Peter Mackridge
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199214426
- eISBN:
- 9780191706721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214426.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This chapter outlines the historical, geographical, social, cultural, and ideological background to the emergence of the controversy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. First, it answers the ...
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This chapter outlines the historical, geographical, social, cultural, and ideological background to the emergence of the controversy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. First, it answers the questions: who thought of themselves as Greek at the time, what did they think it meant to be Greek, and what did they think was the geographical extent of the area in which the Greeks lived? It examines the three different names that the Greeks used for themselves (Romans, Greeks, and Hellenes) and the ideological connotations of each of them, and goes on to examine the way Greek-speakers perceived themselves in relation to the speakers of other languages (chiefly Albanian and Aromanian) among whom they lived. The prehistory of the Greek language question is outlined, together with its immediate historical and intellectual background. Lastly, Greeks' attitudes to language at the time are evaluated, and the relationship between language attitudes and social background is discussed.Less
This chapter outlines the historical, geographical, social, cultural, and ideological background to the emergence of the controversy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. First, it answers the questions: who thought of themselves as Greek at the time, what did they think it meant to be Greek, and what did they think was the geographical extent of the area in which the Greeks lived? It examines the three different names that the Greeks used for themselves (Romans, Greeks, and Hellenes) and the ideological connotations of each of them, and goes on to examine the way Greek-speakers perceived themselves in relation to the speakers of other languages (chiefly Albanian and Aromanian) among whom they lived. The prehistory of the Greek language question is outlined, together with its immediate historical and intellectual background. Lastly, Greeks' attitudes to language at the time are evaluated, and the relationship between language attitudes and social background is discussed.
Peter Mackridge
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199214426
- eISBN:
- 9780191706721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214426.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
The period 1830-1880 was one of comparative calm in the language controversy. Yet it was at this time that the controversy came to be seen as a contest between two varieties: katharevousa and ...
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The period 1830-1880 was one of comparative calm in the language controversy. Yet it was at this time that the controversy came to be seen as a contest between two varieties: katharevousa and demotic. The sections of this chapter alternate their focus between the development of written language use in Athens, and the literary production and the language debate in the British-protected Ionian Islands. Special emphasis is placed on the cultural and linguistic repercussions of the historically crucial decade of the 1850s. More is said about the relationship between Greek-speakers and the speakers of other languages at this time. Then attention turns to the continuing arguments in favour of the written use of the spoken language in the 1870s, and finally to the outburst of publications on national history, national folklore, and the history of Greek language and literature that paved the way for the demoticist movement.Less
The period 1830-1880 was one of comparative calm in the language controversy. Yet it was at this time that the controversy came to be seen as a contest between two varieties: katharevousa and demotic. The sections of this chapter alternate their focus between the development of written language use in Athens, and the literary production and the language debate in the British-protected Ionian Islands. Special emphasis is placed on the cultural and linguistic repercussions of the historically crucial decade of the 1850s. More is said about the relationship between Greek-speakers and the speakers of other languages at this time. Then attention turns to the continuing arguments in favour of the written use of the spoken language in the 1870s, and finally to the outburst of publications on national history, national folklore, and the history of Greek language and literature that paved the way for the demoticist movement.
Katherine Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199291083
- eISBN:
- 9780191710582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291083.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter focuses on the fragments of Greek city-histories. It explores the relationship between ‘great’ historiography and local historiography, before examining how the configuration of time can ...
