P. J. Heather
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205357
- eISBN:
- 9780191676581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter discusses the start of the conflict between the two Gothic groups: the Amal-led Goths that settled in Pannonia and the Thracian Goths. It describes each Gothic group, before identifying ...
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This chapter discusses the start of the conflict between the two Gothic groups: the Amal-led Goths that settled in Pannonia and the Thracian Goths. It describes each Gothic group, before identifying the main cause of the conflict: the advancement of the Amal-led Goths into Illyricum. Emperor Leo provided the Amal-led Goths with good agricultural land and the Thracian Goths with subsidy that was seven times more than that which he gave to the Amal-led Goths. The peace between these two Gothic groups was not to last; 12 months after the death of Emperor Leo the balance of power was shattered.Less
This chapter discusses the start of the conflict between the two Gothic groups: the Amal-led Goths that settled in Pannonia and the Thracian Goths. It describes each Gothic group, before identifying the main cause of the conflict: the advancement of the Amal-led Goths into Illyricum. Emperor Leo provided the Amal-led Goths with good agricultural land and the Thracian Goths with subsidy that was seven times more than that which he gave to the Amal-led Goths. The peace between these two Gothic groups was not to last; 12 months after the death of Emperor Leo the balance of power was shattered.
P. J. Heather
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205357
- eISBN:
- 9780191676581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter discusses Zeno, who was the father of Emperor Leo's grandson and heir, Leo II. It looks at his relations with the Amal-led Goths and the Thracian Goths, and his appointment as MVM ...
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This chapter discusses Zeno, who was the father of Emperor Leo's grandson and heir, Leo II. It looks at his relations with the Amal-led Goths and the Thracian Goths, and his appointment as MVM praesentalis for life. The chapter looks at Zeno's attempts to come up with a solution to the Gothic problem. However, by the end of 479, he had only succeeded in forging an alliance with the Amal-led Goths.Less
This chapter discusses Zeno, who was the father of Emperor Leo's grandson and heir, Leo II. It looks at his relations with the Amal-led Goths and the Thracian Goths, and his appointment as MVM praesentalis for life. The chapter looks at Zeno's attempts to come up with a solution to the Gothic problem. However, by the end of 479, he had only succeeded in forging an alliance with the Amal-led Goths.
J. H. W. G. LIEBESCHUETZ
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264027
- eISBN:
- 9780191734908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter describes developments in the territory north of the Haemus mountains — included in the late Roman provinces of Moesia Superior, Dacia Ripensis, Moesia Inferior and Scythia Minor — from ...
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This chapter describes developments in the territory north of the Haemus mountains — included in the late Roman provinces of Moesia Superior, Dacia Ripensis, Moesia Inferior and Scythia Minor — from the late fourth to the early seventh century. It examines the impact of the Gothic war of 376–382 and the successive destructive invasions by Goths, Huns, Avars, Sclavenes and Slavs of 441 and 447 on these provinces. It also looks at attempts to restore the defences and settlements of the region from the late fifth century onwards, particularly in the reign of emperor Justinian (527–565). Periods of invasion were followed by phases of peace and reconstruction, but recovery never came even close to restoring the territory to its condition before these invasions. By the end of the first quarter of the seventh century, the Roman organization of the area had been wiped out.Less
This chapter describes developments in the territory north of the Haemus mountains — included in the late Roman provinces of Moesia Superior, Dacia Ripensis, Moesia Inferior and Scythia Minor — from the late fourth to the early seventh century. It examines the impact of the Gothic war of 376–382 and the successive destructive invasions by Goths, Huns, Avars, Sclavenes and Slavs of 441 and 447 on these provinces. It also looks at attempts to restore the defences and settlements of the region from the late fifth century onwards, particularly in the reign of emperor Justinian (527–565). Periods of invasion were followed by phases of peace and reconstruction, but recovery never came even close to restoring the territory to its condition before these invasions. By the end of the first quarter of the seventh century, the Roman organization of the area had been wiped out.
