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This chapter proves several results about the graph grid, G_A = T_A (Z²). It is organized as follows. Section 19.2 proves the Grid Geometry Lemma. Section 19.3 proves the Graph Reconstruction Lemma, a result which describes how the map Ψ‎_A interacts with G_A.

This chapter looks at the regulation of the regional electricity companies (RECs), and the conduct of the Office of Electricity Regulation (Offer). The repeated interventions — the two attempts at the 1994/95 periodic review, as well as the subsequent payouts from the flotation of the National Grid Company (NGC), and then the windfall tax — represented not only ‘regulatory failures’, but also served to undermine the credibility of the price-cap RPI-X regime.

The chapter aspires to describe some of the basic aspects of our media culture by pointing to the histories, interconnections and mutual translatability of imaging grid (as introduced by Alberti), cartographic grid (as introduced by Ptolemy), topographic grid (as put to use by early modern Spanish colonialism), speculative grid (as put to use by the land surveys of the early United States), and planning grid (as introduced by architects like Neufert and Le Corbusier in the twentieth century). Like in the case of the Renaissance grid that effectivelyc ombines an imaging process (Alberti’s velum) with a topographical planning procedure (the colonial settlement of Latin America), it is the linking of representational and operative functions, which turns the grid into a formidable cultural technique. Linked with the convertibility of these diverse grids and with corresponding scaling techniques, grids have become the basis of a mediatization of space from which hardly anything can escape.

Little is necessary in terms of an introduction, since Amarna is one of the best-known settlements of ancient Egypt. The city was founded by pharaoh Amenhotep IV, known from his fifth regal year as Akhenaten, on his move away from Thebes and Memphis to found a new religious and administrative capital city. Akhenaten reigned approximately between 1348 and 1331 BC, and his principal wife was Nefertiti. Akhenaten’s direct successor appears to have been a figure named Smenkhare (or Ankhkheperure) who was married to Akhenaten’s daughter Meritaten. Like Nefertiti, Smenkhare/Ankhkheperure held the throne name Nefernefruaten. For this reason it is uncertain whether this individual was Nefertiti, who may have reigned for some years after the death of Akhenaten, possibly even with a brief co-regency, or whether this was a son or younger brother of the latter. The rule of Smenkhare/Ankhkheperure was short, and he or she was eventually succeeded by Tutankhamun. The core city of Amarna was erected on a relatively flat desert plain surrounded by cliffs on the east bank of the Nile, in Middle Egypt, approximately 60km south of the modern city of Minia, surrounded by the villages et- Till to the north and el-Hagg Qandil to the south. The site was defined by at least sixteen boundary stelae, three of which actually stand on the western bank, past the edge of the modern cultivation. In total, the city measures 12.5km north–south on the east bank between stelae X and J, and c.8.2km west–east between the projected line between stelae X and J and stela S to the far east, which also indicates approximately the longitude of the royal tomb. The distance between stelae J and F, to the far south-west, measures c.20km, and between stelae X and A, to the far north-west 19.2km. The core city, which is the part of the settlement examined in this section, was erected along the Nile, on the east bank, and it is defined by the ‘Royal Road’, a major thoroughfare running through the entire core city north–south.

Both O45.1 at Amarna and IA1 at Gurob, discussed in Chapter 6, can be said to have been purpose-built and to some extent specialized, with the presence of kilns indicating a somewhat focused set of activities. By contrast, the smaller houses, or groups of the same in New Kingdom settlements have been observed to be generally less industrially focused or specialized on all levels. The present chapter therefore discusses a number of case-studies demonstrating artefact diversity in a range of houses, showcasing their variety both in appearance and in functionality. These case-studies include a range of houses in the Main City at Amarna and a comparison of the artefactual evidence they contained of relevant industrial activities in addition to Site J at Malqata. Excavations at Site J in the 1970s have revealed a series of small ovens, the purpose and locations of which will be discussed together with associated objects. This and the artefactual data from the houses at Amarna will provide an insight into the organization of industrial activities on a household-level. In the course of the spatial analysis undertaken for the Main City North (MCN) at Amarna (see Section 2.4), it has become apparent that thirty-four buildings, dispersed throughout this suburb, contained evidence not only of one industrial activity discussed in this book, but of several. The houses, each of which contains evidence of more than one industry, cover a range of varying sizes. While most of these thirty-four houses had a smaller ground area (less than 900m²), some larger ones also contained evidence of multiple industries. Eight of the thirty-four had an area of less than 100m², while a total of sixteen covered between 100 and 900m², the remaining ten houses being larger than 900m² including their courtyards. While most of the larger houses measured between 900 and 3,000m², three houses are even larger than this, with the largest property, R44.2, which measured over 10,000m², belonging to a ‘Steward of Akhenaten’. Table 7.1 demonstrates the combinations of industries queried with the GIS that were in operation in a number of buildings.

