Eileen Stillwaggon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195169270
- eISBN:
- 9780199783427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195169271.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter discusses the modes of transmission, worldwide distribution, and environmental conditions necessary for the spread of HIV. It explains the epidemiological framework for understanding ...
More
This chapter discusses the modes of transmission, worldwide distribution, and environmental conditions necessary for the spread of HIV. It explains the epidemiological framework for understanding disease spread, which includes characteristics of the pathogen, the host, and the environment. The appendix to this chapter presents cross-national survey data on sexual behavior. The data demonstrate that there is no correlation between higher national prevalence of HIV and countries with higher rates of early initiation of sex, premarital sex, or multipartnered sex.Less
This chapter discusses the modes of transmission, worldwide distribution, and environmental conditions necessary for the spread of HIV. It explains the epidemiological framework for understanding disease spread, which includes characteristics of the pathogen, the host, and the environment. The appendix to this chapter presents cross-national survey data on sexual behavior. The data demonstrate that there is no correlation between higher national prevalence of HIV and countries with higher rates of early initiation of sex, premarital sex, or multipartnered sex.
Eileen Stillwaggon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195169270
- eISBN:
- 9780199783427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195169271.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter examines the economic and health variables that distinguish sub-Saharan Africa from affluent countries which have lower rates of HIV. It shows the biomedical effects of economic ...
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This chapter examines the economic and health variables that distinguish sub-Saharan Africa from affluent countries which have lower rates of HIV. It shows the biomedical effects of economic conditions in Africa — such as poverty, inequality, lack of transport, lack of sanitary infrastructure, and lack of access to medical care — that contribute to poor health in general and consequently high rates of HIV transmission. Widespread malnutrition, malaria, schistosomiasis, and other parasitic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa contribute to higher risk of HIV transmission. This economic/biomedical conclusion implies a broad policy response for confronting HIV/AIDS in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.Less
This chapter examines the economic and health variables that distinguish sub-Saharan Africa from affluent countries which have lower rates of HIV. It shows the biomedical effects of economic conditions in Africa — such as poverty, inequality, lack of transport, lack of sanitary infrastructure, and lack of access to medical care — that contribute to poor health in general and consequently high rates of HIV transmission. Widespread malnutrition, malaria, schistosomiasis, and other parasitic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa contribute to higher risk of HIV transmission. This economic/biomedical conclusion implies a broad policy response for confronting HIV/AIDS in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Catherine A Hankins, Karen A Stanecki, Peter D Ghys, and Hein Marais
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237401
- eISBN:
- 9780191723957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237401.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes the pandemic by region, highlighting the changing dynamics of HIV transmission and the diverse patterns of infection found worldwide. The epidemic remains extremely dynamic, ...
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This chapter describes the pandemic by region, highlighting the changing dynamics of HIV transmission and the diverse patterns of infection found worldwide. The epidemic remains extremely dynamic, growing and changing character as the virus exploits new opportunities for transmission. Virtually no country in the world remains unaffected. The epidemic is not homogeneous within regions; some countries are more affected than others. In reality, like the pandemic, the national picture is made up of a series of epidemics with their own characteristics and dynamics. The number of people living with HIV has been rising in every region, with the steepest recent increases occurring in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. In the coming years, as access to life-prolonging antiretroviral treatment increases, more people will be living with HIV. Providing treatment is both a humanitarian and a human rights issue.Less
This chapter describes the pandemic by region, highlighting the changing dynamics of HIV transmission and the diverse patterns of infection found worldwide. The epidemic remains extremely dynamic, growing and changing character as the virus exploits new opportunities for transmission. Virtually no country in the world remains unaffected. The epidemic is not homogeneous within regions; some countries are more affected than others. In reality, like the pandemic, the national picture is made up of a series of epidemics with their own characteristics and dynamics. The number of people living with HIV has been rising in every region, with the steepest recent increases occurring in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. In the coming years, as access to life-prolonging antiretroviral treatment increases, more people will be living with HIV. Providing treatment is both a humanitarian and a human rights issue.
Eileen Stillwaggon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195169270
- eISBN:
- 9780199783427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195169271.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter brings together the results of numerous scientific studies on the biology of immune function and disease. It presents the biomedical evidence that malnutrition and parasite infection ...