P. HEATHER
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264027
- eISBN:
- 9780191734908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter focuses on four main chronological periods: the era prior to the arrival of the Huns, when the Goths were settled beyond the Danube; a first major phase of Gothic intrusion into the ...
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This chapter focuses on four main chronological periods: the era prior to the arrival of the Huns, when the Goths were settled beyond the Danube; a first major phase of Gothic intrusion into the Balkans from 376 to the definitive departure of Alaric's Goths for Italy (407–408); the Hunnic era down to the late 460s; and, finally, from the arrival of the Amal-led Goths in Macedonia (473) until the departure of Theoderic the Amal for Italy (488–489). In each of these periods, the rhythm of relations between the Goths and the institutions of the Roman Empire as well as the population of the Balkans varied substantially, although some common themes and threads of development emerge. In each of them, it is also important to make a conceptual distinction between the Romanness generated by and for the central Roman state, and the Romanness of the provincial Roman populations of the Balkans.Less
This chapter focuses on four main chronological periods: the era prior to the arrival of the Huns, when the Goths were settled beyond the Danube; a first major phase of Gothic intrusion into the Balkans from 376 to the definitive departure of Alaric's Goths for Italy (407–408); the Hunnic era down to the late 460s; and, finally, from the arrival of the Amal-led Goths in Macedonia (473) until the departure of Theoderic the Amal for Italy (488–489). In each of these periods, the rhythm of relations between the Goths and the institutions of the Roman Empire as well as the population of the Balkans varied substantially, although some common themes and threads of development emerge. In each of them, it is also important to make a conceptual distinction between the Romanness generated by and for the central Roman state, and the Romanness of the provincial Roman populations of the Balkans.
Maurice Wiles
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199245918
- eISBN:
- 9780191600814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245916.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Arianism has been extensively studied as a fourth‐century phenomenon, usually seen as brought to an end by the Council of Constantinople in the East and the Council of Aquileia in the West (both 381 ...
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Arianism has been extensively studied as a fourth‐century phenomenon, usually seen as brought to an end by the Council of Constantinople in the East and the Council of Aquileia in the West (both 381 ce). The chapter is concerned with the ending of Arianism as a significant movement within the early church. This involves giving special attention to the Homoians, the Neo‐Arians and the Theodosian Code in the East, to the Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum in the West, and to Ulfila and the Goths.Less
Arianism has been extensively studied as a fourth‐century phenomenon, usually seen as brought to an end by the Council of Constantinople in the East and the Council of Aquileia in the West (both 381 ce). The chapter is concerned with the ending of Arianism as a significant movement within the early church. This involves giving special attention to the Homoians, the Neo‐Arians and the Theodosian Code in the East, to the Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum in the West, and to Ulfila and the Goths.
Peter Heather
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205357
- eISBN:
- 9780191676581
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This book examines the collision of Goths and Romans in the fourth and fifth centuries. In these years Gothic tribes played a major role in the destruction of the western half of the Roman Empire, ...
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This book examines the collision of Goths and Romans in the fourth and fifth centuries. In these years Gothic tribes played a major role in the destruction of the western half of the Roman Empire, establishing successor states in southern France and Spain (the Visigoths) and in Italy (the Ostrogoths). Our understanding of the Goths in this ‘Migration Period’ has been based upon the Gothic historian Jordanes, whose mid-sixth-century Getica suggests that the Visigoths and Ostrogoths entered the Empire already established as coherent groups and simply conquered new territories. Using more contemporary sources, the author is able to show that, on the contrary, Visigoths and Ostrogoths were new and unprecedentedly large social groupings, and that many Gothic societies failed even to survive the upheavals of the Migration Period. This study explores the complicated interactions with Roman power, which both prompted the creation of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths around newly emergent dynasties and helped bring about the fall of the Roman Empire.Less
This book examines the collision of Goths and Romans in the fourth and fifth centuries. In these years Gothic tribes played a major role in the destruction of the western half of the Roman Empire, establishing successor states in southern France and Spain (the Visigoths) and in Italy (the Ostrogoths). Our understanding of the Goths in this ‘Migration Period’ has been based upon the Gothic historian Jordanes, whose mid-sixth-century Getica suggests that the Visigoths and Ostrogoths entered the Empire already established as coherent groups and simply conquered new territories. Using more contemporary sources, the author is able to show that, on the contrary, Visigoths and Ostrogoths were new and unprecedentedly large social groupings, and that many Gothic societies failed even to survive the upheavals of the Migration Period. This study explores the complicated interactions with Roman power, which both prompted the creation of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths around newly emergent dynasties and helped bring about the fall of the Roman Empire.