This final chapter addresses the individual research questions posed in the Introduction (Chapter 1), in the light of the data and discussion presented in Chapters 2–7. According to the range of settlement types defined by Troy (see Section 1.1), Amarna and Gurob may be regarded as cities, with a less specialized character and the presence of both a royal court and temples. While Amarna was not long-lived, it was specifically founded as a capital city with a large amount of urban planning. Gurob was certainly occupied for a long period, before and after the New Kingdom. Although Malqata can be defined as a royal city, it does not fulfil Troy’s definition of a city in that it was only very short-lived and served the sole purpose of a location for the festivities in honour of Amenhotep III, for which reason it should most likely be regarded a specialized settlement. In conclusion, it can be said that the presence of high-status goods and evidence of their manufacture enhances a settlement’s status. On the one hand, it proves that a strong demand existed for these types of objects, most of which were not for everyday use, and therefore implies the presence of either a consuming elite or royal court. On the other hand, should no royal court be present, it indicates at least the settlement’s dependence on the favours of royal personages acting as recipients of high-status goods. The presence of such personages would also enhance the settlement’s status. Hence, a developed infrastructure, together with a well-managed system of redistribution, as observed in all three case-studies discussed in this book, may very well be a factor determining a high-status settlement, such as a royal city. It can be stated that the analyses of the archaeological material from Amarna, Gurob, and Malqata have been successful in highlighting several areas of intensive industrial activity despite some issues regarding the nature of the data (see Section 1.4.3). In addition, it has been possible to further define the locations in which most of the finished products were found and, probably, used.

In this chapter, several examples of NN fitting of databases obtained using either ab initio electronic structure methods or an empirical potential will be discussed. The objective of this presentation is not to provide a complete and comprehensive review of the field nor is it to acquaint the reader with the details of the reaction dynamics of the particular systems employed as examples. It is rather to provide a clear picture of the power and limitations of NN methods for the investigation of reaction dynamics. We begin with a brief overview of the literature in the field. Neural networks provide a powerful method to effect the fitting of an ensemble of potential energy points in a database. In 1993, Blank et al. employed an NN to fit data derived from an empirical potential model for CO chemisorbed on a Ni(111) surface. Two years later, these same investigators also examined the interaction potential of H2 on a Si(100)-2 × 1 surface using a data set comprising 750 energies computed using local density functional theory. To the best of our knowledge, these were the first two examples in which NNs were employed to provide the PES for a dynamics study. Hobday et al. have investigated the energies of C-H systems by using a Tersoff potential form in which the three-body term is replaced by an NN comprising five input nodes, one hidden layer with six nodes, and an output layer. In this work, the five input elements are computed by consideration of the bond type, i.e., C-C or C-H, the three-body bond angle θ, which is input to the NN in the form (1 + cos θ)2, the connectivity of the local environment, and the second neighbor information. The method was applied to carbon clusters and a wide variety of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and radicals. Comparison of the atomization energies obtained using the NN potential surfaces with experimental values showed the errors for 12 alkanes, 13 alkenes, 4 alkynes, 7 aromatics, and 12 radicals to lie in the ranges zero to 0.3 eV (alkanes), 0.1 to 1.5 eV (alkenes), 0 to 0.5 eV (alkynes), zero to 1.0 eV (aromatics), and zero to 2.8 eV (radicals).

