Oscar Gelderblom
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691142883
- eISBN:
- 9781400848591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691142883.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter examines the protective measures implemented by merchants and rulers in Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam to deal with violent threats such as theft, robbery, or even outright warfare. It ...
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This chapter examines the protective measures implemented by merchants and rulers in Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam to deal with violent threats such as theft, robbery, or even outright warfare. It shows that the existence of an international network of commercial cities created strong incentives for local and central governments to offer protection to international traders to enhance the position of individual cities in this network. It also considers how imminent changes in a city's position in the international urban hierarchy led to the massive use of force, citing as examples the Flemish Revolt and the Dutch Revolt. Finally, it discusses the unification of the Habsburgs as rulers of the Netherlands and its impact on the safety of merchants, along with the rise of the Dutch Republic.Less
This chapter examines the protective measures implemented by merchants and rulers in Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam to deal with violent threats such as theft, robbery, or even outright warfare. It shows that the existence of an international network of commercial cities created strong incentives for local and central governments to offer protection to international traders to enhance the position of individual cities in this network. It also considers how imminent changes in a city's position in the international urban hierarchy led to the massive use of force, citing as examples the Flemish Revolt and the Dutch Revolt. Finally, it discusses the unification of the Habsburgs as rulers of the Netherlands and its impact on the safety of merchants, along with the rise of the Dutch Republic.
Robert L. Kendrick
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520297579
- eISBN:
- 9780520969872
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520297579.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Opera
This study of some sixty-odd Italian-language music-theater pieces for Holy Week in seventeenth-century Vienna addresses the issues of Habsburg dynastic piety, memory and commemoration, Passion ...
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This study of some sixty-odd Italian-language music-theater pieces for Holy Week in seventeenth-century Vienna addresses the issues of Habsburg dynastic piety, memory and commemoration, Passion devotion, and political meaning in the works. It further considers some surprising conjunctions of poetic conceptualism in connection with surprising—and theatrical—musical techniques. The pieces were meant to be performed in front of a constructed replica of Christ’s tomb—hence their Italian sobriquet, sepolcri—and often with an additional stage-set. Flourishing during the reign of Emperor Leopold I (1657–1705), the genre was also indebted to the patronage and piety of the women around him, including his stepmother, the Dowager Empress Eleonora, his three wives, and several of his daughters. The libretti, many by the famed Nicolo Minato, show unusual textual strategies in the recollection of Christ’s Passion, as they are imagined to take place after his burial. But they also involve wider realms of the dynastic’s self-image, material possessions, and political ideology. Although both the texts and the music—the latter by a variety of composers, most notably Giovanni Felice Sances and Antonio Draghi, along with Leopold himself—are little studied today, they also combined in performance to provide a sonic enactment of mourning according to the most recent norms of Italian musical dramaturgy.Less
This study of some sixty-odd Italian-language music-theater pieces for Holy Week in seventeenth-century Vienna addresses the issues of Habsburg dynastic piety, memory and commemoration, Passion devotion, and political meaning in the works. It further considers some surprising conjunctions of poetic conceptualism in connection with surprising—and theatrical—musical techniques. The pieces were meant to be performed in front of a constructed replica of Christ’s tomb—hence their Italian sobriquet, sepolcri—and often with an additional stage-set. Flourishing during the reign of Emperor Leopold I (1657–1705), the genre was also indebted to the patronage and piety of the women around him, including his stepmother, the Dowager Empress Eleonora, his three wives, and several of his daughters. The libretti, many by the famed Nicolo Minato, show unusual textual strategies in the recollection of Christ’s Passion, as they are imagined to take place after his burial. But they also involve wider realms of the dynastic’s self-image, material possessions, and political ideology. Although both the texts and the music—the latter by a variety of composers, most notably Giovanni Felice Sances and Antonio Draghi, along with Leopold himself—are little studied today, they also combined in performance to provide a sonic enactment of mourning according to the most recent norms of Italian musical dramaturgy.
Christopher Storrs
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246373
- eISBN:
- 9780191715242
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246373.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a ...