P. J. Heather
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205357
- eISBN:
- 9780191676581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter introduces the broad outlines of the political history of the Goths in the migration period. It surveys the major surviving sources, both archaeological and literary, and how they have ...
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This chapter introduces the broad outlines of the political history of the Goths in the migration period. It surveys the major surviving sources, both archaeological and literary, and how they have been pieced together in modern historical reconstructions. The chapter also attempts to demonstrate the extent of the influence of Jordanes and then tests the reliability of the Getica against what can be taken from other sources.Less
This chapter introduces the broad outlines of the political history of the Goths in the migration period. It surveys the major surviving sources, both archaeological and literary, and how they have been pieced together in modern historical reconstructions. The chapter also attempts to demonstrate the extent of the influence of Jordanes and then tests the reliability of the Getica against what can be taken from other sources.
P. J. Heather
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205357
- eISBN:
- 9780191676581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter discusses the peace that followed after six years of conflict between the Goths and Gratian. It looks at the treaty of 382, which renewed Constantine's special relationship with the ...
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This chapter discusses the peace that followed after six years of conflict between the Goths and Gratian. It looks at the treaty of 382, which renewed Constantine's special relationship with the Goths. This treaty helped grant the Goths with land to farm, highlighted their military obligations to the Roman state, and provided a framework for coexistence.Less
This chapter discusses the peace that followed after six years of conflict between the Goths and Gratian. It looks at the treaty of 382, which renewed Constantine's special relationship with the Goths. This treaty helped grant the Goths with land to farm, highlighted their military obligations to the Roman state, and provided a framework for coexistence.
P. J. Heather
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205357
- eISBN:
- 9780191676581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter discusses the solution to the Gothic problem that had plagued Zeno for years. It highlights the two conflicts that dominated 484 to 489, which were between Zeno and Illus and Zeno and ...
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This chapter discusses the solution to the Gothic problem that had plagued Zeno for years. It highlights the two conflicts that dominated 484 to 489, which were between Zeno and Illus and Zeno and Theoderic the Amal. The agreement of 487/8 involved the Thracian Goths moving to Italy, thus solving the Gothic problem once and for all.Less
This chapter discusses the solution to the Gothic problem that had plagued Zeno for years. It highlights the two conflicts that dominated 484 to 489, which were between Zeno and Illus and Zeno and Theoderic the Amal. The agreement of 487/8 involved the Thracian Goths moving to Italy, thus solving the Gothic problem once and for all.
P. J. Heather
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205357
- eISBN:
- 9780191676581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter discusses the important themes of this study on the transformation of the Goths in the so-called migration period. It briefly reflects on the nature of the Goths' relations with the ...
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This chapter discusses the important themes of this study on the transformation of the Goths in the so-called migration period. It briefly reflects on the nature of the Goths' relations with the Roman state, the actual process of transformation, and the part played by royal dynasties in the creation and maintenance of tribal groupings.Less
This chapter discusses the important themes of this study on the transformation of the Goths in the so-called migration period. It briefly reflects on the nature of the Goths' relations with the Roman state, the actual process of transformation, and the part played by royal dynasties in the creation and maintenance of tribal groupings.
