Stefan Helmreich, Sophia Roosth, and Michele Friedner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164809
- eISBN:
- 9781400873869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164809.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines how digital media represent seawater, relying upon, but also making invisible, the built infrastructures—commercial, political, military—that have permitted the oceanic world to ...
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This chapter examines how digital media represent seawater, relying upon, but also making invisible, the built infrastructures—commercial, political, military—that have permitted the oceanic world to be described as something like a “global ocean” in the first place. Drawing on the work of Charles Sanders Peirce, it explores how Earth and its ocean, as they have been ported into the digital, have become a confusing mixture of different kinds of signs—the sorts Peirce would have called indexes, icons, and symbols. It considers a kindred image-object, Google Ocean, and how Google Earth politics is connected to it, as well as what sort of representation of the planetary sea is in the making in these digital days. It argues that Google Ocean is a mottled mash of icons, indexes, and symbols of the marine and maritime world as well as a simultaneously dystopian and utopian diagram of the sea.Less
This chapter examines how digital media represent seawater, relying upon, but also making invisible, the built infrastructures—commercial, political, military—that have permitted the oceanic world to be described as something like a “global ocean” in the first place. Drawing on the work of Charles Sanders Peirce, it explores how Earth and its ocean, as they have been ported into the digital, have become a confusing mixture of different kinds of signs—the sorts Peirce would have called indexes, icons, and symbols. It considers a kindred image-object, Google Ocean, and how Google Earth politics is connected to it, as well as what sort of representation of the planetary sea is in the making in these digital days. It argues that Google Ocean is a mottled mash of icons, indexes, and symbols of the marine and maritime world as well as a simultaneously dystopian and utopian diagram of the sea.
Neil Weinstock Netanel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195137620
- eISBN:
- 9780199871629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137620.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
For some, copyright's speech burdens are painfully obvious. But many others do not perceive that copyright poses any serious conflict with freedom of speech.This Chapter presents some illustrative ...
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For some, copyright's speech burdens are painfully obvious. But many others do not perceive that copyright poses any serious conflict with freedom of speech.This Chapter presents some illustrative examples that ought to at least give doubters some pause. They range from speech that is overtly political to purely artistic, from fantasy to documentary, from discrete cases to entire expressive genres, from religious tracts to counterculture comics, from analog to digital, from out‐and‐out copying to highly creative recasting, from new creation to Google search tool, and from copyright holders' calculated suppression of unwanted expression to speakers' inability to pay the copyright license fee that was offered. They demonstrate that copyright may indeed prevent us from effectively conveying a message, pursuing deeply held beliefs, expressing artistic inspiration, participating in a cultural tradition, or, for that matter, promoting “the progress of science.”Less
For some, copyright's speech burdens are painfully obvious. But many others do not perceive that copyright poses any serious conflict with freedom of speech.
This Chapter presents some illustrative examples that ought to at least give doubters some pause. They range from speech that is overtly political to purely artistic, from fantasy to documentary, from discrete cases to entire expressive genres, from religious tracts to counterculture comics, from analog to digital, from out‐and‐out copying to highly creative recasting, from new creation to Google search tool, and from copyright holders' calculated suppression of unwanted expression to speakers' inability to pay the copyright license fee that was offered. They demonstrate that copyright may indeed prevent us from effectively conveying a message, pursuing deeply held beliefs, expressing artistic inspiration, participating in a cultural tradition, or, for that matter, promoting “the progress of science.”
Brett M. Frischmann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199895656
- eISBN:
- 9780199933280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199895656.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter discusses the application of infrastructure theory to other modern debates covering Google Books, peer-to-peer file-sharing software, and open-source software.
This chapter discusses the application of infrastructure theory to other modern debates covering Google Books, peer-to-peer file-sharing software, and open-source software.
Matthew Hindman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691159263
- eISBN:
- 9780691184074
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159263.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The Internet was supposed to fragment audiences and make media monopolies impossible. Instead, behemoths like Google and Facebook now dominate the time we spend online—and grab all the profits from ...