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For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a fresh appraisal of the survival of Spain and its European and overseas empire under the last Spanish Habsburg, Carlos II (1665–1700). Hitherto it has largely been assumed that in the ‘Age of Louis XIV’ Spain collapsed as a military and naval power, and only retained its empire because states which had hitherto opposed Spanish hegemony came to its aid. Spain's allies did play a role, but this view seriously underestimates the efforts of Carlos II and his ministers to find men for Spain's various armies – in Flanders, Lombardy and Catalonia – and to ensure a continued naval presence in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. These commitments were costly, adding to the fiscal pressure upon Carlos's subjects, and to political tensions within the monarchy, but Spain managed the burden of imperial defence more successfully than has been acknowledged. This was due to various factors, including the continued contribution of Castile and American silver, some administrative development, and the contribution of both the non-Castilian territories within Spain and the non-Spanish territories within Europe, such as Naples. This book revises our understanding of the last decades of Habsburg Spain, which is shown to have been a state and society more committed to the retention of empire and more successful in doing so than a preoccupation with the ‘decline of Spain’ has recognised.Less
For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a fresh appraisal of the survival of Spain and its European and overseas empire under the last Spanish Habsburg, Carlos II (1665–1700). Hitherto it has largely been assumed that in the ‘Age of Louis XIV’ Spain collapsed as a military and naval power, and only retained its empire because states which had hitherto opposed Spanish hegemony came to its aid. Spain's allies did play a role, but this view seriously underestimates the efforts of Carlos II and his ministers to find men for Spain's various armies – in Flanders, Lombardy and Catalonia – and to ensure a continued naval presence in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. These commitments were costly, adding to the fiscal pressure upon Carlos's subjects, and to political tensions within the monarchy, but Spain managed the burden of imperial defence more successfully than has been acknowledged. This was due to various factors, including the continued contribution of Castile and American silver, some administrative development, and the contribution of both the non-Castilian territories within Spain and the non-Spanish territories within Europe, such as Naples. This book revises our understanding of the last decades of Habsburg Spain, which is shown to have been a state and society more committed to the retention of empire and more successful in doing so than a preoccupation with the ‘decline of Spain’ has recognised.
David Laven
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198205746
- eISBN:
- 9780191717147
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205746.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This work deals principally with the fate of Venice and Venetia during the first twenty years of the so-called second Austrian domination. It begins by providing background to the period, by ...
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This work deals principally with the fate of Venice and Venetia during the first twenty years of the so-called second Austrian domination. It begins by providing background to the period, by examining the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, and its early experiences of foreign domination during the Napoleonic era. It then focuses on the nature of Habsburg rule during the reign of Francis I. Challenging longstanding assumptions about the supposedly repressive and exploitative and nature of Austrian control, it highlights the difficulties faced by the authorities in balancing the needs of Venetia with wider considerations of imperial policy, and in particular the tensions generated by the retention of significant elements of the Napoleonic machinery of government established during the period 1806-1814. The central aim of the book is to move away from the traditional Risorgimento historiography, which focuses on unrest, to explain why Venetia was perhaps the most politically passive area in Europe in the two decades after the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire. The final section of the book examines the developments that took place in the period after Francis I's death in 1835, which permitted the outbreak of revolution in 1848.Less
This work deals principally with the fate of Venice and Venetia during the first twenty years of the so-called second Austrian domination. It begins by providing background to the period, by examining the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, and its early experiences of foreign domination during the Napoleonic era. It then focuses on the nature of Habsburg rule during the reign of Francis I. Challenging longstanding assumptions about the supposedly repressive and exploitative and nature of Austrian control, it highlights the difficulties faced by the authorities in balancing the needs of Venetia with wider considerations of imperial policy, and in particular the tensions generated by the retention of significant elements of the Napoleonic machinery of government established during the period 1806-1814. The central aim of the book is to move away from the traditional Risorgimento historiography, which focuses on unrest, to explain why Venetia was perhaps the most politically passive area in Europe in the two decades after the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire. The final section of the book examines the developments that took place in the period after Francis I's death in 1835, which permitted the outbreak of revolution in 1848.
Graeme Murdock
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208594
- eISBN:
- 9780191678080
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208594.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, History of Religion
This is the first book to examine one of Europe's largest Protestant communities in Hungary and Transylvania. It highlights the place of the Hungarian Reformed church in the international Calvinist ...