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This chapter brings together the results of numerous scientific studies on the biology of immune function and disease. It presents the biomedical evidence that malnutrition and parasite infection contribute to greater susceptibility to any infectious disease, including those which are transmitted sexually. The conditions of poverty increase HIV susceptibility, not only to opportunist diseases after HIV infection but also to HIV transmission, just as they increase vulnerability to other infectious diseases.Less
This chapter brings together the results of numerous scientific studies on the biology of immune function and disease. It presents the biomedical evidence that malnutrition and parasite infection contribute to greater susceptibility to any infectious disease, including those which are transmitted sexually. The conditions of poverty increase HIV susceptibility, not only to opportunist diseases after HIV infection but also to HIV transmission, just as they increase vulnerability to other infectious diseases.
Markus Haacker
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198718048
- eISBN:
- 9780191787461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718048.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The chapter develops a forward-looking analysis of the cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions, taking into account HIV transmission dynamics and spending commitments implied by new HIV ...
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The chapter develops a forward-looking analysis of the cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions, taking into account HIV transmission dynamics and spending commitments implied by new HIV infections. The dynamic and population-level effects of averting an HIV infection differ because an individual not infected because of an intervention does not infect others and so on, but he or she may become infected at a later time. As HIV is predominantly transmitted sexually, the impacts of HIV prevention interventions differ according to risk behaviour, but also to factors (e.g. age) of the individuals targeted. The chapter discusses HIV infections averted and financial savings achieved through condom use across age groups; population-level effects of averting one HIV infection across risk groups; the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and the financial returns to investments of male circumcision; and the cost-effectiveness of treatment, in terms of immediate health outcomes and HIV prevention.Less
The chapter develops a forward-looking analysis of the cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions, taking into account HIV transmission dynamics and spending commitments implied by new HIV infections. The dynamic and population-level effects of averting an HIV infection differ because an individual not infected because of an intervention does not infect others and so on, but he or she may become infected at a later time. As HIV is predominantly transmitted sexually, the impacts of HIV prevention interventions differ according to risk behaviour, but also to factors (e.g. age) of the individuals targeted. The chapter discusses HIV infections averted and financial savings achieved through condom use across age groups; population-level effects of averting one HIV infection across risk groups; the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and the financial returns to investments of male circumcision; and the cost-effectiveness of treatment, in terms of immediate health outcomes and HIV prevention.
Sheilla Rodríguez-Madera and Nelson Varas-Díaz
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199764303
- eISBN:
- 9780199950232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764303.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
One of the most taxing issues in the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV in Puerto Rico is culture itself. Researchers point to the need to change cultural norms related to gender and ...
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One of the most taxing issues in the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV in Puerto Rico is culture itself. Researchers point to the need to change cultural norms related to gender and sexuality to reduce HIV transmission: traditional gender roles that dictate the need for unprotected sex as a measure of relationship trust, understanding monogamy as an HIV prevention strategy, and the role of religion in discouraging condom use as a prevention effort. Although these issues are complex enough when addressing individuals, they become even more multifaceted when addressing couples that feel safe from HIV by having steady partners. However, when one partner in the dyad is HIV positive, implications for prevention are even more daunting. The purpose of this chapter is to contribute to a better understanding of HIV risk and protection in serodiscordant couples in Puerto Rico, by employing exploratory qualitative interviews with 20 such dyads.Less
One of the most taxing issues in the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV in Puerto Rico is culture itself. Researchers point to the need to change cultural norms related to gender and sexuality to reduce HIV transmission: traditional gender roles that dictate the need for unprotected sex as a measure of relationship trust, understanding monogamy as an HIV prevention strategy, and the role of religion in discouraging condom use as a prevention effort. Although these issues are complex enough when addressing individuals, they become even more multifaceted when addressing couples that feel safe from HIV by having steady partners. However, when one partner in the dyad is HIV positive, implications for prevention are even more daunting. The purpose of this chapter is to contribute to a better understanding of HIV risk and protection in serodiscordant couples in Puerto Rico, by employing exploratory qualitative interviews with 20 such dyads.