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This chapter focuses on the fragments of Greek city-histories. It explores the relationship between ‘great’ historiography and local historiography, before examining how the configuration of time can contribute to these discussions, not least through the use of local and Panhellenic chronological systems. Although much attention has focused on Athens — partly because of the survival of evidence and the existence of Jacoby's Atthis, which has been fundamental in the study of local historiography — by considering the fragments of local histories from elsewhere in the Greek world, it is possible to see Atthidography as being typical of the attempts of many cities to formulate and present their pasts. On the other hand, the extant fragments of historiography from Attica and Sicily do have a different quality from those concerning other parts of the Greek world, and their status as bridges between local and universal is considered.Less
This chapter focuses on the fragments of Greek city-histories. It explores the relationship between ‘great’ historiography and local historiography, before examining how the configuration of time can contribute to these discussions, not least through the use of local and Panhellenic chronological systems. Although much attention has focused on Athens — partly because of the survival of evidence and the existence of Jacoby's Atthis, which has been fundamental in the study of local historiography — by considering the fragments of local histories from elsewhere in the Greek world, it is possible to see Atthidography as being typical of the attempts of many cities to formulate and present their pasts. On the other hand, the extant fragments of historiography from Attica and Sicily do have a different quality from those concerning other parts of the Greek world, and their status as bridges between local and universal is considered.
Peter Mackridge
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199214426
- eISBN:
- 9780191706721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214426.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
The period 1897-1922 began and ended with catastrophic military defeats for Greece but also included military victories and successful political reforms. Two crucial developments took place in the ...
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The period 1897-1922 began and ended with catastrophic military defeats for Greece but also included military victories and successful political reforms. Two crucial developments took place in the language question at this time: the campaign by educationalists and linguists for the introduction of demotic into schools; and the political upheavals sparked off by the publication of a translation of the New Testament into demotic (1901) and the performance of ancient tragedy in modern translation (1903). An account is given of educational demoticism, which was dominated by the Educational Association's campaign to introduce a variety of demotic that was markedly different from Psycharis' version into primary education. The 1907 debate within the demoticist movement between socialism and nationalism is summarized, as well as disagreements between ‘orthodox’ followers of Psycharis and those who came to support the Educational Association. Lastly, the scholarly arguments against the written use of demotic formulated by the linguist G. N. Hatzidakis are assessed.Less
The period 1897-1922 began and ended with catastrophic military defeats for Greece but also included military victories and successful political reforms. Two crucial developments took place in the language question at this time: the campaign by educationalists and linguists for the introduction of demotic into schools; and the political upheavals sparked off by the publication of a translation of the New Testament into demotic (1901) and the performance of ancient tragedy in modern translation (1903). An account is given of educational demoticism, which was dominated by the Educational Association's campaign to introduce a variety of demotic that was markedly different from Psycharis' version into primary education. The 1907 debate within the demoticist movement between socialism and nationalism is summarized, as well as disagreements between ‘orthodox’ followers of Psycharis and those who came to support the Educational Association. Lastly, the scholarly arguments against the written use of demotic formulated by the linguist G. N. Hatzidakis are assessed.
Peter Mackridge
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199214426
- eISBN:
- 9780191706721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214426.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This period saw the intensification of political polarizations in Greece. It included the alternation between republican and monarchist regimes and between democratic and dictatorial governments, but ...
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This period saw the intensification of political polarizations in Greece. It included the alternation between republican and monarchist regimes and between democratic and dictatorial governments, but also the occupation of Greece by the Axis powers in the Second World War and the period immediately following civil war. Yet this period ended with the establishment of the first truly stable democratic regime in Greece's history. This chapter charts the impact of politics on the language controversy and follows the practical progress of the demoticist movement during the inter-war period. After an interlude presenting the treatment of speakers of minority languages, the chapter goes on to narrate developments in the language debate during the Occupation, civil war, and Cold War periods. Finally, an account is given of developments that took place in the early years of the post-1974 democratic regime, when katharevousa was replaced by demotic for all official purposes.Less
This period saw the intensification of political polarizations in Greece. It included the alternation between republican and monarchist regimes and between democratic and dictatorial governments, but also the occupation of Greece by the Axis powers in the Second World War and the period immediately following civil war. Yet this period ended with the establishment of the first truly stable democratic regime in Greece's history. This chapter charts the impact of politics on the language controversy and follows the practical progress of the demoticist movement during the inter-war period. After an interlude presenting the treatment of speakers of minority languages, the chapter goes on to narrate developments in the language debate during the Occupation, civil war, and Cold War periods. Finally, an account is given of developments that took place in the early years of the post-1974 democratic regime, when katharevousa was replaced by demotic for all official purposes.