Carol Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198752202
- eISBN:
- 9780191695070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198752202.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies, Religion and Society
In AD 410 when Rome fell to the Goths, a crisis understanding was brought about that took on various questions that have been buried in antique thought. Pagan civilization and tradition proliferated ...
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In AD 410 when Rome fell to the Goths, a crisis understanding was brought about that took on various questions that have been buried in antique thought. Pagan civilization and tradition proliferated in Rome, and the life-source of the Empire remained in the ancient religions. However, the rise of Christianity may have caused a significant effect towards its demise, at least until Alaric and the Arian Goths took over. As this chapter looks into some of the aspects of the fall of Rome, it attempts to examine how Augustine was able to initiate the City of God in 413. It shows that the plan and structure for this work is rooted on Christian tradition and it presents two groups of men, cities, or societies. It attempts to provide a thorough examination of the content of the various books of this work particularly in the context of the refutation of paganism, the source of his ideas, and other such aspects.Less
In AD 410 when Rome fell to the Goths, a crisis understanding was brought about that took on various questions that have been buried in antique thought. Pagan civilization and tradition proliferated in Rome, and the life-source of the Empire remained in the ancient religions. However, the rise of Christianity may have caused a significant effect towards its demise, at least until Alaric and the Arian Goths took over. As this chapter looks into some of the aspects of the fall of Rome, it attempts to examine how Augustine was able to initiate the City of God in 413. It shows that the plan and structure for this work is rooted on Christian tradition and it presents two groups of men, cities, or societies. It attempts to provide a thorough examination of the content of the various books of this work particularly in the context of the refutation of paganism, the source of his ideas, and other such aspects.
BRUCE M. METZGER
- Published in print:
- 1977
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198261704
- eISBN:
- 9780191682209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198261704.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies, Early Christian Studies
The Gothic version of the New Testament is the earliest surviving literary monument in a Teutonic language. This chapter discusses the introduction of Christianity among the Goths and the translation ...
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The Gothic version of the New Testament is the earliest surviving literary monument in a Teutonic language. This chapter discusses the introduction of Christianity among the Goths and the translation of the New Testament. It describes the characteristic of the Gothic version and lists all the extant manuscripts and fragments of the New Testament. It also examines the textual affinities of the Gothic version and the limitations of Gothic in representing Greek.Less
The Gothic version of the New Testament is the earliest surviving literary monument in a Teutonic language. This chapter discusses the introduction of Christianity among the Goths and the translation of the New Testament. It describes the characteristic of the Gothic version and lists all the extant manuscripts and fragments of the New Testament. It also examines the textual affinities of the Gothic version and the limitations of Gothic in representing Greek.
ROGER P. H. GREEN
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199284573
- eISBN:
- 9780191713804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284573.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Arator's epic was recited by him in April 544 on the steps of a church in Rome: a minute of the ceremony of presenting his work to the Pope still exists. It is a triumphalist poem in what was a ...
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Arator's epic was recited by him in April 544 on the steps of a church in Rome: a minute of the ceremony of presenting his work to the Pope still exists. It is a triumphalist poem in what was a short-lived respite from Gothic attacks, and Arator himself had just a few years earlier fled to Rome from the Gothic-dominated city of Ravenna, where his career had begun. His theme is the Acts of the Apostles; from the New Testament account he selects episodes for poetic elaboration in his own mannered but recognisably epic style (Lucan, it emerges, is a particular favourite), and with an eye to speeches that he can reconfigure as powerful and vivid homilies. His colourful finale, in which Peter and Paul join forces in Rome, is particularly effective.Less
Arator's epic was recited by him in April 544 on the steps of a church in Rome: a minute of the ceremony of presenting his work to the Pope still exists. It is a triumphalist poem in what was a short-lived respite from Gothic attacks, and Arator himself had just a few years earlier fled to Rome from the Gothic-dominated city of Ravenna, where his career had begun. His theme is the Acts of the Apostles; from the New Testament account he selects episodes for poetic elaboration in his own mannered but recognisably epic style (Lucan, it emerges, is a particular favourite), and with an eye to speeches that he can reconfigure as powerful and vivid homilies. His colourful finale, in which Peter and Paul join forces in Rome, is particularly effective.