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This is the first book to examine one of Europe's largest Protestant communities in Hungary and Transylvania. It highlights the place of the Hungarian Reformed church in the international Calvinist world, and reveals the impact of Calvinism on Hungarian politics and society. Calvinism attracted strong support in Hungary and Transylvania, where one of the largest Reformed churches was established by the early seventeenth century. Understanding of the Hungarian Reformed church remains the most significant missing element in the analysis of European Calvinism. The Hungarian Reformed church survived on narrow ground between the Habsburgs and Turks, thanks to support from Transylvanian princes and local nobles. They worked with Reformed clergy to maintain contact with western co-religionists, to combat confessional rivals, to improve standards of education and to impose moral discipline. However, there were also tensions within the church over further reforms of public worship and church government, and over the impact of puritanism. This book examines the development of the Hungarian church within the international Calvinist community, and the impact of Calvinism on Hungarian politics and society.Less
This is the first book to examine one of Europe's largest Protestant communities in Hungary and Transylvania. It highlights the place of the Hungarian Reformed church in the international Calvinist world, and reveals the impact of Calvinism on Hungarian politics and society. Calvinism attracted strong support in Hungary and Transylvania, where one of the largest Reformed churches was established by the early seventeenth century. Understanding of the Hungarian Reformed church remains the most significant missing element in the analysis of European Calvinism. The Hungarian Reformed church survived on narrow ground between the Habsburgs and Turks, thanks to support from Transylvanian princes and local nobles. They worked with Reformed clergy to maintain contact with western co-religionists, to combat confessional rivals, to improve standards of education and to impose moral discipline. However, there were also tensions within the church over further reforms of public worship and church government, and over the impact of puritanism. This book examines the development of the Hungarian church within the international Calvinist community, and the impact of Calvinism on Hungarian politics and society.
Alastair Bellany and Thomas Cogswell
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300214963
- eISBN:
- 9780300217827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300214963.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter presents the hitherto untold history of the making of George Eglisham's book The Forerunner of Revenge. It follows Eglisham from London to Brussels, from the fringes of the English court ...
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This chapter presents the hitherto untold history of the making of George Eglisham's book The Forerunner of Revenge. It follows Eglisham from London to Brussels, from the fringes of the English court to a new circle of friends eager to hear and to use his stories about Buckingham. It then situates Eglisham's book in both short and longer-term polemical contexts — as the latest in a long series of polemical libels and ‘disinformation’ produced in the Spanish Netherlands for English readers, and as a crucial part of a coordinated propaganda campaign designed to sow confusion and mistrust among the Habsburgs' enemies in the mid-1620s. By looking closely at The Forerunner's making — at the men who made it, and the places where it was made — we can finally appreciate the European history of a book that would haunt English and Scottish political culture for decades.Less
This chapter presents the hitherto untold history of the making of George Eglisham's book The Forerunner of Revenge. It follows Eglisham from London to Brussels, from the fringes of the English court to a new circle of friends eager to hear and to use his stories about Buckingham. It then situates Eglisham's book in both short and longer-term polemical contexts — as the latest in a long series of polemical libels and ‘disinformation’ produced in the Spanish Netherlands for English readers, and as a crucial part of a coordinated propaganda campaign designed to sow confusion and mistrust among the Habsburgs' enemies in the mid-1620s. By looking closely at The Forerunner's making — at the men who made it, and the places where it was made — we can finally appreciate the European history of a book that would haunt English and Scottish political culture for decades.
Graeme Murdock
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208594
- eISBN:
- 9780191678080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208594.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, History of Religion
This chapter examines the relationship between Transylvania's princes and Reformed clergy as well as the role of the church in shaping Transylvania's relations with the rest of Protestant Europe. It ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between Transylvania's princes and Reformed clergy as well as the role of the church in shaping Transylvania's relations with the rest of Protestant Europe. It explores how far a network of international Calvinist connections across Europe informed the development of diplomatic policy at the Transylvanian court during the early seventeenth century. It also considers the degree to which Transylvanian military action against the Habsburgs before 1645, and the catastrophic decision to join the Second Northern War in 1657, were in fact motivated by a desire within the principality to further the international Protestant cause, even though there were few remaining advocates of this cause in European politics and diplomacy by the 1650s. In addition, this chapter outlines ideas within the Hungarian Reformed church about divine judgement and an imminent end of the world. Important parallels are drawn between the fate of Hungary and Israel, which informed notions about a special and predestined role for Hungary and the Transylvanian principality in the apocalypse to come.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between Transylvania's princes and Reformed clergy as well as the role of the church in shaping Transylvania's relations with the rest of Protestant Europe. It explores how far a network of international Calvinist connections across Europe informed the development of diplomatic policy at the Transylvanian court during the early seventeenth century. It also considers the degree to which Transylvanian military action against the Habsburgs before 1645, and the catastrophic decision to join the Second Northern War in 1657, were in fact motivated by a desire within the principality to further the international Protestant cause, even though there were few remaining advocates of this cause in European politics and diplomacy by the 1650s. In addition, this chapter outlines ideas within the Hungarian Reformed church about divine judgement and an imminent end of the world. Important parallels are drawn between the fate of Hungary and Israel, which informed notions about a special and predestined role for Hungary and the Transylvanian principality in the apocalypse to come.