James G. Kahn, Elliot Marseille, and Joseph Saba
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300087512
- eISBN:
- 9780300128222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300087512.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter assesses the risk of HIV transmission in several infant feeding strategies. It presents a model of the trade-off between preventing maternal-infant HIV transmission and increasing ...
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This chapter assesses the risk of HIV transmission in several infant feeding strategies. It presents a model of the trade-off between preventing maternal-infant HIV transmission and increasing non-HIV sources of mortality. The model evaluates month-by-month risks of fatal adverse events for infant feeding strategies such as breastfeeding, never breastfeeding, or breastfeeding for some specified period and then switching to formula feeding. The model is applied to eight geographic settings and for varied assumptions about perinatal antiretroviral therapy.Less
This chapter assesses the risk of HIV transmission in several infant feeding strategies. It presents a model of the trade-off between preventing maternal-infant HIV transmission and increasing non-HIV sources of mortality. The model evaluates month-by-month risks of fatal adverse events for infant feeding strategies such as breastfeeding, never breastfeeding, or breastfeeding for some specified period and then switching to formula feeding. The model is applied to eight geographic settings and for varied assumptions about perinatal antiretroviral therapy.
Harold Pollack
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300087512
- eISBN:
- 9780300128222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300087512.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter examines the overall cost-effectiveness of methadone treatment for injection drug users (IDUS) as an HIV prevention measure. It begins by reviewing several studies that document the ...
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This chapter examines the overall cost-effectiveness of methadone treatment for injection drug users (IDUS) as an HIV prevention measure. It begins by reviewing several studies that document the efficacy of methadone treatment. It then discusses two models: a basic model of HIV transmission without treatment and a simple model that incorporates methadone treatment. Analysis suggests that methadone treatment significantly reduces disease prevalence at a cost of $100,000 to $300,000 per infection averted.Less
This chapter examines the overall cost-effectiveness of methadone treatment for injection drug users (IDUS) as an HIV prevention measure. It begins by reviewing several studies that document the efficacy of methadone treatment. It then discusses two models: a basic model of HIV transmission without treatment and a simple model that incorporates methadone treatment. Analysis suggests that methadone treatment significantly reduces disease prevalence at a cost of $100,000 to $300,000 per infection averted.
Gabi Brogan and Rob George
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192629609
- eISBN:
- 9780191730054
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629609.003.0012
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter focuses on the care of people with HIV/AIDS in the UK, and assumes that, for the foreseeable future, AIDS will be fatal and HIV will be transmissible only through certain body fluids or ...
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This chapter focuses on the care of people with HIV/AIDS in the UK, and assumes that, for the foreseeable future, AIDS will be fatal and HIV will be transmissible only through certain body fluids or sexually. It contends that in the industrialised world specialist palliative care is still relevant to HIV disease, although the context and character of its practice will vary over time. It also argues that the lessons palliative care specialists have learnt from the care of patients with HIV/AIDS give valuable insights for other diseases.Less
This chapter focuses on the care of people with HIV/AIDS in the UK, and assumes that, for the foreseeable future, AIDS will be fatal and HIV will be transmissible only through certain body fluids or sexually. It contends that in the industrialised world specialist palliative care is still relevant to HIV disease, although the context and character of its practice will vary over time. It also argues that the lessons palliative care specialists have learnt from the care of patients with HIV/AIDS give valuable insights for other diseases.
Till Bärnighausen and Max Essex
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190217471
- eISBN:
- 9780190217488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190217471.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
HIV antiretroviral treatment (ART) can prevent the onward transmission of HIV. This prevention potential of treatment raises several ethical and economic questions. How and how strongly should ...
