Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
Basil Henry Liddell Hart is perhaps the most well-known strategic theorist of the twentieth century, however since his death, his ideas were subjected to scholarly criticism and his reputation ...
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Basil Henry Liddell Hart is perhaps the most well-known strategic theorist of the twentieth century, however since his death, his ideas were subjected to scholarly criticism and his reputation suffered heavy blows. His theories were criticised as historically dubious, politically unrealistic, and strategically dangerous. He was also charged of being guilty of manipulating evidence and people to serve his personal interest and to enhance his reputation. This second part of the book examines Liddell Hart 's contribution to strategic theory. This second part of the book aims to overturn much of the criticisms hurtled against Liddell. In the following pages of the second part, are several strategic paradigm of an epoch served through the intellectual biography of Liddell Hart.Less
Basil Henry Liddell Hart is perhaps the most well-known strategic theorist of the twentieth century, however since his death, his ideas were subjected to scholarly criticism and his reputation suffered heavy blows. His theories were criticised as historically dubious, politically unrealistic, and strategically dangerous. He was also charged of being guilty of manipulating evidence and people to serve his personal interest and to enhance his reputation. This second part of the book examines Liddell Hart 's contribution to strategic theory. This second part of the book aims to overturn much of the criticisms hurtled against Liddell. In the following pages of the second part, are several strategic paradigm of an epoch served through the intellectual biography of Liddell Hart.
Lesley J. Gordon
Carol K. Bleser (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195330854
- eISBN:
- 9780199851393
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195330854.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
From Robert E. and Mary Lee to Ulysses S. and Julia Grant, this book examines the marriages of twelve prominent military commanders, highlighting the impact wives had on their famous husbands' ...
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From Robert E. and Mary Lee to Ulysses S. and Julia Grant, this book examines the marriages of twelve prominent military commanders, highlighting the impact wives had on their famous husbands' careers. The authors assemble an array of scholars to explore the marriages of six Confederate and six Union commanders. Contributors reveal that, for many of these men, the matrimonial bond was the most important relationship in their lives, one that shaped (and was shaped by) their military experience. In some cases, the commanders' spouses proved relentless and skillful promoters of their husbands' careers. Jessie Frémont drew on all of her connections as the daughter of former Senator Thomas Hart Benton to aid her modestly talented husband John. Others bolstered their military spouses in less direct ways. For example, Ulysses S. Grant's relationship with Julia (a Southerner and former slave owner herself) kept him anchored in stormy times. Here, too, are tense and tempestuous pairings, such as William Tecumseh Sherman and his wife Ellen — his foster sister before becoming his wife — and Jefferson Davis's complex bond with Varina, further complicated by the hostile rumors about the two in Richmond society.Less
From Robert E. and Mary Lee to Ulysses S. and Julia Grant, this book examines the marriages of twelve prominent military commanders, highlighting the impact wives had on their famous husbands' careers. The authors assemble an array of scholars to explore the marriages of six Confederate and six Union commanders. Contributors reveal that, for many of these men, the matrimonial bond was the most important relationship in their lives, one that shaped (and was shaped by) their military experience. In some cases, the commanders' spouses proved relentless and skillful promoters of their husbands' careers. Jessie Frémont drew on all of her connections as the daughter of former Senator Thomas Hart Benton to aid her modestly talented husband John. Others bolstered their military spouses in less direct ways. For example, Ulysses S. Grant's relationship with Julia (a Southerner and former slave owner herself) kept him anchored in stormy times. Here, too, are tense and tempestuous pairings, such as William Tecumseh Sherman and his wife Ellen — his foster sister before becoming his wife — and Jefferson Davis's complex bond with Varina, further complicated by the hostile rumors about the two in Richmond society.
H.L.A. Hart
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199534777
- eISBN:
- 9780191720703
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534777.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This classic collection of essays, first published in 1968, has had an enduring impact on academic and public debates about criminal responsibility and criminal punishment. Forty years on, its ...