T. C. W. BLANNING
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198227458
- eISBN:
- 9780191678707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227458.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Cultural History
The contrasting fates of the Bourbons and Habsburgs, are revealed by the contrasting episodes of October 1789. These are instructive about the culture of power and the power of culture in the late ...
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The contrasting fates of the Bourbons and Habsburgs, are revealed by the contrasting episodes of October 1789. These are instructive about the culture of power and the power of culture in the late 18th century. It is demonstrated here that in their various ways, and with varying degrees of success, rulers had come to terms with changing conditions. Only in France was the failure almost total. Two episodes in the last decade of the old regime demonstrated the monarchy’s chronic inability to make culture work in its cause. The success of the Horattii and David’s subsequent career as a revolutionary exemplified the failure of the French establishment to adjust the previous century’s cultural institutions to modern requirements. The alliance between regime and public unleashed a combination of culture and power far more potent than anything Europe had yet seen. They tested the monarchies to the very brink of destruction.Less
The contrasting fates of the Bourbons and Habsburgs, are revealed by the contrasting episodes of October 1789. These are instructive about the culture of power and the power of culture in the late 18th century. It is demonstrated here that in their various ways, and with varying degrees of success, rulers had come to terms with changing conditions. Only in France was the failure almost total. Two episodes in the last decade of the old regime demonstrated the monarchy’s chronic inability to make culture work in its cause. The success of the Horattii and David’s subsequent career as a revolutionary exemplified the failure of the French establishment to adjust the previous century’s cultural institutions to modern requirements. The alliance between regime and public unleashed a combination of culture and power far more potent than anything Europe had yet seen. They tested the monarchies to the very brink of destruction.
Peter M. R. Stirk
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748622900
- eISBN:
- 9780748652730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622900.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the German-speaking lands were dominated by two states both of which presented considerable difficulties for those attempting to understand them. In the ...
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At the beginning of the twentieth century, the German-speaking lands were dominated by two states both of which presented considerable difficulties for those attempting to understand them. In the north, the German Reich had been formed in 1871 in the wake of a successful war against France. Its formation was also the final stage in a prolonged struggle for power between the dynastic house of Prussia and the Habsburgs. For German political theorists, the period before the First World War was one of rapid change, politically, economically and socially. It was a period in which the gap between constitutional and legal doctrine and the reality of state and social power expanded in some areas and contracted in others. It was, however, also a period which left many of them ill-prepared for the reality and increasingly ideological character of the First World War.Less
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the German-speaking lands were dominated by two states both of which presented considerable difficulties for those attempting to understand them. In the north, the German Reich had been formed in 1871 in the wake of a successful war against France. Its formation was also the final stage in a prolonged struggle for power between the dynastic house of Prussia and the Habsburgs. For German political theorists, the period before the First World War was one of rapid change, politically, economically and socially. It was a period in which the gap between constitutional and legal doctrine and the reality of state and social power expanded in some areas and contracted in others. It was, however, also a period which left many of them ill-prepared for the reality and increasingly ideological character of the First World War.
Kris Lane
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300161311
- eISBN:
- 9780300164701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300161311.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter describes how the rising Asian demand for Colombian emeralds coincided with the decline of the Spanish Habsburgs. The rebellion of Portugal in 1640 and final capitulation in the ...