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HIV antiretroviral treatment (ART) can prevent the onward transmission of HIV. This prevention potential of treatment raises several ethical and economic questions. How and how strongly should HIV-infected individuals be motivated to initiate ART for prevention of onward transmission of HIV alone (i.e. during disease stages when they do not yet need ART for their own health)? Considering both treatment and prevention effects of ART, how should ART be prioritized across different populations? How can identified victim effects bias be avoided in the resource allocation to HIV treatment for prevention? This chapter describes and discusses these and related issues, which will increasingly gain policy importance as countries with high HIV prevalence are considering treatment-as-prevention strategiesLess
HIV antiretroviral treatment (ART) can prevent the onward transmission of HIV. This prevention potential of treatment raises several ethical and economic questions. How and how strongly should HIV-infected individuals be motivated to initiate ART for prevention of onward transmission of HIV alone (i.e. during disease stages when they do not yet need ART for their own health)? Considering both treatment and prevention effects of ART, how should ART be prioritized across different populations? How can identified victim effects bias be avoided in the resource allocation to HIV treatment for prevention? This chapter describes and discusses these and related issues, which will increasingly gain policy importance as countries with high HIV prevalence are considering treatment-as-prevention strategies
Ricard Solé and Santiago F. Elena
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691158846
- eISBN:
- 9780691185118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158846.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
It has been argued that epidemics have played a major role in human history. For example, the arrival of the British in Australia triggered a deadly wave of smallpox infections, with the estimated ...
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It has been argued that epidemics have played a major role in human history. For example, the arrival of the British in Australia triggered a deadly wave of smallpox infections, with the estimated death of half of the indigenous Australians. The same virus wiped out the population of Easter Island, and measles eliminated a third of the inhabitants of Fiji. New threats have also emerged as human populations explode and pressure on ecosystems crosses sustainability thresholds. In order to understand how to deal with epidemics and eradicate them, there is a need to first understand how they spread. This chapter begins with a discussion of epidemic modeling, specifically the SIS model. It then covers the SIS model in space and graphs, modeling HIV-1 transmission, and halting viruses in scale-free networks.Less
It has been argued that epidemics have played a major role in human history. For example, the arrival of the British in Australia triggered a deadly wave of smallpox infections, with the estimated death of half of the indigenous Australians. The same virus wiped out the population of Easter Island, and measles eliminated a third of the inhabitants of Fiji. New threats have also emerged as human populations explode and pressure on ecosystems crosses sustainability thresholds. In order to understand how to deal with epidemics and eradicate them, there is a need to first understand how they spread. This chapter begins with a discussion of epidemic modeling, specifically the SIS model. It then covers the SIS model in space and graphs, modeling HIV-1 transmission, and halting viruses in scale-free networks.
Didier Fassin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520271166
- eISBN:
- 9780520950481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271166.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the three different problems faced by the children in South Africa which include the increasing prevalence of AIDS and transmission of HIV virus from mother-to-child, the ...
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This chapter focuses on the three different problems faced by the children in South Africa which include the increasing prevalence of AIDS and transmission of HIV virus from mother-to-child, the increasing abuse of children, particularly girls and infants and the state of orphans in South Africa. It refers to the struggle of Nkosi Johnson, a HIV-positive child abandoned by her mother, which made South Africans aware of the epidemiological reality of the HIV infection and conceives a different moral representation of AIDS. The HIV-positive children in South Africa were the victims of both the reckless behavior of their parents and the inappropriate decisions of the government that was too slow to introduce programs for reducing the rate of transmission from mother to child. It also reveals how the issue of orphans and more generally of children separated from their parents is not just the consequence of a biological misfortune, but also the result of historically constituted structural inequalities in the society.Less
This chapter focuses on the three different problems faced by the children in South Africa which include the increasing prevalence of AIDS and transmission of HIV virus from mother-to-child, the increasing abuse of children, particularly girls and infants and the state of orphans in South Africa. It refers to the struggle of Nkosi Johnson, a HIV-positive child abandoned by her mother, which made South Africans aware of the epidemiological reality of the HIV infection and conceives a different moral representation of AIDS. The HIV-positive children in South Africa were the victims of both the reckless behavior of their parents and the inappropriate decisions of the government that was too slow to introduce programs for reducing the rate of transmission from mother to child. It also reveals how the issue of orphans and more generally of children separated from their parents is not just the consequence of a biological misfortune, but also the result of historically constituted structural inequalities in the society.
Ira M. Longini Jr., Michael G. Hudgens, and M. Elizabeth Halloran
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300087512
- eISBN:
- 9780300128222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300087512.003.0013
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter proposes a research design for estimating the protective effects of prophylactic vaccines. Following the structure of the HIV vaccine trial of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ...