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This classic collection of essays, first published in 1968, has had an enduring impact on academic and public debates about criminal responsibility and criminal punishment. Forty years on, its arguments are as powerful as ever. H. L. A. Hart offers an alternative to retributive thinking about criminal punishment that nevertheless preserves the central distinction between guilt and innocence. He also provides an account of criminal responsibility that links the distinction between guilt and innocence closely to the ideal of the rule of law, and thereby attempts to by-pass unnerving debates about free will and determinism. Always engaged with live issues of law and public policy, Hart makes difficult philosophical puzzles accessible and immediate to a wide range of readers. For this new edition, otherwise a reproduction of the original, John Gardner adds an introduction, which provides a critical engagement with the book's main arguments, and explains the continuing importance of Hart's ideas in spite of the intervening revival of retributive thinking in both academic and policy circles. Unavailable for ten years, the new edition of Punishment and Responsibility makes available again the central text in the field for a new generation of academics, students and professionals engaged in criminal justice and penal policy.Less
This classic collection of essays, first published in 1968, has had an enduring impact on academic and public debates about criminal responsibility and criminal punishment. Forty years on, its arguments are as powerful as ever. H. L. A. Hart offers an alternative to retributive thinking about criminal punishment that nevertheless preserves the central distinction between guilt and innocence. He also provides an account of criminal responsibility that links the distinction between guilt and innocence closely to the ideal of the rule of law, and thereby attempts to by-pass unnerving debates about free will and determinism. Always engaged with live issues of law and public policy, Hart makes difficult philosophical puzzles accessible and immediate to a wide range of readers. For this new edition, otherwise a reproduction of the original, John Gardner adds an introduction, which provides a critical engagement with the book's main arguments, and explains the continuing importance of Hart's ideas in spite of the intervening revival of retributive thinking in both academic and policy circles. Unavailable for ten years, the new edition of Punishment and Responsibility makes available again the central text in the field for a new generation of academics, students and professionals engaged in criminal justice and penal policy.
Pavlos Eleftheriadis
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199545285
- eISBN:
- 9780191719899
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545285.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
How can there be rights in law? We learn from moral philosophy that rights protect persons in a special way because they have peremptory force. But how can this aspect of practical reason be captured ...
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How can there be rights in law? We learn from moral philosophy that rights protect persons in a special way because they have peremptory force. But how can this aspect of practical reason be captured by the law? For many leading legal philosophers the legal order is constructed on the foundations of factual sources and with materials provided by technical argument. For this ‘legal positivist’ school of jurisprudence, the law endorses rights by some official act suitably communicated. But how can any such legal enactment recreate the proper force of rights? Rights take their meaning and importance from moral reflection, which only expresses itself in practical reasoning. This puzzle about rights invites a reconsideration of the nature and methods of legal doctrine and of jurisprudence itself. Legal Rights argues that the theory of law and legal concepts is a project of moral and political philosophy, the best account of which is to be found in the social contract tradition. It outlines an argument according to which legal rights can be justified before equal citizens under the constraints of public reason. The place of rights in law is explained by the unique position of law as an essential component of the civil condition and a necessary condition for freedom.Less
How can there be rights in law? We learn from moral philosophy that rights protect persons in a special way because they have peremptory force. But how can this aspect of practical reason be captured by the law? For many leading legal philosophers the legal order is constructed on the foundations of factual sources and with materials provided by technical argument. For this ‘legal positivist’ school of jurisprudence, the law endorses rights by some official act suitably communicated. But how can any such legal enactment recreate the proper force of rights? Rights take their meaning and importance from moral reflection, which only expresses itself in practical reasoning. This puzzle about rights invites a reconsideration of the nature and methods of legal doctrine and of jurisprudence itself. Legal Rights argues that the theory of law and legal concepts is a project of moral and political philosophy, the best account of which is to be found in the social contract tradition. It outlines an argument according to which legal rights can be justified before equal citizens under the constraints of public reason. The place of rights in law is explained by the unique position of law as an essential component of the civil condition and a necessary condition for freedom.
Margaret Gilbert
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199274956
- eISBN:
- 9780191603976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199274959.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
A political society was defined in Chapter 1 as a society with institutions of governance. These institutions are its institutions. Three kinds of institution of governance are discussed, all ...
