-established for policy development purposes. The whole idea that health is not a burden on the economy, but is an active partner in fostering economic growth and tackling health inequalities is widely acknowledged. Investments in improving the health of a population as a whole will have positive economic consequences resulting in higher growth; which as a consequence will improve health – a virtuous circle as this chapter illustrates.
Sangeeta Rege and Padma Bhate-Deosthali
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199482160
- eISBN:
- 9780199097746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199482160.003.0014
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
Women often approach health facilities to seek treatment for health consequences emerging out of violence. Health facilities are also mandated by several laws in India to play a therapeutic and ...
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Women often approach health facilities to seek treatment for health consequences emerging out of violence. Health facilities are also mandated by several laws in India to play a therapeutic and forensic role in responding to women facing violence. Despite India being a signatory to international treaties, health professionals are unable to respond to violence owing to their own biases and misconceptions related to the issue. The chapter discusses the prevalence of violence against women, the resultant health consequences, and perceptions of health professionals towards this violence. While doing so the chapter raises concerns about the lack of institutionalised health care response and draws attention to the policy gaps that keeps the government from committing itself to ending all forms of violence against women.Less
Women often approach health facilities to seek treatment for health consequences emerging out of violence. Health facilities are also mandated by several laws in India to play a therapeutic and forensic role in responding to women facing violence. Despite India being a signatory to international treaties, health professionals are unable to respond to violence owing to their own biases and misconceptions related to the issue. The chapter discusses the prevalence of violence against women, the resultant health consequences, and perceptions of health professionals towards this violence. While doing so the chapter raises concerns about the lack of institutionalised health care response and draws attention to the policy gaps that keeps the government from committing itself to ending all forms of violence against women.
Ben Vincent
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781447351917
- eISBN:
- 9781447352358
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447351917.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Methodologically innovative in its use of mixed-media diary research, this timely book offers a focused sociological study of non-binary people’s identities and experiences in the UK. From ...
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Methodologically innovative in its use of mixed-media diary research, this timely book offers a focused sociological study of non-binary people’s identities and experiences in the UK. From negotiating a sense of legitimacy when ‘not feeling trans enough’ to how identities can shift over time, it reveals important nuances of diverse gender identities while offering crucial insights into trans-related healthcare inequalities. The findings of this ground-breaking research mark an important contribution to the wider fields of gender studies, LGBTQ scholarship and medical policy.Less
Methodologically innovative in its use of mixed-media diary research, this timely book offers a focused sociological study of non-binary people’s identities and experiences in the UK. From negotiating a sense of legitimacy when ‘not feeling trans enough’ to how identities can shift over time, it reveals important nuances of diverse gender identities while offering crucial insights into trans-related healthcare inequalities. The findings of this ground-breaking research mark an important contribution to the wider fields of gender studies, LGBTQ scholarship and medical policy.
Scott Burris, Micah L. Berman, Matthew Penn, and, and Tara Ramanathan Holiday
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190681050
- eISBN:
- 9780190681081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter starts with the recognition that policymaking usually precedes evidence of what laws are effective in solving the problem at hand. That does not mean that policymaking cannot be guided ...
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This chapter starts with the recognition that policymaking usually precedes evidence of what laws are effective in solving the problem at hand. That does not mean that policymaking cannot be guided by evidence. Policymakers can usually draw on extensive evidence defining the problem and evidence of analogous policy cases. This chapter identifies sources of policy recommendations and direct evidence of policy impact, including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, models, cost-benefit analysis, and individual studies. It reviews strategies for identifying bias and source credibility and tools for “educated guessing” about policy options in matters where evidence is scarce or incomplete, including causal mapping and the Haddon matrix. Finally, it introduces the Health in All Policies approach and the use of health impact assessments as tools to consider broader impact and cross-sectoral cooperation.Less
This chapter starts with the recognition that policymaking usually precedes evidence of what laws are effective in solving the problem at hand. That does not mean that policymaking cannot be guided by evidence. Policymakers can usually draw on extensive evidence defining the problem and evidence of analogous policy cases. This chapter identifies sources of policy recommendations and direct evidence of policy impact, including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, models, cost-benefit analysis, and individual studies. It reviews strategies for identifying bias and source credibility and tools for “educated guessing” about policy options in matters where evidence is scarce or incomplete, including causal mapping and the Haddon matrix. Finally, it introduces the Health in All Policies approach and the use of health impact assessments as tools to consider broader impact and cross-sectoral cooperation.