More
This chapter proposes a research design for estimating the protective effects of prophylactic vaccines. Following the structure of the HIV vaccine trial of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration cohort of injecting drug users (IDUS), the chapter simulates HIV transmission within this trial structure to investigate whether the proposed design is sufficiently powerful to estimate vaccine efficacy.Less
This chapter proposes a research design for estimating the protective effects of prophylactic vaccines. Following the structure of the HIV vaccine trial of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration cohort of injecting drug users (IDUS), the chapter simulates HIV transmission within this trial structure to investigate whether the proposed design is sufficiently powerful to estimate vaccine efficacy.
Katherine Lepani
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824831936
- eISBN:
- 9780824869229
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824831936.003.0014
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
This concluding chapter discusses how the concept of culture is used in communication about HIV risk and prevention, and looks specifically at how Trobrianders' conceptual engagement with HIV and ...
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This concluding chapter discusses how the concept of culture is used in communication about HIV risk and prevention, and looks specifically at how Trobrianders' conceptual engagement with HIV and AIDS is mediated by cultural knowledge and social practice. There is widespread awareness among Trobriand men and women that condoms provide the means for preventing HIV transmission. To some extent, condom use is influenced by the perception that HIV risk is something that exists beyond spatial boundaries of familiarity. Young men report that because of limited condom supply, they tend to save condoms for use with partners from outside their immediate network of relationships. Ultimately, young people's preference for forming steady relationships with partners from their own village or villages proximate to their own reflects how sexual networks assume spatial dimensions that define both tubwa membership and established exchange networks within and between affiliate villages.Less
This concluding chapter discusses how the concept of culture is used in communication about HIV risk and prevention, and looks specifically at how Trobrianders' conceptual engagement with HIV and AIDS is mediated by cultural knowledge and social practice. There is widespread awareness among Trobriand men and women that condoms provide the means for preventing HIV transmission. To some extent, condom use is influenced by the perception that HIV risk is something that exists beyond spatial boundaries of familiarity. Young men report that because of limited condom supply, they tend to save condoms for use with partners from outside their immediate network of relationships. Ultimately, young people's preference for forming steady relationships with partners from their own village or villages proximate to their own reflects how sexual networks assume spatial dimensions that define both tubwa membership and established exchange networks within and between affiliate villages.
Douglas A. Feldman (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032535
- eISBN:
- 9780813039305
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032535.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
Too often, approaches to dealing with the problems posed by the spread of HIV have been one dimensional, with the assumption that what works in one place will work in another. This book includes ...
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Too often, approaches to dealing with the problems posed by the spread of HIV have been one dimensional, with the assumption that what works in one place will work in another. This book includes chapters representing a range of original ideas, methodologies, and suggestions that contribute to the field of AIDS research, both in Africa and beyond. The chapters examine such issues as HIV transmission, condom use, sexual patterns, male circumcision, political factors, gender, poverty, and behavioral change. The book features the research of those working in different countries in Africa, with different communities within those countries, and with different age, class, religious, and ethnic groups within those communities. These previously unpublished chapters also address the need for a greater anthropological perspective in the increasingly medicalized and politicized study of HIV and AIDS. As a whole, they pave the way for a deeper cultural understanding necessary to effectively reverse the catastrophic growth of HIV/AIDS on the continent.Less
Too often, approaches to dealing with the problems posed by the spread of HIV have been one dimensional, with the assumption that what works in one place will work in another. This book includes chapters representing a range of original ideas, methodologies, and suggestions that contribute to the field of AIDS research, both in Africa and beyond. The chapters examine such issues as HIV transmission, condom use, sexual patterns, male circumcision, political factors, gender, poverty, and behavioral change. The book features the research of those working in different countries in Africa, with different communities within those countries, and with different age, class, religious, and ethnic groups within those communities. These previously unpublished chapters also address the need for a greater anthropological perspective in the increasingly medicalized and politicized study of HIV and AIDS. As a whole, they pave the way for a deeper cultural understanding necessary to effectively reverse the catastrophic growth of HIV/AIDS on the continent.
Leslie Butt and Richard Eves (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824831936
- eISBN:
- 9780824869229
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824831936.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
In Melanesia, rates of HIV infection are among the highest in the Pacific and increasing rapidly, with grave humanitarian, development, and political implications. There is a great need for social ...