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A political society was defined in Chapter 1 as a society with institutions of governance. These institutions are its institutions. Three kinds of institution of governance are discussed, all involving social rules of one kind or another: governing rules, personal rule, and rules of governance or constitutional rules. The nature of social rules is explored in counterpoint to the classical account of H.L.A. Hart, and an alternative joint commitment account is offered. Given this account, the members of a political society are jointly committed to uphold its institutions of governance. By the argument of the previous chapters, they will then be obligated to uphold the institutions in question. This is the gist of the plural subject theory of political obligation.Less
A political society was defined in Chapter 1 as a society with institutions of governance. These institutions are its institutions. Three kinds of institution of governance are discussed, all involving social rules of one kind or another: governing rules, personal rule, and rules of governance or constitutional rules. The nature of social rules is explored in counterpoint to the classical account of H.L.A. Hart, and an alternative joint commitment account is offered. Given this account, the members of a political society are jointly committed to uphold its institutions of governance. By the argument of the previous chapters, they will then be obligated to uphold the institutions in question. This is the gist of the plural subject theory of political obligation.
A. W. Brian Simpson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693320
- eISBN:
- 9780191731983
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693320.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
HLA Hart's The Concept of Law is one of the most influential works of philosophy of the 20th century, redefining the field of legal philosophy and introducing generations of students to philosophical ...
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HLA Hart's The Concept of Law is one of the most influential works of philosophy of the 20th century, redefining the field of legal philosophy and introducing generations of students to philosophical reflection on the nature of law. Since its publication in 1961 an industry of academic research and debate has grown up around the book, disputing, refining, and developing Hart's work. Under the sheer volume of competing interpretations of the book the original contexts — cultural and intellectual — that shaped Hart's project can be obscured. This book attempts to sweep aside the volumes of academic criticism and return to ‘Troy I’, revealing the world of post-war Oxford that produced Hart and his famous book. Drawing on personal experience of studying and teaching in Oxford at the time Hart developed The Concept of Law, this book recreates the social and intellectual culture of Oxford philosophy and the law faculty in the 1950s. It traces Hart's early work and influences, within and outside Oxford, showing how Hart developed his picture of philosophy and its potential for enriching the understanding of law. It also lays bare the painful shortcomings of post-war Oxford academia, depicting a world of eccentric dons and intellectual Cyclopses — isolated and closed to broad, interdisciplinary exchange — arguing that Hart did not escape from the limitations of his intellectual world.Less
HLA Hart's The Concept of Law is one of the most influential works of philosophy of the 20th century, redefining the field of legal philosophy and introducing generations of students to philosophical reflection on the nature of law. Since its publication in 1961 an industry of academic research and debate has grown up around the book, disputing, refining, and developing Hart's work. Under the sheer volume of competing interpretations of the book the original contexts — cultural and intellectual — that shaped Hart's project can be obscured. This book attempts to sweep aside the volumes of academic criticism and return to ‘Troy I’, revealing the world of post-war Oxford that produced Hart and his famous book. Drawing on personal experience of studying and teaching in Oxford at the time Hart developed The Concept of Law, this book recreates the social and intellectual culture of Oxford philosophy and the law faculty in the 1950s. It traces Hart's early work and influences, within and outside Oxford, showing how Hart developed his picture of philosophy and its potential for enriching the understanding of law. It also lays bare the painful shortcomings of post-war Oxford academia, depicting a world of eccentric dons and intellectual Cyclopses — isolated and closed to broad, interdisciplinary exchange — arguing that Hart did not escape from the limitations of his intellectual world.
Matthew H. Kramer
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199264834
- eISBN:
- 9780191705229
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264834.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
As an uncompromising defense of legal positivism, this book insists on the separability of law and morality. After distinguishing among three main dimensions of morality, the book explores a variety ...