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The Internet was supposed to fragment audiences and make media monopolies impossible. Instead, behemoths like Google and Facebook now dominate the time we spend online—and grab all the profits from the attention economy. This book explains how this happened. It sheds light on the stunning rise of the digital giants and the online struggles of nearly everyone else—and reveals what small players can do to survive in a game that is rigged against them. The book shows how seemingly tiny advantages in attracting users can snowball over time. The Internet has not reduced the cost of reaching audiences—it has merely shifted who pays and how. Challenging some of the most enduring myths of digital life, the book explains why the Internet is not the postindustrial technology that has been sold to the public, how it has become mathematically impossible for grad students in a garage to beat Google, and why net neutrality alone is no guarantee of an open Internet. It also explains why the challenges for local digital news outlets and other small players are worse than they appear and demonstrates what it really takes to grow a digital audience and stay alive in today's online economy. The book shows why, even on the Internet, there is still no such thing as a free audience.Less
The Internet was supposed to fragment audiences and make media monopolies impossible. Instead, behemoths like Google and Facebook now dominate the time we spend online—and grab all the profits from the attention economy. This book explains how this happened. It sheds light on the stunning rise of the digital giants and the online struggles of nearly everyone else—and reveals what small players can do to survive in a game that is rigged against them. The book shows how seemingly tiny advantages in attracting users can snowball over time. The Internet has not reduced the cost of reaching audiences—it has merely shifted who pays and how. Challenging some of the most enduring myths of digital life, the book explains why the Internet is not the postindustrial technology that has been sold to the public, how it has become mathematically impossible for grad students in a garage to beat Google, and why net neutrality alone is no guarantee of an open Internet. It also explains why the challenges for local digital news outlets and other small players are worse than they appear and demonstrates what it really takes to grow a digital audience and stay alive in today's online economy. The book shows why, even on the Internet, there is still no such thing as a free audience.
Anna Wierzbicka
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195368000
- eISBN:
- 9780199867653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368000.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter discusses experience of comparing the conclusions drawn from the semantic analysis of selected collocations (combining sense with an adjective) with the results of Google searches that ...
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This chapter discusses experience of comparing the conclusions drawn from the semantic analysis of selected collocations (combining sense with an adjective) with the results of Google searches that targeted the same collocations. The discussion is organized as follows. First, it discusses contrasts that are both stable and clear and then those that are both stable and overwhelmingly sharp. It then addresses the question of proportions and patterns versus absolute figures. This is followed by a discussion of the issue of anomalies and the limitations of Google searches of the kind undertaken here. Next the chapter presents the results of monitoring hit counts over an extended period of time and compare the outcome of searches with Google and with Yahoo. It concludes with an overall evaluation of the use of Google as a tool for a large-scale semantic study of phraseology.Less
This chapter discusses experience of comparing the conclusions drawn from the semantic analysis of selected collocations (combining sense with an adjective) with the results of Google searches that targeted the same collocations. The discussion is organized as follows. First, it discusses contrasts that are both stable and clear and then those that are both stable and overwhelmingly sharp. It then addresses the question of proportions and patterns versus absolute figures. This is followed by a discussion of the issue of anomalies and the limitations of Google searches of the kind undertaken here. Next the chapter presents the results of monitoring hit counts over an extended period of time and compare the outcome of searches with Google and with Yahoo. It concludes with an overall evaluation of the use of Google as a tool for a large-scale semantic study of phraseology.
Joanne Elizabeth Gray
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190072070
- eISBN:
- 9780190072100
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190072070.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Google Rules traces the rise of Google through its legal, commercial, and political negotiations over copyright. The first part of the book shows how the public interest suffers in a digital ...