John K. Davies
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263235
- eISBN:
- 9780191734328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263235.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter takes a systematic look at one particular sub-discipline, Greek history, from their predecessors, who had created and adorned the heroic age of historical scholarship on the history of ...
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This chapter takes a systematic look at one particular sub-discipline, Greek history, from their predecessors, who had created and adorned the heroic age of historical scholarship on the history of ancient Greece. It tries to describe different innovations in studying Greek history as lucidly and as dispassionately as possible. It largely eschews personalities in favour of formats and themes. The second section surveys the main genres of scholarship historically. The third section attempts to identify the main directions and problems which preoccupy scholars at present. The last section presents four case-studies of new material.Less
This chapter takes a systematic look at one particular sub-discipline, Greek history, from their predecessors, who had created and adorned the heroic age of historical scholarship on the history of ancient Greece. It tries to describe different innovations in studying Greek history as lucidly and as dispassionately as possible. It largely eschews personalities in favour of formats and themes. The second section surveys the main genres of scholarship historically. The third section attempts to identify the main directions and problems which preoccupy scholars at present. The last section presents four case-studies of new material.
John R. Hale
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143019
- eISBN:
- 9781400846306
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143019.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter argues that neither the leisured class of aristocrats who vied for high social and political status within the polis nor the middling citizen soldiers who defended their farmland ...
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This chapter argues that neither the leisured class of aristocrats who vied for high social and political status within the polis nor the middling citizen soldiers who defended their farmland provides the origins of archaic Greek arms and tactics. Instead, the chapter suggests looking for the first hoplites fighting as mercenaries in the service of Eastern monarchs in areas such as Syria, Egypt, and Babylon. These soldiers of fortune fought in search of gain and glory, not to defend a civic ideology or ethos. Evidence for this thesis can be found in lyric poetry and in inscriptions, pottery, and the remains of hoplite armor discovered outside Greece. Here, the mercenary service is considered the “Main Event” of Greek military history in the seventh century, in contrast to the sporadic battles between poleis.Less
This chapter argues that neither the leisured class of aristocrats who vied for high social and political status within the polis nor the middling citizen soldiers who defended their farmland provides the origins of archaic Greek arms and tactics. Instead, the chapter suggests looking for the first hoplites fighting as mercenaries in the service of Eastern monarchs in areas such as Syria, Egypt, and Babylon. These soldiers of fortune fought in search of gain and glory, not to defend a civic ideology or ethos. Evidence for this thesis can be found in lyric poetry and in inscriptions, pottery, and the remains of hoplite armor discovered outside Greece. Here, the mercenary service is considered the “Main Event” of Greek military history in the seventh century, in contrast to the sporadic battles between poleis.
Donald Kagan and Gregory F. Viggiano (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143019
- eISBN:
- 9781400846306
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143019.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This book takes up one of the most important and fiercely debated subjects in ancient history and classics: how did archaic Greek hoplites fight, and what role, if any, did hoplite warfare play in ...