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This chapter describes how the rising Asian demand for Colombian emeralds coincided with the decline of the Spanish Habsburgs. The rebellion of Portugal in 1640 and final capitulation in the Netherlands in 1648 signaled the end of a remarkable era of global maritime dominance. Dutch gains at the Iberians' expense began much earlier and reached as far as Manila, but they avalanched after the Twelve Year Truce expired in 1621. Portuguese trading forts from Elmina to Melaka fell to Dutch cannons, and by 1637, much of Brazil was governed not by the King of Spain or Portugal but by Prince John Maurice of Nassau. Plunder, as in other contemporary gunpowder empires, was only the first step in Holland's larger imperial project. Primitive accumulation of this spectacular kind was followed by the more mundane business of bulk trade.Less
This chapter describes how the rising Asian demand for Colombian emeralds coincided with the decline of the Spanish Habsburgs. The rebellion of Portugal in 1640 and final capitulation in the Netherlands in 1648 signaled the end of a remarkable era of global maritime dominance. Dutch gains at the Iberians' expense began much earlier and reached as far as Manila, but they avalanched after the Twelve Year Truce expired in 1621. Portuguese trading forts from Elmina to Melaka fell to Dutch cannons, and by 1637, much of Brazil was governed not by the King of Spain or Portugal but by Prince John Maurice of Nassau. Plunder, as in other contemporary gunpowder empires, was only the first step in Holland's larger imperial project. Primitive accumulation of this spectacular kind was followed by the more mundane business of bulk trade.
Estella Weiss-Krejci
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813062518
- eISBN:
- 9780813051154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062518.003.0007
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Focused on medieval-period Austria, this chapter explores how the Central European House of Habsburg deployed ancestors as part of a political strategy to link the dynasty and its members with the ...
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Focused on medieval-period Austria, this chapter explores how the Central European House of Habsburg deployed ancestors as part of a political strategy to link the dynasty and its members with the illustrious dead. Taking a liberal view of ancestorhood, Habsburgs such as Rudolph I and Maximilian I publicly visited and reused ancient burial places, intermarried with members of other dynasties in order to increase the prestige of their own, and occasionally manufactured—wholesale—the required genealogical documentation to bolster their kinship-based claims to royal status.Less
Focused on medieval-period Austria, this chapter explores how the Central European House of Habsburg deployed ancestors as part of a political strategy to link the dynasty and its members with the illustrious dead. Taking a liberal view of ancestorhood, Habsburgs such as Rudolph I and Maximilian I publicly visited and reused ancient burial places, intermarried with members of other dynasties in order to increase the prestige of their own, and occasionally manufactured—wholesale—the required genealogical documentation to bolster their kinship-based claims to royal status.
Tijana Krstić
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804773171
- eISBN:
- 9780804777858
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804773171.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This book explores how Ottoman Muslims and Christians understood the phenomenon of conversion to Islam from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, when the Ottoman Empire was at the height of ...
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This book explores how Ottoman Muslims and Christians understood the phenomenon of conversion to Islam from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, when the Ottoman Empire was at the height of its power and conversions to Islam peaked. Because the Ottomans ruled over a large non-Muslim population and extended greater opportunities to convert than to native-born Muslims, conversion to Islam was a contentious subject for all communities, especially Muslims themselves. By producing narratives about conversion, Ottoman Muslim and Christian authors sought to define the boundaries and membership of their communities while promoting their own religious and political agendas. This book argues that the production and circulation of narratives about conversion to Islam was central to the articulation of Ottoman imperial identity and Sunni Muslims' “orthodoxy” in the long sixteenth century. Placing the evolution of Ottoman attitudes toward conversion and converts in the broader context of Mediterranean-wide religious trends and the Ottoman rivalry with the Habsburgs and Safavids, this book also introduces new sources, such as first-person conversion narratives and Orthodox Christian neomartyologies, to reveal the interplay of individual, (inter)communal, local, and imperial initiatives that influenced the process of conversion.Less
This book explores how Ottoman Muslims and Christians understood the phenomenon of conversion to Islam from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, when the Ottoman Empire was at the height of its power and conversions to Islam peaked. Because the Ottomans ruled over a large non-Muslim population and extended greater opportunities to convert than to native-born Muslims, conversion to Islam was a contentious subject for all communities, especially Muslims themselves. By producing narratives about conversion, Ottoman Muslim and Christian authors sought to define the boundaries and membership of their communities while promoting their own religious and political agendas. This book argues that the production and circulation of narratives about conversion to Islam was central to the articulation of Ottoman imperial identity and Sunni Muslims' “orthodoxy” in the long sixteenth century. Placing the evolution of Ottoman attitudes toward conversion and converts in the broader context of Mediterranean-wide religious trends and the Ottoman rivalry with the Habsburgs and Safavids, this book also introduces new sources, such as first-person conversion narratives and Orthodox Christian neomartyologies, to reveal the interplay of individual, (inter)communal, local, and imperial initiatives that influenced the process of conversion.