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Google Rules traces the rise of Google through its legal, commercial, and political negotiations over copyright. The first part of the book shows how the public interest suffers in a digital copyright policy debate dominated by powerful industry stakeholders. The second part explores Google’s contributions to digital copyright and the copyright policies that Google enforces across its own platforms. Increasingly, Google self-regulates and negotiates with media and entertainment companies to privately devise copyright rules. Google then deploys algorithmic regulatory technologies to enforce those rules. Google’s private copyright rule-making and algorithmic enforcement limits transparency and accountability in digital copyright governance and privileges private interest and values over the public interest. Today, Google reigns over a technological and economic order that features empowered private actors and rapidly changing technological conditions. How to effectively regulate Google—in an evolving technological environment and in order to achieve public interest outcomes—is one of the most pressing policy questions of our time. Google Rules provides several strategies for taking up this challenge. While the parameters may be narrowly set upon one firm and one area of intellectual property law, ultimately, the book is a contribution to a much broader conversation about a new generation of monopolistic companies, born from the technological developments of the digital age, and the social, political, and economic influence they have acquired in contemporary society.Less
Google Rules traces the rise of Google through its legal, commercial, and political negotiations over copyright. The first part of the book shows how the public interest suffers in a digital copyright policy debate dominated by powerful industry stakeholders. The second part explores Google’s contributions to digital copyright and the copyright policies that Google enforces across its own platforms. Increasingly, Google self-regulates and negotiates with media and entertainment companies to privately devise copyright rules. Google then deploys algorithmic regulatory technologies to enforce those rules. Google’s private copyright rule-making and algorithmic enforcement limits transparency and accountability in digital copyright governance and privileges private interest and values over the public interest. Today, Google reigns over a technological and economic order that features empowered private actors and rapidly changing technological conditions. How to effectively regulate Google—in an evolving technological environment and in order to achieve public interest outcomes—is one of the most pressing policy questions of our time. Google Rules provides several strategies for taking up this challenge. While the parameters may be narrowly set upon one firm and one area of intellectual property law, ultimately, the book is a contribution to a much broader conversation about a new generation of monopolistic companies, born from the technological developments of the digital age, and the social, political, and economic influence they have acquired in contemporary society.
Maurizio Borghi and Stavroula Karapapa
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199664559
- eISBN:
- 9780191758409
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199664559.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Mass digitization of texts, images, and other creative works promises to unprecedentedly enhance access to culture and knowledge. With the electronic ‘library of Alexandria’ having started to ...
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Mass digitization of texts, images, and other creative works promises to unprecedentedly enhance access to culture and knowledge. With the electronic ‘library of Alexandria’ having started to materialize, a number of legal and policy issues have emerged. The book develops an extended conceptual account of the ways in which mass digital projects challenge the established copyright norms through the wholesale copying of works, their storage in cloud environments, and their automated processing for purposes of data analytics and text mining. As individual licensing is not compatible with the mass scale of these activities, alternative approaches have gained momentum as effect of judicial interpretation, legislative initiative, and private-ordering solutions. The book queries the normative and policy implications of this newly emerging framework in copyright law. Adopting a cross-jurisdictional perspective, it concludes that lack of clarity as to the scope of authorial consent does not only bear the risk of legal uncertainty, but can also lead to the creation of new and not readily transparent monopolies on information and knowledge. In this respect, a new regulatory framework is outlined drawing from the insights developed in areas of law where the concept of consent in the use of data has been thoroughly elaborated. Illustrating how mass digitization unveils a number of unsettled theoretical issues within copyright, the book builds a sophisticated case that digital repositories in the mass digital age should be and remain fully-fledged public goods to the benefit of future generations.Less
Mass digitization of texts, images, and other creative works promises to unprecedentedly enhance access to culture and knowledge. With the electronic ‘library of Alexandria’ having started to materialize, a number of legal and policy issues have emerged. The book develops an extended conceptual account of the ways in which mass digital projects challenge the established copyright norms through the wholesale copying of works, their storage in cloud environments, and their automated processing for purposes of data analytics and text mining. As individual licensing is not compatible with the mass scale of these activities, alternative approaches have gained momentum as effect of judicial interpretation, legislative initiative, and private-ordering solutions. The book queries the normative and policy implications of this newly emerging framework in copyright law. Adopting a cross-jurisdictional perspective, it concludes that lack of clarity as to the scope of authorial consent does not only bear the risk of legal uncertainty, but can also lead to the creation of new and not readily transparent monopolies on information and knowledge. In this respect, a new regulatory framework is outlined drawing from the insights developed in areas of law where the concept of consent in the use of data has been thoroughly elaborated. Illustrating how mass digitization unveils a number of unsettled theoretical issues within copyright, the book builds a sophisticated case that digital repositories in the mass digital age should be and remain fully-fledged public goods to the benefit of future generations.