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As an uncompromising defense of legal positivism, this book insists on the separability of law and morality. After distinguishing among three main dimensions of morality, the book explores a variety of ways in which law has been perceived by natural-law theorists as integrally connected to each of those dimensions. Some of the chapters pose arguments against major philosophers who have written on these issues, including David Lyons, Lon Fuller, Antony Duff, Joseph Raz, Ronald Dworkin, John Finnis, Philip Soper, Neil MacCormick, Robert Alexy, Gerald Postema, Stephen Perry, and Michael Moore. Several other chapters extend rather than defend legal positivism; they refine the insights of positivism and develop the implications of those insights in strikingly novel directions. The book concludes with a long discussion of the obligation to obey the law — a discussion that highlights the strengths of legal positivism in the domain of political philosophy as much as in the domain of jurisprudence.Less
As an uncompromising defense of legal positivism, this book insists on the separability of law and morality. After distinguishing among three main dimensions of morality, the book explores a variety of ways in which law has been perceived by natural-law theorists as integrally connected to each of those dimensions. Some of the chapters pose arguments against major philosophers who have written on these issues, including David Lyons, Lon Fuller, Antony Duff, Joseph Raz, Ronald Dworkin, John Finnis, Philip Soper, Neil MacCormick, Robert Alexy, Gerald Postema, Stephen Perry, and Michael Moore. Several other chapters extend rather than defend legal positivism; they refine the insights of positivism and develop the implications of those insights in strikingly novel directions. The book concludes with a long discussion of the obligation to obey the law — a discussion that highlights the strengths of legal positivism in the domain of political philosophy as much as in the domain of jurisprudence.
Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
In this study, the author examines how the theories of mechanized war developed throughout the industrial world in the first decades of the twentieth century. He explains why the most famous pioneers ...
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In this study, the author examines how the theories of mechanized war developed throughout the industrial world in the first decades of the twentieth century. He explains why the most famous pioneers of these theories were associated with proto-fascism. He then re-evaluates B.H. Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory, overturning much of the criticism recently levelled against him. He argues that, in the wake of the trauma of the First World War, and in response to the Axis challenge, Liddell Hart developed the doctrine of containment and cold war long before the advent of nuclear weapons. He reveals Liddell Hart as a pioneer of the modern western liberal way in warfare which is still with us today.Less
In this study, the author examines how the theories of mechanized war developed throughout the industrial world in the first decades of the twentieth century. He explains why the most famous pioneers of these theories were associated with proto-fascism. He then re-evaluates B.H. Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory, overturning much of the criticism recently levelled against him. He argues that, in the wake of the trauma of the First World War, and in response to the Axis challenge, Liddell Hart developed the doctrine of containment and cold war long before the advent of nuclear weapons. He reveals Liddell Hart as a pioneer of the modern western liberal way in warfare which is still with us today.
MATTHEW D. ADLER and KENNETH EINAR HIMMA
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195343298
- eISBN:
- 9780199867806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195343298.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of H. L. A. Hart's rule of recognition model of a legal system which remains the center for nearly all contemporary work in analytic jurisprudence. ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of H. L. A. Hart's rule of recognition model of a legal system which remains the center for nearly all contemporary work in analytic jurisprudence. It briefly considers the Hart/Dworkin debate. An overview of the subsequent chapters is then presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of H. L. A. Hart's rule of recognition model of a legal system which remains the center for nearly all contemporary work in analytic jurisprudence. It briefly considers the Hart/Dworkin debate. An overview of the subsequent chapters is then presented.
Hew Strachan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199599486
- eISBN:
- 9780191595806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599486.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
This chapter examines the origins, development, and implications of operational art in the British armed forces. The Field Service Regulations of 1909 represented the first official attempt to ...