Andrew Konove
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520293670
- eISBN:
- 9780520966901
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520293670.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines the efforts of New Spain’s last Habsburg viceroys to eliminate the Baratillo in the late 1680s and 1690s, focusing on the 1692 riot that ravaged the Plaza Mayor. Following the ...
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This chapter examines the efforts of New Spain’s last Habsburg viceroys to eliminate the Baratillo in the late 1680s and 1690s, focusing on the 1692 riot that ravaged the Plaza Mayor. Following the riot, Spanish authorities sought to re-engineer the Plaza Mayor, forcing the Baratillo out and replacing it with a masonry alcaicería—later known as the Parían—a structure designed for the capital’s elite import merchants. The chapter explores why colonial authorities found the Baratillo so troubling, how they sought to eliminate it, and why that effort ultimately failed.Less
This chapter examines the efforts of New Spain’s last Habsburg viceroys to eliminate the Baratillo in the late 1680s and 1690s, focusing on the 1692 riot that ravaged the Plaza Mayor. Following the riot, Spanish authorities sought to re-engineer the Plaza Mayor, forcing the Baratillo out and replacing it with a masonry alcaicería—later known as the Parían—a structure designed for the capital’s elite import merchants. The chapter explores why colonial authorities found the Baratillo so troubling, how they sought to eliminate it, and why that effort ultimately failed.
Richard Bassett
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300178586
- eISBN:
- 9780300213102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300178586.003.0027
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, to explore whether the Habsburg' army's reputation for inefficiency, incompetence, general unreliability, and even cruelty, is at all justified. ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, to explore whether the Habsburg' army's reputation for inefficiency, incompetence, general unreliability, and even cruelty, is at all justified. It asks: Can the view that the Austrian armed forces were consistently weak and poorly led compared to most of their opponents really be proven? Were they hopelessly outclassed against Frederick's Prussians, or doomed to be routed by Napoleon and later Moltke? Did the Habsburg armies offer, as one historian recently noted, ‘a truly lamentable performance’ in the First World War, crumbling and melting away? How did an army of so many disparate national elements hold together for so long? What was the secret of the Habsburgs' armies' ability to serve one family in organising the states of Central and Eastern Europe into a coherent and secure single entity whose prosperity and security have been so difficult to replicate in modern times? In the process of answering these questions, a commonly accepted narrative can perhaps be enriched by an unfamiliar perspective on many critical events in modern European history.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, to explore whether the Habsburg' army's reputation for inefficiency, incompetence, general unreliability, and even cruelty, is at all justified. It asks: Can the view that the Austrian armed forces were consistently weak and poorly led compared to most of their opponents really be proven? Were they hopelessly outclassed against Frederick's Prussians, or doomed to be routed by Napoleon and later Moltke? Did the Habsburg armies offer, as one historian recently noted, ‘a truly lamentable performance’ in the First World War, crumbling and melting away? How did an army of so many disparate national elements hold together for so long? What was the secret of the Habsburgs' armies' ability to serve one family in organising the states of Central and Eastern Europe into a coherent and secure single entity whose prosperity and security have been so difficult to replicate in modern times? In the process of answering these questions, a commonly accepted narrative can perhaps be enriched by an unfamiliar perspective on many critical events in modern European history.
Alexander B. Haskell
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469618029
- eISBN:
- 9781469618043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469618029.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter examines the efforts by Elizabethan colonizers like Sir Walter Ralegh to define their persona as captain as entailing a calling of considerable providential significance. Drawing on the ...