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This book takes up one of the most important and fiercely debated subjects in ancient history and classics: how did archaic Greek hoplites fight, and what role, if any, did hoplite warfare play in shaping the Greek polis? In the nineteenth century, George Grote argued that the phalanx battle formation of the hoplite farmer citizen-soldier was the driving force behind a revolution in Greek social, political, and cultural institutions. Throughout the twentieth century scholars developed and refined this grand hoplite narrative with the help of archaeology. But over the past thirty years scholars have criticized nearly every major tenet of this orthodoxy. Indeed, the revisionists have persuaded many specialists that the evidence demands a new interpretation of the hoplite narrative and a rewriting of early Greek history. This book gathers leading scholars to advance the current debate and bring it to a broader audience of ancient historians, classicists, archaeologists, and general readers. After explaining the historical context and significance of the hoplite question, the book assesses and pushes forward the debate over the traditional hoplite narrative and demonstrates why it is at a crucial turning point. Instead of reaching a consensus, the contributors have sharpened their differences, providing new evidence, explanations, and theories about the origin, nature, strategy, and tactics of the hoplite phalanx and its effect on Greek culture and the rise of the polis.Less
This book takes up one of the most important and fiercely debated subjects in ancient history and classics: how did archaic Greek hoplites fight, and what role, if any, did hoplite warfare play in shaping the Greek polis? In the nineteenth century, George Grote argued that the phalanx battle formation of the hoplite farmer citizen-soldier was the driving force behind a revolution in Greek social, political, and cultural institutions. Throughout the twentieth century scholars developed and refined this grand hoplite narrative with the help of archaeology. But over the past thirty years scholars have criticized nearly every major tenet of this orthodoxy. Indeed, the revisionists have persuaded many specialists that the evidence demands a new interpretation of the hoplite narrative and a rewriting of early Greek history. This book gathers leading scholars to advance the current debate and bring it to a broader audience of ancient historians, classicists, archaeologists, and general readers. After explaining the historical context and significance of the hoplite question, the book assesses and pushes forward the debate over the traditional hoplite narrative and demonstrates why it is at a crucial turning point. Instead of reaching a consensus, the contributors have sharpened their differences, providing new evidence, explanations, and theories about the origin, nature, strategy, and tactics of the hoplite phalanx and its effect on Greek culture and the rise of the polis.
Deborah Kamen
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691138138
- eISBN:
- 9781400846535
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691138138.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
Ancient Greek literature, Athenian civic ideology, and modern classical scholarship have all worked together to reinforce the idea that there were three neatly defined status groups in classical ...
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Ancient Greek literature, Athenian civic ideology, and modern classical scholarship have all worked together to reinforce the idea that there were three neatly defined status groups in classical Athens—citizens, slaves, and resident foreigners. But this book—the first comprehensive account of status in ancient democratic Athens—clearly lays out the evidence for a much broader and more complex spectrum of statuses, one that has important implications for understanding Greek social and cultural history. By revealing a social and legal reality otherwise masked by Athenian ideology, the book illuminates the complexity of Athenian social structure, uncovers tensions between democratic ideology and practice, and contributes to larger questions about the relationship between citizenship and democracy. Each chapter is devoted to one of ten distinct status groups in classical Athens (451/0–323 BCE): chattel slaves, privileged chattel slaves, conditionally freed slaves, resident foreigners (metics), illegitimate children, privileged metics, disenfranchised citizens, naturalized citizens, female citizens, and male citizens. Examining a wide range of literary, epigraphic, and legal evidence, as well as factors not generally considered together, such as property ownership, corporal inviolability, and religious rights, the book demonstrates the important legal and social distinctions that were drawn between various groups of individuals in Athens. At the same time, it reveals that the boundaries between these groups were less fixed and more permeable than Athenians themselves acknowledged. The book concludes by trying to explain why ancient Greek literature maintains the fiction of three status groups despite a far more complex reality.Less
Ancient Greek literature, Athenian civic ideology, and modern classical scholarship have all worked together to reinforce the idea that there were three neatly defined status groups in classical Athens—citizens, slaves, and resident foreigners. But this book—the first comprehensive account of status in ancient democratic Athens—clearly lays out the evidence for a much broader and more complex spectrum of statuses, one that has important implications for understanding Greek social and cultural history. By revealing a social and legal reality otherwise masked by Athenian ideology, the book illuminates the complexity of Athenian social structure, uncovers tensions between democratic ideology and practice, and contributes to larger questions about the relationship between citizenship and democracy. Each chapter is devoted to one of ten distinct status groups in classical Athens (451/0–323 BCE): chattel slaves, privileged chattel slaves, conditionally freed slaves, resident foreigners (metics), illegitimate children, privileged metics, disenfranchised citizens, naturalized citizens, female citizens, and male citizens. Examining a wide range of literary, epigraphic, and legal evidence, as well as factors not generally considered together, such as property ownership, corporal inviolability, and religious rights, the book demonstrates the important legal and social distinctions that were drawn between various groups of individuals in Athens. At the same time, it reveals that the boundaries between these groups were less fixed and more permeable than Athenians themselves acknowledged. The book concludes by trying to explain why ancient Greek literature maintains the fiction of three status groups despite a far more complex reality.