Barbara Cassin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780823278060
- eISBN:
- 9780823280506
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823278060.001.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
In this witty and openly polemical critique of Google, Barbara Cassin looks at Google’s claims to organize knowledge, and its alleged ethical basis, through a reading of its two founding principles: ...
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In this witty and openly polemical critique of Google, Barbara Cassin looks at Google’s claims to organize knowledge, and its alleged ethical basis, through a reading of its two founding principles: “Our mission is to organize the world’s information” and “Don’t be evil”. Cassin is a formidable Hellenist by training, and in Google-Me she uses her profound knowledge of Greek culture, philology and philosophy (and of the history of philosophy more broadly) to challenge the basis on which Google makes its claims and the manner in which it carries out its operations. The perspective it presents on Google is anything but drily philological, densely philosophical, or academic in its tone, but it offers us an entertaining account of its origins and history up until 2007. We would all be well-advised to take this critique seriously, since it goes to the heart of what we often think of rather uncritically as the benefits to humanity of increasingly advanced internet technology. As Cassin puts it toward the end, “Google is a champion of cultural democracy, but without culture and without democracy.” Published originally in French in 2007, Cassin’s book is translated into English for the first time by Michael Syrotinski, and includes a co-authored and updated afterword by Cassin and Syrotinski.Less
In this witty and openly polemical critique of Google, Barbara Cassin looks at Google’s claims to organize knowledge, and its alleged ethical basis, through a reading of its two founding principles: “Our mission is to organize the world’s information” and “Don’t be evil”. Cassin is a formidable Hellenist by training, and in Google-Me she uses her profound knowledge of Greek culture, philology and philosophy (and of the history of philosophy more broadly) to challenge the basis on which Google makes its claims and the manner in which it carries out its operations. The perspective it presents on Google is anything but drily philological, densely philosophical, or academic in its tone, but it offers us an entertaining account of its origins and history up until 2007. We would all be well-advised to take this critique seriously, since it goes to the heart of what we often think of rather uncritically as the benefits to humanity of increasingly advanced internet technology. As Cassin puts it toward the end, “Google is a champion of cultural democracy, but without culture and without democracy.” Published originally in French in 2007, Cassin’s book is translated into English for the first time by Michael Syrotinski, and includes a co-authored and updated afterword by Cassin and Syrotinski.
Eric Harwit
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233748
- eISBN:
- 9780191715556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233748.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter considers several dimensions of China's Internet. It begins by examining other national models of Internet development. It then assesses the Chinese government's role in building and ...
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This chapter considers several dimensions of China's Internet. It begins by examining other national models of Internet development. It then assesses the Chinese government's role in building and managing the network, introducing Internet service companies, and overseeing the growth of mainly private content providers. While the chapter considers issues of censorship and control in a way similar to earlier studies noted above, it also highlights the dilemma the government faces of larger economic benefit in the face of potential political challenges. It details major developments in e-commerce from the 1990s to the mid-2000s. The chapter also notes the evolving demographics of network users, and assesses how ‘netizen’ profiles shaped usage patterns. It concludes that despite a desire to control Internet content, the government was firm in its intent to see the network expand and become an important part of the Chinese economy and society.Less
This chapter considers several dimensions of China's Internet. It begins by examining other national models of Internet development. It then assesses the Chinese government's role in building and managing the network, introducing Internet service companies, and overseeing the growth of mainly private content providers. While the chapter considers issues of censorship and control in a way similar to earlier studies noted above, it also highlights the dilemma the government faces of larger economic benefit in the face of potential political challenges. It details major developments in e-commerce from the 1990s to the mid-2000s. The chapter also notes the evolving demographics of network users, and assesses how ‘netizen’ profiles shaped usage patterns. It concludes that despite a desire to control Internet content, the government was firm in its intent to see the network expand and become an important part of the Chinese economy and society.