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This chapter examines the origins, development, and implications of operational art in the British armed forces. The Field Service Regulations of 1909 represented the first official attempt to encapsulate this approach within operational art. Nonetheless, establishment of doctrine remained an anathema, and without it operational art was driven by tactics rather than by strategy. This, according to the author, was a key reason why the British army tended to perform poorly at the operational level in the Second World War. When the operational level of war re-emerged in Great Britain during the 1980s, it was accompanied by doctrine for the first time. The linkage between doctrine and operational art was inspired less by the US army's response to Vietnam than by responses to Soviet and German practice and theory going back to lessons from the First and Second World Wars.Less
This chapter examines the origins, development, and implications of operational art in the British armed forces. The Field Service Regulations of 1909 represented the first official attempt to encapsulate this approach within operational art. Nonetheless, establishment of doctrine remained an anathema, and without it operational art was driven by tactics rather than by strategy. This, according to the author, was a key reason why the British army tended to perform poorly at the operational level in the Second World War. When the operational level of war re-emerged in Great Britain during the 1980s, it was accompanied by doctrine for the first time. The linkage between doctrine and operational art was inspired less by the US army's response to Vietnam than by responses to Soviet and German practice and theory going back to lessons from the First and Second World Wars.
Richard Barrios
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377347
- eISBN:
- 9780199864577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377347.003.0016
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
In the mainly non-musical years of 1931 and 1932, a few filmmakers attempted to disregard the moratorium, sometimes with success. Among them was Ernst Lubitsch and Maurice Chevalier with The Smiling ...
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In the mainly non-musical years of 1931 and 1932, a few filmmakers attempted to disregard the moratorium, sometimes with success. Among them was Ernst Lubitsch and Maurice Chevalier with The Smiling Lieutenant and One Hour With You and Fox with Gershwin's Delicious. The team of Eddie Cantor and Busby Berkeley also fared well, while Rouben Mamoulian directed the sublime Love Me Tonight — not a financial success but still a high-water mark for musical cinema. Other films — The Phantom President, The Big Broadcast, Hallelujah, I'm A Bum — seemed to herald the fact that musicals might return.Less
In the mainly non-musical years of 1931 and 1932, a few filmmakers attempted to disregard the moratorium, sometimes with success. Among them was Ernst Lubitsch and Maurice Chevalier with The Smiling Lieutenant and One Hour With You and Fox with Gershwin's Delicious. The team of Eddie Cantor and Busby Berkeley also fared well, while Rouben Mamoulian directed the sublime Love Me Tonight — not a financial success but still a high-water mark for musical cinema. Other films — The Phantom President, The Big Broadcast, Hallelujah, I'm A Bum — seemed to herald the fact that musicals might return.
KEITH CULVER and MICHAEL GIUDICE
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195370751
- eISBN:
- 9780199775903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195370751.003.001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter analyzes the limits to Hart's account of an official-operated rule of recognition as an account of the existence and borders of legal systems. The argument is developed via assessment of ...
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This chapter analyzes the limits to Hart's account of an official-operated rule of recognition as an account of the existence and borders of legal systems. The argument is developed via assessment of the success of the account's solutions to problems of circularity and indeterminacy in the identification of a distinct class of legal officials whose practices constitute the rule of recognition. It is shown that while the problem of circularity may have been adequately addressed in explanation of state legal systems, its solutions leave intact the problem of indeterminacy and reveal a strong presumption of hierarchy which threatens to run past rather than solve issues at the borders of legality. This is true in explanation of state legal systems, but the difficulties are particularly troubling in explanation of international law, as analysis of Hart's view of international law makes plain.Less
This chapter analyzes the limits to Hart's account of an official-operated rule of recognition as an account of the existence and borders of legal systems. The argument is developed via assessment of the success of the account's solutions to problems of circularity and indeterminacy in the identification of a distinct class of legal officials whose practices constitute the rule of recognition. It is shown that while the problem of circularity may have been adequately addressed in explanation of state legal systems, its solutions leave intact the problem of indeterminacy and reveal a strong presumption of hierarchy which threatens to run past rather than solve issues at the borders of legality. This is true in explanation of state legal systems, but the difficulties are particularly troubling in explanation of international law, as analysis of Hart's view of international law makes plain.
Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
The First World War was a landmark in Western consciousness, yet its significance in the several nations involved differed greatly. In the mid-1920s a formal and vague consensus in favour of ...