Rosaria Vignolo Munson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199593262
- eISBN:
- 9780191752261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593262.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
Thucydides' representation of Persia is inextricably linked to his response to Herodotus, who placed the Persians at the centre of his work. The younger historian was well aware that for the Greeks ...
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Thucydides' representation of Persia is inextricably linked to his response to Herodotus, who placed the Persians at the centre of his work. The younger historian was well aware that for the Greeks of his time, as they were embarking on the long mutual war he describes, the most vivid cultural memory concerned their earlier resistance against the Persians, from which they derived a wealth of still current paradigms. After Xerxes' defeat, moreover, Persia continued to exist as a neighbouring power, which mainland Greeks may initially have viewed as marginal, but which ended up as the arbiter in their own war. This chapter examines Thucydides' representation of Persia's role in the history of the Greeks, what information about Persian agents, culture, and events he knows about or considers important, and his ‘Persian’ interactions with Herodotus.Less
Thucydides' representation of Persia is inextricably linked to his response to Herodotus, who placed the Persians at the centre of his work. The younger historian was well aware that for the Greeks of his time, as they were embarking on the long mutual war he describes, the most vivid cultural memory concerned their earlier resistance against the Persians, from which they derived a wealth of still current paradigms. After Xerxes' defeat, moreover, Persia continued to exist as a neighbouring power, which mainland Greeks may initially have viewed as marginal, but which ended up as the arbiter in their own war. This chapter examines Thucydides' representation of Persia's role in the history of the Greeks, what information about Persian agents, culture, and events he knows about or considers important, and his ‘Persian’ interactions with Herodotus.
Emily Baragwanath
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199593262
- eISBN:
- 9780191752261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593262.003.0012
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
Xenophon, when he turned to writing history, harked back to his predecessors — and above all to the pair who form the subject of this collection — in ways that signal his adherence to the ...
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Xenophon, when he turned to writing history, harked back to his predecessors — and above all to the pair who form the subject of this collection — in ways that signal his adherence to the historiographical tradition, even as he underscored the distinctiveness of his own approach and philosophy of history. This chapter begins with a brief overview of what Xenophon's self-declared emphases in Hellenica reveal of how he conceives of his role in the historiographical tradition. It then contends that his conception of this role informs key moments in the work, through an examination of how the speeches of Procles of Phlius (in an episode whose significance Xenophon's narrative underscores) contribute to Xenophon's construction of his historiographical persona.Less
Xenophon, when he turned to writing history, harked back to his predecessors — and above all to the pair who form the subject of this collection — in ways that signal his adherence to the historiographical tradition, even as he underscored the distinctiveness of his own approach and philosophy of history. This chapter begins with a brief overview of what Xenophon's self-declared emphases in Hellenica reveal of how he conceives of his role in the historiographical tradition. It then contends that his conception of this role informs key moments in the work, through an examination of how the speeches of Procles of Phlius (in an episode whose significance Xenophon's narrative underscores) contribute to Xenophon's construction of his historiographical persona.
Gelina Harlaftis
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780969588580
- eISBN:
- 9781786944856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780969588580.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This essay surveys the range of Greek maritime research studied over the last twenty years and explores the development of maritime history within the context of political, social and economic ...
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This essay surveys the range of Greek maritime research studied over the last twenty years and explores the development of maritime history within the context of political, social and economic history in Greece. It also strives to examine the main vehicles of historical research, research institutes, historical journals and museums, and determines the main problems encountered by researchers.Less
This essay surveys the range of Greek maritime research studied over the last twenty years and explores the development of maritime history within the context of political, social and economic history in Greece. It also strives to examine the main vehicles of historical research, research institutes, historical journals and museums, and determines the main problems encountered by researchers.