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This chapter examines the efforts by Elizabethan colonizers like Sir Walter Ralegh to define their persona as captain as entailing a calling of considerable providential significance. Drawing on the Renaissance ideal of imperium as the strength needed to pin down the world's sinful inconstancy, sixteenth-century English proponents of colonization argued that captains possessed the manly fortitude and prophetical insight needed to carry out God's will in conquering areas where Elizabeth's sovereignty was sound but not yet realized. An anxiety that underlay the attempts by writers like Richard Hakluyt the clergyman to defend Elizabethan conquest in America was the simmering worry, especially pronounced in an age of religious division and Spanish-Habsburg dominance, that God did not grant sovereignty to female rulers. Thus, her captains took on an especially precarious role in embodying England's imperial crown overseas, and failed colonies like Roanoke would eventually come to epitomize the Elizabethan captains' ignobility for their ineffectuality as conquerors.Less
This chapter examines the efforts by Elizabethan colonizers like Sir Walter Ralegh to define their persona as captain as entailing a calling of considerable providential significance. Drawing on the Renaissance ideal of imperium as the strength needed to pin down the world's sinful inconstancy, sixteenth-century English proponents of colonization argued that captains possessed the manly fortitude and prophetical insight needed to carry out God's will in conquering areas where Elizabeth's sovereignty was sound but not yet realized. An anxiety that underlay the attempts by writers like Richard Hakluyt the clergyman to defend Elizabethan conquest in America was the simmering worry, especially pronounced in an age of religious division and Spanish-Habsburg dominance, that God did not grant sovereignty to female rulers. Thus, her captains took on an especially precarious role in embodying England's imperial crown overseas, and failed colonies like Roanoke would eventually come to epitomize the Elizabethan captains' ignobility for their ineffectuality as conquerors.
Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199272723
- eISBN:
- 9780191801006
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272723.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, History of Religion
This chapter examines four societies on the Eastern periphery of Europe where at the beginning of the period under review Catholicism faced a challenge to survive. By the mid-seventeenth century, ...
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This chapter examines four societies on the Eastern periphery of Europe where at the beginning of the period under review Catholicism faced a challenge to survive. By the mid-seventeenth century, however, throughout the region it represented the dominant confession. In Bohemia and Austria, this was accomplished through a combination of revival, evangelization, education, and brutal coercion of the non-Catholic population. In both Hungary and Poland, the state did not have the option to employ extensive coercive measures but nevertheless the monarchy proved a critical institution in effecting confessional change through processes of blandishment and conciliation. The chapter examines the critical role played by the Catholicization of the aristocracy and the reasons why this social group proved so receptive to Catholic renewal. While giving due weight to the influence of the Jesuits, it also emphasizes the importance of other religious orders, notably mendicant friars, and of the secular clergy.Less
This chapter examines four societies on the Eastern periphery of Europe where at the beginning of the period under review Catholicism faced a challenge to survive. By the mid-seventeenth century, however, throughout the region it represented the dominant confession. In Bohemia and Austria, this was accomplished through a combination of revival, evangelization, education, and brutal coercion of the non-Catholic population. In both Hungary and Poland, the state did not have the option to employ extensive coercive measures but nevertheless the monarchy proved a critical institution in effecting confessional change through processes of blandishment and conciliation. The chapter examines the critical role played by the Catholicization of the aristocracy and the reasons why this social group proved so receptive to Catholic renewal. While giving due weight to the influence of the Jesuits, it also emphasizes the importance of other religious orders, notably mendicant friars, and of the secular clergy.
Tom Scott
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198725275
- eISBN:
- 9780191792618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198725275.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Political History
Swiss hostility towards Konstanz led to the ‘Plappart War’ of 1458, followed by papal excommunication of Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1460, which provided the context for Swiss occupation of the ...
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Swiss hostility towards Konstanz led to the ‘Plappart War’ of 1458, followed by papal excommunication of Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1460, which provided the context for Swiss occupation of the Thurgau, which was administered as a second common lordship. But there was legal disagreement over the territorial bailiwick, which fell to the Swiss, and the territorial court, which remained with Konstanz. Any attempt to create a uniform territory in the Thurgau was further hampered by the presence of local jurisdictional lords with sovereign rights, who refused to swear allegiance to the Swiss. The Swiss also faced revived Habsburg power north of the Rhine in Swabia.Less
Swiss hostility towards Konstanz led to the ‘Plappart War’ of 1458, followed by papal excommunication of Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1460, which provided the context for Swiss occupation of the Thurgau, which was administered as a second common lordship. But there was legal disagreement over the territorial bailiwick, which fell to the Swiss, and the territorial court, which remained with Konstanz. Any attempt to create a uniform territory in the Thurgau was further hampered by the presence of local jurisdictional lords with sovereign rights, who refused to swear allegiance to the Swiss. The Swiss also faced revived Habsburg power north of the Rhine in Swabia.
Felicia Roșu
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198789376
- eISBN:
- 9780191831218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198789376.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Political History
Chapter 2 focuses on electoral campaigning and underlines the interplay of idealism and pragmatism in the selection of a candidate. It starts by introducing the most important candidates competing in ...