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The First World War was a landmark in Western consciousness, yet its significance in the several nations involved differed greatly. In the mid-1920s a formal and vague consensus in favour of international reconciliation was formed however it proved to be too fragile and short-lived. With the downfall of the international economic system, the international reconciliation was faced with the difficulties brought about by the differences of interests within countries and the differing stand and acceptance of the Locarno Treaty. Rather than generating new fundamentals, the war accentuated the long-standing differences between national attitudes causing them to move in different directions, mentally and geographically. This chapter is primarily concerned with the westernmost parts of the Western World. This chapter discusses the emergence of new and liberal attitudes against war. While pacifism became stronger and vocal compared to earlier times, it remained a marginal phenomenon which was later sought to be replaced by cooperation and collective security. This chapter also discusses Liddell Hart's biography and his growing distance and change of attitude to the precepts of war.Less
The First World War was a landmark in Western consciousness, yet its significance in the several nations involved differed greatly. In the mid-1920s a formal and vague consensus in favour of international reconciliation was formed however it proved to be too fragile and short-lived. With the downfall of the international economic system, the international reconciliation was faced with the difficulties brought about by the differences of interests within countries and the differing stand and acceptance of the Locarno Treaty. Rather than generating new fundamentals, the war accentuated the long-standing differences between national attitudes causing them to move in different directions, mentally and geographically. This chapter is primarily concerned with the westernmost parts of the Western World. This chapter discusses the emergence of new and liberal attitudes against war. While pacifism became stronger and vocal compared to earlier times, it remained a marginal phenomenon which was later sought to be replaced by cooperation and collective security. This chapter also discusses Liddell Hart's biography and his growing distance and change of attitude to the precepts of war.
Jesse Zuba
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164472
- eISBN:
- 9781400873791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164472.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter explores representations of career in Harmonium (Wallace Stevens), Observations (Marianne Moore), and White Buildings (Hart Crane) that resist the normative course of development that ...
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This chapter explores representations of career in Harmonium (Wallace Stevens), Observations (Marianne Moore), and White Buildings (Hart Crane) that resist the normative course of development that underpins the professional ideal of regular production. The indeterminacy of representations of career in nineteenth-century poetry is pressed to an extreme in modernist debuts, which are burdened not only with evoking the uncertainty that confirms vocational integrity and the intermittency that signals autonomy from the market, but also with evoking those ideas in new ways. This last challenge, necessitated by the demand that every artistic generation make it new, is made still more daunting by the rise of a culture of professionalism in which writing poetry was apt to appear as childish, effeminate, escapist, elitist, and generally absurd.Less
This chapter explores representations of career in Harmonium (Wallace Stevens), Observations (Marianne Moore), and White Buildings (Hart Crane) that resist the normative course of development that underpins the professional ideal of regular production. The indeterminacy of representations of career in nineteenth-century poetry is pressed to an extreme in modernist debuts, which are burdened not only with evoking the uncertainty that confirms vocational integrity and the intermittency that signals autonomy from the market, but also with evoking those ideas in new ways. This last challenge, necessitated by the demand that every artistic generation make it new, is made still more daunting by the rise of a culture of professionalism in which writing poetry was apt to appear as childish, effeminate, escapist, elitist, and generally absurd.
Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
This chapter discusses the Liddell Hart's works and theories on the concept of limited war, moderate peace and the strategy of indirect approach. Written in his younger days, most of his theories are ...
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This chapter discusses the Liddell Hart's works and theories on the concept of limited war, moderate peace and the strategy of indirect approach. Written in his younger days, most of his theories are met with criticisms which were bounded by assumptions that his ideas of the different strategies of war owe much recognition from Fuller and Clausewitz who were the prevailing military thinkers of their time. However by the turn of the 1930s, Liddell Hart amended his work and developed a full consciousness of the war that starkly contrasts his deemed immature view of the war. In his more mature yet less-known ideas, he cemented his contributions to the strategic theory and created true measure of his originality and sophistication.Less
This chapter discusses the Liddell Hart's works and theories on the concept of limited war, moderate peace and the strategy of indirect approach. Written in his younger days, most of his theories are met with criticisms which were bounded by assumptions that his ideas of the different strategies of war owe much recognition from Fuller and Clausewitz who were the prevailing military thinkers of their time. However by the turn of the 1930s, Liddell Hart amended his work and developed a full consciousness of the war that starkly contrasts his deemed immature view of the war. In his more mature yet less-known ideas, he cemented his contributions to the strategic theory and created true measure of his originality and sophistication.
Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
By the beginning of the 1930s, after having written his history of the First World War, Liddell Hart set out to define more closely what had gone wrong with the war. He approached the question from a ...
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By the beginning of the 1930s, after having written his history of the First World War, Liddell Hart set out to define more closely what had gone wrong with the war. He approached the question from a general point of view, reviewing Britain's historical war policy, from which he claimed she diverged without real justification and with disastrous results. This chapter does not aim to discuss the momentous events and major decisions of the 1930s, 1940s, and the 1950s and make the case for or against Liddell Hart's positions. The chapter neither aims to present Liddell Hart's role in the British decision-making. This chapter rather, discusses Liddell Hart's edifice of logic in approaching the overall political and strategic problem facing Britain in the late 1930s. This chapter focuses on the stand and viewpoint of Liddell Hart on the issue of Great Alliance, cold war and containment during the 1930s.Less
By the beginning of the 1930s, after having written his history of the First World War, Liddell Hart set out to define more closely what had gone wrong with the war. He approached the question from a general point of view, reviewing Britain's historical war policy, from which he claimed she diverged without real justification and with disastrous results. This chapter does not aim to discuss the momentous events and major decisions of the 1930s, 1940s, and the 1950s and make the case for or against Liddell Hart's positions. The chapter neither aims to present Liddell Hart's role in the British decision-making. This chapter rather, discusses Liddell Hart's edifice of logic in approaching the overall political and strategic problem facing Britain in the late 1930s. This chapter focuses on the stand and viewpoint of Liddell Hart on the issue of Great Alliance, cold war and containment during the 1930s.
Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
During the advent of the Second World War, Liddell Hart's growing opposition to Britain's war policy made him an outcast and relegated him to isolation and wilderness from his once popular and ...
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During the advent of the Second World War, Liddell Hart's growing opposition to Britain's war policy made him an outcast and relegated him to isolation and wilderness from his once popular and most-sought after status quo as a military analyst. This chapter discusses growing distance from the precepts of war and Britain's war policy. On the onset of the Second World War, Liddell Hart pursued a different form of stand against the war that relegated him to isolation. Questioning Britain's stand against the Nazi Germany, he concluded the prevailing strategy of Britain in defeating Germany was largely illusionary. He also maintained that Britain's concept of ‘victory ’ proved to be counter-productive and reckless. He believed that Britain should adopt a long-term view of conflict rather than exhausting efforts that would bring American and Soviet domination. He instead, proposed for Cold War against the Germany wherein he proposed to make Britain impregnable but devoid of offensive efforts.Less
During the advent of the Second World War, Liddell Hart's growing opposition to Britain's war policy made him an outcast and relegated him to isolation and wilderness from his once popular and most-sought after status quo as a military analyst. This chapter discusses growing distance from the precepts of war and Britain's war policy. On the onset of the Second World War, Liddell Hart pursued a different form of stand against the war that relegated him to isolation. Questioning Britain's stand against the Nazi Germany, he concluded the prevailing strategy of Britain in defeating Germany was largely illusionary. He also maintained that Britain's concept of ‘victory ’ proved to be counter-productive and reckless. He believed that Britain should adopt a long-term view of conflict rather than exhausting efforts that would bring American and Soviet domination. He instead, proposed for Cold War against the Germany wherein he proposed to make Britain impregnable but devoid of offensive efforts.
Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
This conclusion concludes that Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory exceeds and is much serious than his popular doctrines of ‘indirect approach’ and the ‘British way in warfare’. It is ...