Sergey N. Dorogovtsev
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199548927
- eISBN:
- 9780191720574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548927.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter considers the specifics of walks, navigation, and search processes in networks of various architectures and geometries. It starts with discussion of random walks on complex networks, ...
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This chapter considers the specifics of walks, navigation, and search processes in networks of various architectures and geometries. It starts with discussion of random walks on complex networks, then biased random walks and in application to packet routing in the Internet. It discusses the famous Kleinberg's problem and searchability of networks with underlining metric spaces. Finally, the Google PageRank is explained.Less
This chapter considers the specifics of walks, navigation, and search processes in networks of various architectures and geometries. It starts with discussion of random walks on complex networks, then biased random walks and in application to packet routing in the Internet. It discusses the famous Kleinberg's problem and searchability of networks with underlining metric spaces. Finally, the Google PageRank is explained.
William J. Talbott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195173482
- eISBN:
- 9780199872176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173482.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter applies the Millian epistemology to ground a robust, inalienable right to freedom of expression and to ground the other autonomy rights, as necessary for the process of the social ...
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This chapter applies the Millian epistemology to ground a robust, inalienable right to freedom of expression and to ground the other autonomy rights, as necessary for the process of the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. The chapter considers a variety of exceptions to freedom of expression, including product advertising and political advertising. He uses the examples of Google and Wikipedia to provide empirical confirmation for Mill’s claims about the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. He also shows how the Millian case for freedom of propositional expression can be extended to cover nonpropositional expression in art and literature. The chapter shows that the Millian argument does not limit freedom of expression to reasonable views. The chapter argues that the distinction between reasonable and unreasonable comprehensive views, which plays a large role in Rawls’s theory and in contemporary discussions of human rights, cannot support the weight that it is intended to bear. This leads to an extended discussion of intolerant subversive advocacy, in which the chapter argues that neither Habermas’s nor Rawls’s theory can explain why the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court upholding the Smith Act (which made membership in the Communist Party illegal) in Dennis v. U.S. was erroneous. The chapter also explains why Mill’s social process epistemology does not undermine his political philosophy. The author concludes by explaining why the main principle would endorse a human right to freedom of expression.Less
This chapter applies the Millian epistemology to ground a robust, inalienable right to freedom of expression and to ground the other autonomy rights, as necessary for the process of the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. The chapter considers a variety of exceptions to freedom of expression, including product advertising and political advertising. He uses the examples of Google and Wikipedia to provide empirical confirmation for Mill’s claims about the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. He also shows how the Millian case for freedom of propositional expression can be extended to cover nonpropositional expression in art and literature. The chapter shows that the Millian argument does not limit freedom of expression to reasonable views. The chapter argues that the distinction between reasonable and unreasonable comprehensive views, which plays a large role in Rawls’s theory and in contemporary discussions of human rights, cannot support the weight that it is intended to bear. This leads to an extended discussion of intolerant subversive advocacy, in which the chapter argues that neither Habermas’s nor Rawls’s theory can explain why the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court upholding the Smith Act (which made membership in the Communist Party illegal) in Dennis v. U.S. was erroneous. The chapter also explains why Mill’s social process epistemology does not undermine his political philosophy. The author concludes by explaining why the main principle would endorse a human right to freedom of expression.
Miklos Sarvary
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262016940
- eISBN:
- 9780262301176
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262016940.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
We live in an “Information Age” of overabundant data and lightning-fast transmission. Yet although information and knowledge represent key factors in most economic decisions, we often forget that ...