Gelina Harlaftis
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780973007381
- eISBN:
- 9781786944665
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973007381.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter is a guide to the maritime historiography of Greece from the 1970s onwards. It explores the beginnings of Greek maritime history, pinpointed by the publication of volume Greek merchant ...
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This chapter is a guide to the maritime historiography of Greece from the 1970s onwards. It explores the beginnings of Greek maritime history, pinpointed by the publication of volume Greek merchant history, and moves through shipping, naval history, corsairing, piracy, and studies of the port cities of continental Greece. The major concern of Greek maritime historiography is the lack of shipping statistics and data, a gap which the establishment of the Pontoporeia historical register is currently attempting to fill.Less
This chapter is a guide to the maritime historiography of Greece from the 1970s onwards. It explores the beginnings of Greek maritime history, pinpointed by the publication of volume Greek merchant history, and moves through shipping, naval history, corsairing, piracy, and studies of the port cities of continental Greece. The major concern of Greek maritime historiography is the lack of shipping statistics and data, a gap which the establishment of the Pontoporeia historical register is currently attempting to fill.
Mirko Canevaro, Andrew Erskine, Benjamin Gray, and Josiah Ober (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474421775
- eISBN:
- 9781474449519
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421775.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE
Social scientists and political theorists have recently come to realize the potential importance of the classical Greek world and its legacy for testing social theories. Meanwhile, some Hellenists ...
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Social scientists and political theorists have recently come to realize the potential importance of the classical Greek world and its legacy for testing social theories. Meanwhile, some Hellenists have mastered the techniques of contemporary social science. They have come to recognize the value of formal and quantitative methods as a complement to traditional qualitative approaches to Greek history and culture. Some of the most exciting new work in social science is now being done within interdisciplinary domains for which recent work on Greece provides apt case studies. This book features essays examining the role played by democratic political and legal institutions in economic development; the potential for inter-state cooperation and international institutions within a decentralized ecology of states; the relationship between state government and the social networks arising from voluntary associations; the interplay between political culture, informal politics, formal institutions and political change; and the relationship between empirical and formal methods of analysis and normative political theory. In sum, this book introduces readers to the emerging field of “social science ancient history.”Less
Social scientists and political theorists have recently come to realize the potential importance of the classical Greek world and its legacy for testing social theories. Meanwhile, some Hellenists have mastered the techniques of contemporary social science. They have come to recognize the value of formal and quantitative methods as a complement to traditional qualitative approaches to Greek history and culture. Some of the most exciting new work in social science is now being done within interdisciplinary domains for which recent work on Greece provides apt case studies. This book features essays examining the role played by democratic political and legal institutions in economic development; the potential for inter-state cooperation and international institutions within a decentralized ecology of states; the relationship between state government and the social networks arising from voluntary associations; the interplay between political culture, informal politics, formal institutions and political change; and the relationship between empirical and formal methods of analysis and normative political theory. In sum, this book introduces readers to the emerging field of “social science ancient history.”
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0023
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
The origin of medicine is apparent from other ancient texts such as from a document with the ambitious title “The Nature of Man”. One of the texts was dedicated to “falling sickness,” or epilepsy ...