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This conclusion concludes that Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory exceeds and is much serious than his popular doctrines of ‘indirect approach’ and the ‘British way in warfare’. It is concluded that his substantial contribution and claim for originality should be examined and understood in their historical context. As fundamental changes and paradigmatic shifts occur, new and significant intellectual constructions usually emerge when the prevailing ways of interpreting and coping with reality no longer suffice. In the West's most liberal and the increasing democratic societies such as the Britain and the United States, the growing negative reaction against the First World War is seen as a paradigmatic break. In these societies, leading sectors of public opinion and political elite see the major war which resulted to major loss of life and wealth as an increasingly unacceptable means. Instead, they called for a different set of strategic ideas wherein the force is applied in terms of economic sanctions, blockade and limited ‘surgical’ operations by highly mobile and technologically superior striking forces.Less
This conclusion concludes that Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory exceeds and is much serious than his popular doctrines of ‘indirect approach’ and the ‘British way in warfare’. It is concluded that his substantial contribution and claim for originality should be examined and understood in their historical context. As fundamental changes and paradigmatic shifts occur, new and significant intellectual constructions usually emerge when the prevailing ways of interpreting and coping with reality no longer suffice. In the West's most liberal and the increasing democratic societies such as the Britain and the United States, the growing negative reaction against the First World War is seen as a paradigmatic break. In these societies, leading sectors of public opinion and political elite see the major war which resulted to major loss of life and wealth as an increasingly unacceptable means. Instead, they called for a different set of strategic ideas wherein the force is applied in terms of economic sanctions, blockade and limited ‘surgical’ operations by highly mobile and technologically superior striking forces.
André Béteille
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198080961
- eISBN:
- 9780199082049
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198080961.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
Some disjunction seems to exist between law and custom, especially in societies that are in transition or are undergoing rapid social change. This is the case in India today, where laws have been ...
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Some disjunction seems to exist between law and custom, especially in societies that are in transition or are undergoing rapid social change. This is the case in India today, where laws have been created based on the principle of equality whereas customs are permeated by hierarchical beliefs, ideas, and values. This article argues that the rhythms of change for customs are not the same as they are for law, particularly in the contemporary world. It discusses the approach to law associated with legal positivism, whose attempt to maintain a strict separation between law and morality has been condemned as sterile. It also examines the concept of law as elaborated by H. L. A. Hart, the attitude of modern Indian law to discrimination on social grounds, whether of gender or of caste, and the legal order created by the Indian constitution.Less
Some disjunction seems to exist between law and custom, especially in societies that are in transition or are undergoing rapid social change. This is the case in India today, where laws have been created based on the principle of equality whereas customs are permeated by hierarchical beliefs, ideas, and values. This article argues that the rhythms of change for customs are not the same as they are for law, particularly in the contemporary world. It discusses the approach to law associated with legal positivism, whose attempt to maintain a strict separation between law and morality has been condemned as sterile. It also examines the concept of law as elaborated by H. L. A. Hart, the attitude of modern Indian law to discrimination on social grounds, whether of gender or of caste, and the legal order created by the Indian constitution.
B. W. Young
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199256228
- eISBN:
- 9780191719660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256228.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter uses the response of a prominent Christian reader of Gibbon, John Henry Newman, to explore how 18th-century unbelief was worried over, and occasionally accommodated within the available ...
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This chapter uses the response of a prominent Christian reader of Gibbon, John Henry Newman, to explore how 18th-century unbelief was worried over, and occasionally accommodated within the available framework of religious apologetic in 19th-century Britain. The example of the liberal Anglican historian Henry Hart Milman, Oxford's Professor of Poetry when Newman was a young fellow of Oriel, similarly demonstrates that Gibbon's contribution to ecclesiastical history was capable of being accommodated within a variety of liberal Anglican theology strongly influenced by those developments in German historical thought of which Newman remained willfully ignorant.Less
This chapter uses the response of a prominent Christian reader of Gibbon, John Henry Newman, to explore how 18th-century unbelief was worried over, and occasionally accommodated within the available framework of religious apologetic in 19th-century Britain. The example of the liberal Anglican historian Henry Hart Milman, Oxford's Professor of Poetry when Newman was a young fellow of Oriel, similarly demonstrates that Gibbon's contribution to ecclesiastical history was capable of being accommodated within a variety of liberal Anglican theology strongly influenced by those developments in German historical thought of which Newman remained willfully ignorant.