Menno Fenger and Paul Henman
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748612390
- eISBN:
- 9780748651009
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748612390.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
From the end of the third century, Rome ceased to be the emperors' principal residence. In the wake of intrigues in Constantinople in 400–402, the Goths who were settled in the Balkans and Illyria ...
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From the end of the third century, Rome ceased to be the emperors' principal residence. In the wake of intrigues in Constantinople in 400–402, the Goths who were settled in the Balkans and Illyria made a move towards Italy. This chapter shows that the expedition of the Vandals against Rome was a simple raid, and not the prelude to an invasion of Italy. Rome did not undergo destruction and massacres, but was weakened by the exodus of its wealth and its élite. The Roman Church had lost the liturgical furnishings of its tituli, which Pope Leo had to renew in their entirety. The Vandal sack, in this instance, had been a profitable act of piracy coupled with diplomatic victory. The chapter also explores the civil war and the devastation of the Gothic war.Less
From the end of the third century, Rome ceased to be the emperors' principal residence. In the wake of intrigues in Constantinople in 400–402, the Goths who were settled in the Balkans and Illyria made a move towards Italy. This chapter shows that the expedition of the Vandals against Rome was a simple raid, and not the prelude to an invasion of Italy. Rome did not undergo destruction and massacres, but was weakened by the exodus of its wealth and its élite. The Roman Church had lost the liturgical furnishings of its tituli, which Pope Leo had to renew in their entirety. The Vandal sack, in this instance, had been a profitable act of piracy coupled with diplomatic victory. The chapter also explores the civil war and the devastation of the Gothic war.
Noel Lenski
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233324
- eISBN:
- 9780520928534
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233324.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This book is a biography of the Roman emperor Valens and his troubled reign (A.D. 364–78). Valens will always be remembered for his spectacular defeat and death at the hands of the Goths in the ...
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This book is a biography of the Roman emperor Valens and his troubled reign (A.D. 364–78). Valens will always be remembered for his spectacular defeat and death at the hands of the Goths in the Battle of Adrianople. By the time he was killed, Valens' empire had been coming apart for several years: the Goths had overrun the Balkans; Persians, Isaurians, and Saracens were threatening the east; the economy was in disarray; and pagans and Christians alike had been exiled, tortured, and executed in his religious persecutions. Valens had not, however, entirely failed in his job as emperor. He was an admirable administrator, a committed defender of the frontiers, and a ruler who showed remarkable sympathy for the needs of his subjects. The book incorporates a broad range of new material, from archaeology to Gothic and Armenian sources, in a study that illuminates the social, cultural, religious, economic, administrative, and military complexities of Valens' realm. The book offers a nuanced reconsideration of Valens the man and shows both how he applied his strengths to meet the expectations of his world and how he ultimately failed in his efforts to match limited capacities to limitless demands.Less
This book is a biography of the Roman emperor Valens and his troubled reign (A.D. 364–78). Valens will always be remembered for his spectacular defeat and death at the hands of the Goths in the Battle of Adrianople. By the time he was killed, Valens' empire had been coming apart for several years: the Goths had overrun the Balkans; Persians, Isaurians, and Saracens were threatening the east; the economy was in disarray; and pagans and Christians alike had been exiled, tortured, and executed in his religious persecutions. Valens had not, however, entirely failed in his job as emperor. He was an admirable administrator, a committed defender of the frontiers, and a ruler who showed remarkable sympathy for the needs of his subjects. The book incorporates a broad range of new material, from archaeology to Gothic and Armenian sources, in a study that illuminates the social, cultural, religious, economic, administrative, and military complexities of Valens' realm. The book offers a nuanced reconsideration of Valens the man and shows both how he applied his strengths to meet the expectations of his world and how he ultimately failed in his efforts to match limited capacities to limitless demands.