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In Melanesia, rates of HIV infection are among the highest in the Pacific and increasing rapidly, with grave humanitarian, development, and political implications. There is a great need for social research on HIV/AIDS in the region to provide better insights into the sensitive issues surrounding HIV transmission. This collection, the first book on HIV and AIDS in the Pacific region, gathers together original accounts of the often surprising ways that people make sense of the AIDS epidemic in various parts of Melanesia. The book addresses substantive issues concerning AIDS and contemporary sexualities, relations of power, and moralities—themes that provide a powerful backdrop for twenty-first century understandings of the tensions between sexuality, religion, and politics in many parts of the world.Less
In Melanesia, rates of HIV infection are among the highest in the Pacific and increasing rapidly, with grave humanitarian, development, and political implications. There is a great need for social research on HIV/AIDS in the region to provide better insights into the sensitive issues surrounding HIV transmission. This collection, the first book on HIV and AIDS in the Pacific region, gathers together original accounts of the often surprising ways that people make sense of the AIDS epidemic in various parts of Melanesia. The book addresses substantive issues concerning AIDS and contemporary sexualities, relations of power, and moralities—themes that provide a powerful backdrop for twenty-first century understandings of the tensions between sexuality, religion, and politics in many parts of the world.
Jack Morin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824831936
- eISBN:
- 9780824869229
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824831936.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
This chapter focuses on Papuan waria—men who dress as women and identify themselves as women—and their risk of HIV transmission. The prevalence of violence and coercion in the lives of waria brings ...
More
This chapter focuses on Papuan waria—men who dress as women and identify themselves as women—and their risk of HIV transmission. The prevalence of violence and coercion in the lives of waria brings conditions of acute risk of HIV transmission to them and their sexual partners. Indeed, data show that waria tend to engage in sex without condoms, in unsafe locations, and with multiple sex partners. However, it also suggests that a particular group of waria—young Papuan men who seek to have sex for pleasure rather than for money—are in fact at greater risk of unsafe practices than those who transact sex for financial gain.Less
This chapter focuses on Papuan waria—men who dress as women and identify themselves as women—and their risk of HIV transmission. The prevalence of violence and coercion in the lives of waria brings conditions of acute risk of HIV transmission to them and their sexual partners. Indeed, data show that waria tend to engage in sex without condoms, in unsafe locations, and with multiple sex partners. However, it also suggests that a particular group of waria—young Papuan men who seek to have sex for pleasure rather than for money—are in fact at greater risk of unsafe practices than those who transact sex for financial gain.
C. Riley Snorton
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816677962
- eISBN:
- 9781452948010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816677962.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter examines a series of discursive events that produce a shared grammar for a national viewing public to accept the down low—a phenomenon in which black men engage in sex with both men and ...
More
This chapter examines a series of discursive events that produce a shared grammar for a national viewing public to accept the down low—a phenomenon in which black men engage in sex with both men and women even though they do not identify as gay, queer, or bisexual— as a compelling narrative to explain recent trends in HIV transmission. Taking up the concept of “psychogeographic proximity”—the possibility of existing in the same place at different times—it analyzes what temporalities, material conditions, and sets of relations give rise to narratives akin to the down low. Finding antecedents to the down low in visual logics exercised under slavery and in other discursive events of reconsolidation, the chapter argues that the down low was produced, in part, by certain pressures exerted under advanced capitalism and the disjointed and extremely ambivalent sensibilities that characterize representations of black sexuality as hypermasculine and sexually deviant such that articulating blackness and queerness together is a redundancy.Less
This chapter examines a series of discursive events that produce a shared grammar for a national viewing public to accept the down low—a phenomenon in which black men engage in sex with both men and women even though they do not identify as gay, queer, or bisexual— as a compelling narrative to explain recent trends in HIV transmission. Taking up the concept of “psychogeographic proximity”—the possibility of existing in the same place at different times—it analyzes what temporalities, material conditions, and sets of relations give rise to narratives akin to the down low. Finding antecedents to the down low in visual logics exercised under slavery and in other discursive events of reconsolidation, the chapter argues that the down low was produced, in part, by certain pressures exerted under advanced capitalism and the disjointed and extremely ambivalent sensibilities that characterize representations of black sexuality as hypermasculine and sexually deviant such that articulating blackness and queerness together is a redundancy.