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Chapter 2 focuses on electoral campaigning and underlines the interplay of idealism and pragmatism in the selection of a candidate. It starts by introducing the most important candidates competing in the first elections, then it discusses the most important factors influencing the voters’ decisions. The dominant factors in Poland-Lithuania were: the native–foreigner debate; the prestige of the Jagiellons; the power of the future king; geopolitical considerations such as fear of the ‘Turk’ or mistrust of the Habsburgs; religion; and manliness. In Transylvania, preferences revolved around the choice between Habsburg and Ottoman suzerainty. Similarly to Poland-Lithuania, the higher echelons of the political class favoured the Habsburg option and a limitation of electoral rights, but pressures from below made those inclinations impractical. The chapter then reviews campaigning strategies: rhetoric and propaganda; promises of military alliances and financial help; deception and white lies; and material incentives such as favours, offices, and bribes.Less
Chapter 2 focuses on electoral campaigning and underlines the interplay of idealism and pragmatism in the selection of a candidate. It starts by introducing the most important candidates competing in the first elections, then it discusses the most important factors influencing the voters’ decisions. The dominant factors in Poland-Lithuania were: the native–foreigner debate; the prestige of the Jagiellons; the power of the future king; geopolitical considerations such as fear of the ‘Turk’ or mistrust of the Habsburgs; religion; and manliness. In Transylvania, preferences revolved around the choice between Habsburg and Ottoman suzerainty. Similarly to Poland-Lithuania, the higher echelons of the political class favoured the Habsburg option and a limitation of electoral rights, but pressures from below made those inclinations impractical. The chapter then reviews campaigning strategies: rhetoric and propaganda; promises of military alliances and financial help; deception and white lies; and material incentives such as favours, offices, and bribes.
Martyn Rady
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198743910
- eISBN:
- 9780191803871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743910.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
For almost two centuries, Hungary was divided between the Habsburgs, the Turks and the Principality of Transylvania. During this time, justice was maintained by the disassembly of cases and their ...
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For almost two centuries, Hungary was divided between the Habsburgs, the Turks and the Principality of Transylvania. During this time, justice was maintained by the disassembly of cases and their handling through judicial mandates, by roving courts headed by protonotaries, by the regency council, and by the counties. The development of the appeal also provided for a uniformity of practice. It was only at the start of the eighteenth century that the structure of the kingdom’s courts was reorganized. The reform of the courts was not accompanied by Romanizing trends and Hungary did not experience a Roman Law Reception except in the Transylvanian land of the Saxons, largely through the initiative of Honterus. Legal education in Hungary thus consisted in the main of pupillage and study of the Tripartitum. The customary basis of Hungarian law thus persevered into the modern period.Less
For almost two centuries, Hungary was divided between the Habsburgs, the Turks and the Principality of Transylvania. During this time, justice was maintained by the disassembly of cases and their handling through judicial mandates, by roving courts headed by protonotaries, by the regency council, and by the counties. The development of the appeal also provided for a uniformity of practice. It was only at the start of the eighteenth century that the structure of the kingdom’s courts was reorganized. The reform of the courts was not accompanied by Romanizing trends and Hungary did not experience a Roman Law Reception except in the Transylvanian land of the Saxons, largely through the initiative of Honterus. Legal education in Hungary thus consisted in the main of pupillage and study of the Tripartitum. The customary basis of Hungarian law thus persevered into the modern period.
Stuart Carroll
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199596799
- eISBN:
- 9780191804571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199596799.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter considers the impact of the assassination of the Duke of Guise. The Guise severed links altogether with their former allies and their quest for blood revenge dominated politics for the ...
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This chapter considers the impact of the assassination of the Duke of Guise. The Guise severed links altogether with their former allies and their quest for blood revenge dominated politics for the next decade. The discussions include the growing power of Protestants and their Montmorency allies and their conflict with the Guise; the Guise's loss of influence; and events in Scotland that would push the Guise into the arms of the old Habsburg enemy.Less
This chapter considers the impact of the assassination of the Duke of Guise. The Guise severed links altogether with their former allies and their quest for blood revenge dominated politics for the next decade. The discussions include the growing power of Protestants and their Montmorency allies and their conflict with the Guise; the Guise's loss of influence; and events in Scotland that would push the Guise into the arms of the old Habsburg enemy.
