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This chapter examines the dual epidemic of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. There have been some major successes in the control of both HIV/AIDS and TB. The discovery and widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is among the greatest advances in public health during the past thirty years. The rise of TB cases in Africa and elsewhere and on the discovery and implementation of control measures raise a series of questions about the population biology of TB linked to HIV/AIDS. The chapter first provides an overview of HIV infection as a risk factor for TB before discussing the global epidemiology of TB linked to HIV/AIDS. It then describes the anatomy of a TB-HIV epidemic, along with TB control in the presence of HIV. In particular, it considers ART and isoniazid preventive therapy. The chapter concludes with the argument that the DOTS strategy is necessary but not sufficient for TB–HIV control.

This chapter discusses HIV. Approximately 90% of people infected with HIV die from AIDS within 15 years if no drugs are provided. HIV is a unique virus in that, by itself, it does not cause the disease symptoms that eventually occur with HIV infection. Instead, it causes a complete breakdown of the immune system.

The introduction of HAART is one of the great success stories of modern medicine. In fact its application in the developed world has led to striking reductions in HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Consequently, prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection are less of an issue in the HAART era than they were before. However, this is not true for developing countries, where the introduction of HAART is still limited to a minority of the population in need and which also have to deal with a dual epidemic of HIV and tuberculosis (TB). Thus, this chapter also discusses prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections in resource-poor settings and specifically deals with HIV/TB dual infections.

Human rights abuses fuel vulnerability to HIV infection and act as barriers to universal access to prevention, treatment, and care. This has been recognized in numerous international declarations, and attention to human rights has been incorporated into the mission statements and work plans of grassroots groups and global organizations alike. Yet how recognition of this relationship is translated into action varies. This explores different contexts in which the claim of one particular right, the “right to know,” has emerged, and how this claim relates to the experience of people living with HIV. The “right to know,” defined variously and used to advance competing and controversial agendas, is then contrasted with efforts encouraging individuals to “know their rights.”

In 2000, it was estimated that 36 million people worldwide had been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and that 15,000 people were being newly infected with the virus each day. In 1999 alone, 3 million people worldwide died of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Because HIV is a disease characterized by immune system dysfunction and is also resisted by the immune system, it would seem that psychoneuroimmunology effects on the immune function might have an even greater impact on the course of HIV infection than on the course of other infectious diseases. This chapter deals with the pathogenesis of HIV infection, its treatment, and the various psychosocial factors known to contribute to the progression of HIV to AIDS. It also examines the impact of religion and spirituality on these psychosocial factors and the implications that this may have for the treatment of HIV/AIDS.

This chapter discusses HIV in Australia. Topics covered include epidemiology of HIV infection in Australia, primary and newly diagnosed HIV infection in Australia, treatment strategies during the era of HAART in Australia, and the impact of HAART in Australia.

This chapter focuses on the oral problems faced by patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Oral infections can help determine the presence of HIV infection, the development of AIDS, the progression of HIV infection or AIDS, the failure of antiretroviral therapy, and the failure of antimicrobial therapy. Before discussing the specific oral problems that are common with patients with HIV and AIDs, the present chapter provides an overview of the HIV and AIDS disease, its epidemiology, aetiology, and the clinical features of oral lesions prevalent in patients afflicted with such disease. The chapter also discusses the management procedures necessary for maintaining oral health and for preventing the progression of oral problems in HIV and AIDS patients.

This chapter reviews the Projeto Praça Onze. The Projeto Praça Onze was a prospective cohort study conducted in Rio de Janeiro between 1995 and 1998 to estimate the incidence of HIV infection in high-risk seronegative men who have sex with men (MSM), and to determine whether this population would be suitable for vaccine and non-vaccine intervention studies.

AIDS has become a worldwide epidemic, growing far beyond initially infected populations. U.N. AIDS states that almost 40 million people are currently living with HIV/AIDS. Over half of those infected live in sub-Saharan Africa; South and Southeast Asia is the next most affected region. This chapter discusses the relationship between AIDS and poverty, the cultural impacts of AIDS, populations at highest risk, and treatment of AIDS worldwide.

This chapter reviews the United Kingdom's response to its HIV epidemic. Even with a relatively small HIV epidemic, which is being fuelled by ongoing transmission by people living in the UK and some coming from endemic areas, and a stable socio-political and economic position, the UK's National Health Service (NHS) is experiencing some problems meeting increased costs for HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support.

This chapter provides an overview of paediatric HIV management in the population entering adulthood after a decade of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Topics discussed include prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and the evolution of antiretroviral management.

This chapter begins with a discussion of the epidemiology of HIV in Germany. It then discusses subtypes and prevalence of drug resistance in Germany, treatment strategies, effects of HAART, and healthcare delivery.

This chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to diagnose and treat illnesses associated with HIV/AIDS. It addresses several questions such as: What is the natural history of HIV infection? How does treatment affect the progression of HIV infection? How does hepatitis C infection affect the clinical picture?

This chapter reviews India's response toits HIV epidemic. It argues that the provision of prevention and treatment services for HIV-infected people through non-government organizations (NGOs) or the private sector is not an adequate solution in the Indian context. The scale of operations required; the social, religious, economic, and geographical heterogeneity of India; and the low income of the majority of India's citizens mean that the only solution to effective prevention and treatment of HIV infection is to develop public systems linked with community support structures.