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We live in an “Information Age” of overabundant data and lightning-fast transmission. Yet although information and knowledge represent key factors in most economic decisions, we often forget that data, information, and knowledge are products created and traded within the knowledge economy. This book describes the information industry—the far-flung universe of companies whose core business is to sell information to decision makers. These companies include such long-established firms as Thomson Reuters (which began in 1850 with carrier pigeons relaying stock market news) as well as newer, dominant players like Google and Facebook. The book highlights the special characteristics of information and knowledge, and analyzes the unusual behaviors of the markets for them. It shows how technology contributes to the spectacular growth of this sector and how new markets for information change our economic environment. Research in economics, business strategy, and marketing has shown that information is different from other goods and services; this is especially true in competitive settings and may result in strange competitive market outcomes. For example, the book points out, unreliable information may be more expensive than reliable information; information sellers may be better off inviting competitors into their market because this may allow them to increase their prices; and competition may lead to increased media bias—but this may benefit consumers who want to discover the truth. The book explores the implications of these and other peculiarities for information buyers and sellers.Less
We live in an “Information Age” of overabundant data and lightning-fast transmission. Yet although information and knowledge represent key factors in most economic decisions, we often forget that data, information, and knowledge are products created and traded within the knowledge economy. This book describes the information industry—the far-flung universe of companies whose core business is to sell information to decision makers. These companies include such long-established firms as Thomson Reuters (which began in 1850 with carrier pigeons relaying stock market news) as well as newer, dominant players like Google and Facebook. The book highlights the special characteristics of information and knowledge, and analyzes the unusual behaviors of the markets for them. It shows how technology contributes to the spectacular growth of this sector and how new markets for information change our economic environment. Research in economics, business strategy, and marketing has shown that information is different from other goods and services; this is especially true in competitive settings and may result in strange competitive market outcomes. For example, the book points out, unreliable information may be more expensive than reliable information; information sellers may be better off inviting competitors into their market because this may allow them to increase their prices; and competition may lead to increased media bias—but this may benefit consumers who want to discover the truth. The book explores the implications of these and other peculiarities for information buyers and sellers.
Barry M. Katz
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029636
- eISBN:
- 9780262330923
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029636.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
The concluding chapter examines the nature of professional practice as it has matured over the last 20 years. The chapter shows in detail how design evolved from the shaping of objects to become an ...
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The concluding chapter examines the nature of professional practice as it has matured over the last 20 years. The chapter shows in detail how design evolved from the shaping of objects to become an essential part of the strategies of some of the world’s most influential companies and organizations. We examine the contributions to this process of labs such as the Interval Research Corporation, the established consultancies and their second- and third-generation successors, companies ranging from Apple and Adobe to Google and Facebook, and in the context of specific category-defining products including the Amazon Kindle, the Nest Learning Thermostat, and the Tesla Model S. The chapter concludes with a review of the extension of design practice into the realm of social enterprise and the application of design methodologies to issues of poverty, health, and civil rights.Less
The concluding chapter examines the nature of professional practice as it has matured over the last 20 years. The chapter shows in detail how design evolved from the shaping of objects to become an essential part of the strategies of some of the world’s most influential companies and organizations. We examine the contributions to this process of labs such as the Interval Research Corporation, the established consultancies and their second- and third-generation successors, companies ranging from Apple and Adobe to Google and Facebook, and in the context of specific category-defining products including the Amazon Kindle, the Nest Learning Thermostat, and the Tesla Model S. The chapter concludes with a review of the extension of design practice into the realm of social enterprise and the application of design methodologies to issues of poverty, health, and civil rights.
Julian Warner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262013444
- eISBN:
- 9780262259262
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262013444.001.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
Information retrieval in the age of Internet search engines has become part of ordinary discourse and everyday practice: “Google” is a verb in common usage. Thus far, more attention has been given to ...