Lenski Noel
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233324
- eISBN:
- 9780520928534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233324.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter provides a discussion on the revolt of Procopius. It then explores the way Valens and Valentinian provoked the revolt by their own harsh treatment of those who had supported Julian. ...
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This chapter provides a discussion on the revolt of Procopius. It then explores the way Valens and Valentinian provoked the revolt by their own harsh treatment of those who had supported Julian. Procopius wisely understood that if his revolt was to make any headway, it would need large amounts of capital, and from the outset, he acted on this knowledge. Moreover, it is shown that Valentinian was similarly manipulative in his attempts to graft his own house onto that of his predecessors. Furthermore, it reveals how Valentinian and Valens had already sowed the seeds for revolt by initially drawing the contrasts with their predecessors far too sharply and thus alienating some of the most powerful citizens of the eastern empire. It then describes how the revolt provided the proximate for Valens' war against the Goths, who had sent Procopius auxiliaries.Less
This chapter provides a discussion on the revolt of Procopius. It then explores the way Valens and Valentinian provoked the revolt by their own harsh treatment of those who had supported Julian. Procopius wisely understood that if his revolt was to make any headway, it would need large amounts of capital, and from the outset, he acted on this knowledge. Moreover, it is shown that Valentinian was similarly manipulative in his attempts to graft his own house onto that of his predecessors. Furthermore, it reveals how Valentinian and Valens had already sowed the seeds for revolt by initially drawing the contrasts with their predecessors far too sharply and thus alienating some of the most powerful citizens of the eastern empire. It then describes how the revolt provided the proximate for Valens' war against the Goths, who had sent Procopius auxiliaries.
Lenski Noel
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233324
- eISBN:
- 9780520928534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233324.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter describes how Valens, in consultation with his brother, determined to launch a major expedition against the Goths to retaliate for this. In a three-year campaign, Valens succeeded in ...
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This chapter describes how Valens, in consultation with his brother, determined to launch a major expedition against the Goths to retaliate for this. In a three-year campaign, Valens succeeded in defeating the Goths but did little significant damage to their forces. It then devotes some time to examining further how the ideals of triumphal rulership affected Valens' choice to campaign against the Goths. Valens used a diplomatic infraction as an excuse for a foreign war designed to boost his position as emperor and to satisfy the policy demands of his aggressive brother. Moreover, some principles of late Roman foreign policy are presented. After Julian's death, when the Goths encountered the new and highly confrontational Valentinianic dynasty, Romano-Gothic relations continued to deteriorate.Less
This chapter describes how Valens, in consultation with his brother, determined to launch a major expedition against the Goths to retaliate for this. In a three-year campaign, Valens succeeded in defeating the Goths but did little significant damage to their forces. It then devotes some time to examining further how the ideals of triumphal rulership affected Valens' choice to campaign against the Goths. Valens used a diplomatic infraction as an excuse for a foreign war designed to boost his position as emperor and to satisfy the policy demands of his aggressive brother. Moreover, some principles of late Roman foreign policy are presented. After Julian's death, when the Goths encountered the new and highly confrontational Valentinianic dynasty, Romano-Gothic relations continued to deteriorate.
Ruth H. Sanders
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226493893
- eISBN:
- 9780226493923
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226493923.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
This chapter puts into the spotlight the historical moment when Danish and Swedish emerged from East Norse, and the background to that emergence, starting with the runes, also accounting briefly for ...