This chapter combines the heuristic developed by Omoto and Snyder (2002) as a framework for understanding why individuals volunteer with cultural theory, known as Grid and Group. It draws on Grid and Group as a heuristic devise for explaining and categorizing the multiple positions people take up with regard to voluntary work, as the chapter is concerned with explanations, dynamics, and processes, rather than counting phenomena. It notes that cultural theory aims to understand the ways in which different people and social groups respond to threats and opportunities. It aims to offer a more holistic perspective, a more textured and complex picture of people's ‘work’ and caring practices, choices, and constraints.

In order to conceptualize designing as a cultural technique, one has to wrestle the concept of disegno from the anthropocentric origin it acquired in the Florentine discourse on art, and to re-attribute it to those techniques and practices that operationalized “the open” and “the provisional” in early Renaissance. Design, then, did not originate in an ingenious uomo universale, but in the convergence of two cultural techniques that flourished in fourteenth-century Florence: the cartographic grid of latitude and longitudes and the grid-based techniques of scaling, proportion, and transfer employed by Renaissance artists’ workshops. Historically, the meaning that disegno acquired much later on can be traced back to the amalgamation of the differing concepts of the “open,” which in conjunction with the two cultural techniques found their way into drawings. Emerging from a field of tension between artisanal and cartographic projection techniques, the artistic design merges the open as the spatially unknown (as made addressable by the Ptolemaic grid) on the one hand and the open as provisional (as enabled by the veil) on the other.

All neurons have characteristic spike generation methods, but at the circuit level they are combined in many different ways. The slowness of the neural spike generation process suggests that standard models of cortical firing may be inadequate to describe the computational process, particularly for the issue of multiplexing. A first impression of the forebrain’s networks, particularly in its Cortical subsystem, suggests that it might be difficult to realize multiple independent neural computations since all the circuitry is interconnected in explicit ways such that any factorization is not obvious. Nonetheless from a practical computational viewpoint, it would seem that multiple, separate computations that share the common circuitry must be allowed. A representative radical approach is described achieves this independence.

This chapter analyzes the people who harnessed the New South to white coal in the Savannah and other river basins during a critical period in the region's history, between 1890 and 1933. It seeks to unravel the origins of sociologist Rupert Vance's hydroelectric “complex” and “the Piedmont crescent of industry,” since waterway manipulation and energy generation are vital components of southern modernization. William Church Whitner, industrialist James B. Duke, and Preston Arkwright understood that water-generated electricity in the Southeast was an “Agent of Power”; the Super Power Grid established in the Southeast made this clear. Dam-crazy private energy company executives and engineers believed they had tamed southeastern rivers while cultivating a modern urban-industrial landscape linked by Super Power transmission lines. Southern rivers, however, displayed a persistent capacity to function by their own rules—in the form of dry riverbeds and raging floods.

The hippocampus and associated structures within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are thought to support the formation of a cognitive map of space. This chapter reviews a number of studies that utilize a virtual reality environment to investigate the representation of space while patients navigate this environment. Individual neurons in the human MTL were found to be active specifically in particular parts of the virtual environment. Here, we discuss the similarity and dissimilarity to these cells to rodent place fields. We also summarize results on theta power increases during virtual navigation.

This chapter proves the Quasi-Isomorphism Theorem modulo two technical lemmas, which will be dealt with in the next two chapters. Section 18.2 introduces the affine transformation T_A from the Quasi-Isomorphism Theorem. Section 18.3 defines the graph grid G_A = T_A(Z²) and states the Grid Geometry Lemma, a result about the basic geometric properties of GA. Section 18.4 introduces the set Z^* that appears in the Renormalization Theorem and states the main result about it, the Intertwining Lemma. Section 18.5 explains how the Orbit Equivalence Theorem sets up a canonical bijection between the nontrivial orbits of the plaid PET and the orbits of the graph PET. Section 18.6 reinterprets the orbit correspondence in terms of the plaid polygons and the arithmetic graph polygons. Everything is then put together to complete the proof of the Quasi-Isomorphism Theorem. Section 18.7 deduces the Projection Theorem (Theorem 0.2) from the Quasi-Isomorphism Theorem.