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The origin of medicine is apparent from other ancient texts such as from a document with the ambitious title “The Nature of Man”. One of the texts was dedicated to “falling sickness,” or epilepsy under the title “The Sacred Disease,” including the hitherto valid idea that, judging by the sometimes exceedingly strange course of this illness, it must be something divine, coming from the gods. Falling sickness is an illness whose causes, like those of all other illnesses, lie somewhere in nature. The renunciation of the idea that illness is caused by the numinous powers and of the need to treat illness with magic and invocation makes sense. The author of “The Divine Illness” thought no more or less rationally than those who saw falling sickness as something divine. The observation of the sick individual had not produced any evidence for the new view at any rate. For him, only the belief was lost that the gods, whose existence was responsible for the development of falling sickness. He lost this belief not because he had observed an epileptic, or several epileptics, or even a very large number of them. Something else must have caused the change in his view.Less
The origin of medicine is apparent from other ancient texts such as from a document with the ambitious title “The Nature of Man”. One of the texts was dedicated to “falling sickness,” or epilepsy under the title “The Sacred Disease,” including the hitherto valid idea that, judging by the sometimes exceedingly strange course of this illness, it must be something divine, coming from the gods. Falling sickness is an illness whose causes, like those of all other illnesses, lie somewhere in nature. The renunciation of the idea that illness is caused by the numinous powers and of the need to treat illness with magic and invocation makes sense. The author of “The Divine Illness” thought no more or less rationally than those who saw falling sickness as something divine. The observation of the sick individual had not produced any evidence for the new view at any rate. For him, only the belief was lost that the gods, whose existence was responsible for the development of falling sickness. He lost this belief not because he had observed an epileptic, or several epileptics, or even a very large number of them. Something else must have caused the change in his view.
Daniel Brown
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183532
- eISBN:
- 9780191674051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183532.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter examines English poet Gerald Manley Hopkins' mechanistic ontology. In his 1868 essay titled ‘Notes on the History of Greek Philosophy’, Hopkins used the terms ‘conception’ and ‘image’ to ...
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This chapter examines English poet Gerald Manley Hopkins' mechanistic ontology. In his 1868 essay titled ‘Notes on the History of Greek Philosophy’, Hopkins used the terms ‘conception’ and ‘image’ to describe the idea of the mind. He also used the term ‘moments’ to describe the relation between conception and image. The term ‘moments’ was first used by Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in a metaphoric sense borrowed from mechanics.Less
This chapter examines English poet Gerald Manley Hopkins' mechanistic ontology. In his 1868 essay titled ‘Notes on the History of Greek Philosophy’, Hopkins used the terms ‘conception’ and ‘image’ to describe the idea of the mind. He also used the term ‘moments’ to describe the relation between conception and image. The term ‘moments’ was first used by Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in a metaphoric sense borrowed from mechanics.
John K. Davies
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474421775
- eISBN:
- 9781474449519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421775.003.0021
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter provides an overview of the themes of the volume and reflects on the approaches employed, their promise and their problems. It also makes suggestions about the way forward in the ongoing ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the themes of the volume and reflects on the approaches employed, their promise and their problems. It also makes suggestions about the way forward in the ongoing dialogue between Greek history and contemporary social science.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the themes of the volume and reflects on the approaches employed, their promise and their problems. It also makes suggestions about the way forward in the ongoing dialogue between Greek history and contemporary social science.
Paschalis Kitromilides (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748624782
- eISBN:
- 9780748671267
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748624782.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece, 1910–1920 and 1928–1932, could be considered from many points of view as the creator of contemporary Greece and one of the main actors in European ...