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This chapter puts into the spotlight the historical moment when Danish and Swedish emerged from East Norse, and the background to that emergence, starting with the runes, also accounting briefly for development after that historical moment. Coalescence of the Danish and Swedish provincial realms into larger kingdoms that eventually led to post-medieval nation-states eventually made their two East Norse variants into Danish and Swedish, separate national languages; the Roman Church brought strong Latin influence to bear on the languages of the North; and the Hanseatic League’s lingua franca, Low German, provided mercantile vocabulary on a large scale to both Danish and Swedish. Mainland West Norse, left to its own devices during the twelfth century, followed a very different path before its emergence as Modern Norwegian.Less
This chapter puts into the spotlight the historical moment when Danish and Swedish emerged from East Norse, and the background to that emergence, starting with the runes, also accounting briefly for development after that historical moment. Coalescence of the Danish and Swedish provincial realms into larger kingdoms that eventually led to post-medieval nation-states eventually made their two East Norse variants into Danish and Swedish, separate national languages; the Roman Church brought strong Latin influence to bear on the languages of the North; and the Hanseatic League’s lingua franca, Low German, provided mercantile vocabulary on a large scale to both Danish and Swedish. Mainland West Norse, left to its own devices during the twelfth century, followed a very different path before its emergence as Modern Norwegian.
Heather O’Donoghue
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199562183
- eISBN:
- 9780191789489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562183.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, Anglo-Saxon / Old English Literature
Chapter One examines the influence of Old Norse myth on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century poetry in English. Interest in Old Norse material was first fuelled by antiquarians and historians in ...
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Chapter One examines the influence of Old Norse myth on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century poetry in English. Interest in Old Norse material was first fuelled by antiquarians and historians in England and Scandinavia investigating the early history of their respective nations. Old Norse literature was regarded as an important source of such history. The Goths, as ancestors of the northern Europeans, were celebrated as bearers of political liberty, so interest focused on the god Odin as an historical chieftain and lawgiver. But he was also regarded by some as the inventor of runes and poetry, and allusions to him in this role, as well as the first versions of some Old Norse poems, begin to appear in the work of poets such as Dryden and Pope. Old Norse poetry itself begins to be seen as having literary merit, rather than being of merely antiquarian interest.Less
Chapter One examines the influence of Old Norse myth on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century poetry in English. Interest in Old Norse material was first fuelled by antiquarians and historians in England and Scandinavia investigating the early history of their respective nations. Old Norse literature was regarded as an important source of such history. The Goths, as ancestors of the northern Europeans, were celebrated as bearers of political liberty, so interest focused on the god Odin as an historical chieftain and lawgiver. But he was also regarded by some as the inventor of runes and poetry, and allusions to him in this role, as well as the first versions of some Old Norse poems, begin to appear in the work of poets such as Dryden and Pope. Old Norse poetry itself begins to be seen as having literary merit, rather than being of merely antiquarian interest.
D. Gary Miller
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198813590
- eISBN:
- 9780191851438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198813590.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
Despite many defenses of the traditional account, there is no secure evidence for a Scandinavian origin of the Goths, no runic evidence, and linguistic parallels between Gothic and Old Norse are ...
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Despite many defenses of the traditional account, there is no secure evidence for a Scandinavian origin of the Goths, no runic evidence, and linguistic parallels between Gothic and Old Norse are inconclusive. In their continual encounters with the Romans, the Goths experienced considerable language contact. Not only are there many borrowings from Latin, but many Greek words in Gothic have their Latin form and there are layers of borrowings from Greek as well. The entire Gothic corpus contains a little over 70,000 words preserved in some fifteen documents. Many mysteries surround the Gothic translation of the Bible, traditionally ascribed to Wulfila. Evidence for multiple translators is presented from lexical, morphological, and syntactic localization, as well as the range from fully idiomatic to marginally acceptable to ungrammatical constructions.Less
Despite many defenses of the traditional account, there is no secure evidence for a Scandinavian origin of the Goths, no runic evidence, and linguistic parallels between Gothic and Old Norse are inconclusive. In their continual encounters with the Romans, the Goths experienced considerable language contact. Not only are there many borrowings from Latin, but many Greek words in Gothic have their Latin form and there are layers of borrowings from Greek as well. The entire Gothic corpus contains a little over 70,000 words preserved in some fifteen documents. Many mysteries surround the Gothic translation of the Bible, traditionally ascribed to Wulfila. Evidence for multiple translators is presented from lexical, morphological, and syntactic localization, as well as the range from fully idiomatic to marginally acceptable to ungrammatical constructions.