A plaid polygon is called N-fat if it is not contained in any strip of width N. As a related notion, a plaid polygon is called N-long if it has diameter at least N. This chapter will prove Theorem 0.8. Section 22.2 studies equidistribution properties of the plaid PET map Φ‎_A, as a function of A. Section 22.3 uses these equidistribution properties to show that the N-fat polygons essentially appear everywhere in the planar plaid model. The result is called the Ubiquity Lemma. Section 22.4 examines how the plaid model interacts with the grid of all lines of capacity at most K. Section 22.5 uses the Rectangle Lemma on many scales to show the existence of many distinct N-fat polygons. Section 2.6 discusses some properties of continued fractions and circle rotations. Finally, Section 22.7 proves the Grid Supply Lemma.

The foundational layer of The Stack is “Earth,” and this chapter examines how it operates as the substrate of each layer above. It begins with a consideration of the physical materials that go into the manufacture of information computing technologies. It reviews how Earth has been construed as a site for comprehensive data capture and management and links contemporary cyberinfrastructure projects with experimental Art and Architecture projects, each seeking to striate and envelope the globe. The chapter discusses the paradoxes of ecological governance, particularly how our empirical knowledge of climate change is provided by a panoptic global information apparatus that is itself a key contributor to the change that it models for us. This paradox symbolizes the difficulties of engineering ‘smart grids’ that can achieve net energy savings despite the extraordinary expenditures necessary to build them. Regarding ecological governance, the chapter also discusses how climate change produces new tactical jurisdictions of those affected by it in a similar way and of those whose energy output produces it in a similar way.

Grid computing enables a global e-science infrastructure that has the potential to become a technically complex supercomputing infrastructure, distributed among geographically disparate locations and providing higher processing power and larger data storage. This chapter discusses the importance of a “soft” infrastructure of e-science by focusing on the electronic Diagnostic Mammography National Database (eDiaMoND) pilot project in the United Kingdom. The project was launched to create a database of digital mammography images using Grid technology. The chapter discusses the intellectual property rights and ownership issues concerning images in the eDiaMoND project and highlights the need for e-science collaborations to include, at their project design stage, plans for creating a functioning working culture.

This chapter explores the history and future of e-Research and the technologies it encompasses, including information and communication technologies (ICTs) and Grid computing. It also looks at important initiatives that have given momentum to e-Research progress, such as those relating to Cloud computing, cyberinfrastructure, and e-Infrastructure, and considers the promises and threats which arise from opening out research-centered computational networks (RCNs) to a much wider range of practitioners. The chapter furthermore examines the role of social science in promoting e-Research before concluding with a discussion of the implications envisioned for RCNs in business and industry, as well as for nations in general.

This chapter provides empirical insights of agency and empowerment in social innovation across Europe. We apply portions of the theoretical framework developed in CrESSI to investigate whether social innovation is potentially able to reduce the marginalization of specific groups. We depart from the hypothesis that social innovation enhances participants’ agency and test this through the collection of primary data. Our investigation is based on a mixed-method strategy combining qualitative interviews with social innovators, focus groups, and surveys to which beneficiaries and control groups respond. The case studies comprise Solidarity Purchasing Groups in Italy, interest communities that fight for decentralized drinking-water supply and wastewater removal in Germany, and complementary currencies in The Netherlands. Our results suggest that social innovation produces mainly intangible effects by modifying knowledge and social ties, which tend to improve the agency of participants.

This chapter provides a detailed overview of the development of social innovation policy in the European Union. It makes an important analytical distinction between policy for social innovation and policy as social innovation. In the context of these two policy agendas, not only has social innovation been understood as a means to achieve an end in this regard, it has also been recognized as an end in itself. These agendas have been advocated by the European Commission and across various individual states. This chapter establishes how the concept of social innovation has been understood, applied, and managed in pan-European policy agendas over recent years. It examines the key policy agendas from the perspective of institutions, cognitive frames, and networks: the Europe 2020 strategy (2010–20), the Social Business Initiative and the Social Investment Package.