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Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece, 1910–1920 and 1928–1932, could be considered from many points of view as the creator of contemporary Greece and one of the main actors in European diplomacy in the period 1910–1935. Yet the last book-length study discussing the man, his politics and his broader role in twentieth-century history, appeared in English more than fifty years ago. The aspiration of the present book is to fill this lacuna by bringing together the concerted research effort of twelve experts on Greek history and politics. The book draws on considerable new research that has appeared in Greek in the last quarter century, but does not confine the treatment of the subject to a purely Greek or even Balkan context. The entire project is oriented toward placing the study of Venizelos' leadership in the broad setting of twentieth-century politics and diplomacy. The complex and often dramatic trajectory of Venizelos' career from Cretan rebel to an admired European statesman is chartered out in a sequence of chapters that survey his meteoric rise and great achievements in Greek and European politics in the early decades of the twentieth century, amidst violent passions and tragic conflicts. Five further chapters appraise in depth some critical aspects of his policies, while a final chapter offers some glimpses into a great statesman's personal and intellectual world. The book offers a sense of the hopes and tragedies of Greek and European history in the age of the Great War and of the interwar crisis.Less
Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece, 1910–1920 and 1928–1932, could be considered from many points of view as the creator of contemporary Greece and one of the main actors in European diplomacy in the period 1910–1935. Yet the last book-length study discussing the man, his politics and his broader role in twentieth-century history, appeared in English more than fifty years ago. The aspiration of the present book is to fill this lacuna by bringing together the concerted research effort of twelve experts on Greek history and politics. The book draws on considerable new research that has appeared in Greek in the last quarter century, but does not confine the treatment of the subject to a purely Greek or even Balkan context. The entire project is oriented toward placing the study of Venizelos' leadership in the broad setting of twentieth-century politics and diplomacy. The complex and often dramatic trajectory of Venizelos' career from Cretan rebel to an admired European statesman is chartered out in a sequence of chapters that survey his meteoric rise and great achievements in Greek and European politics in the early decades of the twentieth century, amidst violent passions and tragic conflicts. Five further chapters appraise in depth some critical aspects of his policies, while a final chapter offers some glimpses into a great statesman's personal and intellectual world. The book offers a sense of the hopes and tragedies of Greek and European history in the age of the Great War and of the interwar crisis.
David Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474421775
- eISBN:
- 9781474449519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421775.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter analyses the motivations of economic actors in classical Athens from the point of view of modern behavioural economics. The (now) old orthodoxy of M.I. Finley, drawing on Bücher and ...
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This chapter analyses the motivations of economic actors in classical Athens from the point of view of modern behavioural economics. The (now) old orthodoxy of M.I. Finley, drawing on Bücher and Weber, stressed that the so‐ called homo economicus did not exist until recent times: in antiquity, an anti‐productive mentality was essentially hard‐wired into the minds of elite Greeks and Romans, preventing economic development. This approach has been widely rejected in recent years, and in particular the methods of New Institutional Economics (NIE) have provided a way around the moribund formalist‐primitivist debate. Yet whilst NIE has provided a set of important analytical tools, it would be an exaggeration to claim that these tools can solve every problem relating to economic activity in antiquity; here, the insights of behavioural economics can assist us in understanding economic activity in past societies.Less
This chapter analyses the motivations of economic actors in classical Athens from the point of view of modern behavioural economics. The (now) old orthodoxy of M.I. Finley, drawing on Bücher and Weber, stressed that the so‐ called homo economicus did not exist until recent times: in antiquity, an anti‐productive mentality was essentially hard‐wired into the minds of elite Greeks and Romans, preventing economic development. This approach has been widely rejected in recent years, and in particular the methods of New Institutional Economics (NIE) have provided a way around the moribund formalist‐primitivist debate. Yet whilst NIE has provided a set of important analytical tools, it would be an exaggeration to claim that these tools can solve every problem relating to economic activity in antiquity; here, the insights of behavioural economics can assist us in understanding economic activity in past societies.
Rachel Mairs
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780520281271
- eISBN:
- 9780520959545
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520281271.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
Traditional historical approaches to the collapse of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom in the mid-second century BC look to nomadic invasions from Central Asia as the main cause. Archaeological evidence ...
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Traditional historical approaches to the collapse of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom in the mid-second century BC look to nomadic invasions from Central Asia as the main cause. Archaeological evidence for long-term and peaceful nomadic-settled coexistence in Bactria suggests instead a symbiotic relationship, albeit one with periods of tension. The testimony of Greek and Chinese historians, analysed in this light, also presents a more complex picture, in which the fall of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom was due to a multiplicity of factors.Less
Traditional historical approaches to the collapse of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom in the mid-second century BC look to nomadic invasions from Central Asia as the main cause. Archaeological evidence for long-term and peaceful nomadic-settled coexistence in Bactria suggests instead a symbiotic relationship, albeit one with periods of tension. The testimony of Greek and Chinese historians, analysed in this light, also presents a more complex picture, in which the fall of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom was due to a multiplicity of factors.