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Information retrieval in the age of Internet search engines has become part of ordinary discourse and everyday practice: “Google” is a verb in common usage. Thus far, more attention has been given to practical understanding of information retrieval than to a full theoretical account. This book offers a comprehensive overview of information retrieval, synthesizing theories from different disciplines (information and computer science, librarianship and indexing, and information society discourse) and incorporating such disparate systems as WorldCat and Google into a single theoretical framework. There is a need for such a theoretical treatment, it argues, one that reveals the structure and underlying patterns of this complex field while remaining congruent with everyday practice. The book presents a labor theoretic approach to information retrieval, building on previously formulated distinction between semantic and syntactic mental labor, arguing that the description and search labor of information retrieval can be understood as both semantic and syntactic in character. This information science approach is rooted in the humanities and the social sciences but informed by an understanding of information technology and information theory. The chapters offer a progressive exposition of the topic, with illustrative examples to explain the concepts presented.Less
Information retrieval in the age of Internet search engines has become part of ordinary discourse and everyday practice: “Google” is a verb in common usage. Thus far, more attention has been given to practical understanding of information retrieval than to a full theoretical account. This book offers a comprehensive overview of information retrieval, synthesizing theories from different disciplines (information and computer science, librarianship and indexing, and information society discourse) and incorporating such disparate systems as WorldCat and Google into a single theoretical framework. There is a need for such a theoretical treatment, it argues, one that reveals the structure and underlying patterns of this complex field while remaining congruent with everyday practice. The book presents a labor theoretic approach to information retrieval, building on previously formulated distinction between semantic and syntactic mental labor, arguing that the description and search labor of information retrieval can be understood as both semantic and syntactic in character. This information science approach is rooted in the humanities and the social sciences but informed by an understanding of information technology and information theory. The chapters offer a progressive exposition of the topic, with illustrative examples to explain the concepts presented.
M. E. J. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199206650
- eISBN:
- 9780191594175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.003.0019
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
Chapter 4 showed examples of networks that have information stored at their vertices: the World Wide Web, citation networks, peer-to-peer networks, and so forth. These networks can store large ...
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Chapter 4 showed examples of networks that have information stored at their vertices: the World Wide Web, citation networks, peer-to-peer networks, and so forth. These networks can store large amounts of data but those data would be virtually useless without some way of searching through them for particular items. So important is it to be able to perform fast and accurate searches that the companies that provide the most popular search services are now some of the largest in their respective industries — Google, Thomson Reuters, LexisNexis — and constitute multibillion dollar international operations. This chapter examines some of the network issues involved in efficient searching and some implications of search ideas for the structure and behaviour of networks. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.Less
Chapter 4 showed examples of networks that have information stored at their vertices: the World Wide Web, citation networks, peer-to-peer networks, and so forth. These networks can store large amounts of data but those data would be virtually useless without some way of searching through them for particular items. So important is it to be able to perform fast and accurate searches that the companies that provide the most popular search services are now some of the largest in their respective industries — Google, Thomson Reuters, LexisNexis — and constitute multibillion dollar international operations. This chapter examines some of the network issues involved in efficient searching and some implications of search ideas for the structure and behaviour of networks. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Ayesha Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226288796
- eISBN:
- 9780226288826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226288826.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
The epilogue begins with an explication of the famous Fool’s Cap Map and outlines the major thematic arcs of the book’s meditation on worldmaking: the circular dialectic from the self to world and ...
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The epilogue begins with an explication of the famous Fool’s Cap Map and outlines the major thematic arcs of the book’s meditation on worldmaking: the circular dialectic from the self to world and back again; the strategic discursive shift from cosmography to cosmopolitanism over the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; the emergence of a global international politics and moral philosophy; and the essential role of the speculative, creative imagination alongside the new science in the renovation of “world” as a modern concept. It returns to the form of the atlas as a means for re-organizing and comprehending the world, connecting historical-critical projects such as Aby Warburg’s Atlas Mnemosyne (and its recent reconstructions) to the promise of the mapping challenge undertaken by Google Earth.Less
The epilogue begins with an explication of the famous Fool’s Cap Map and outlines the major thematic arcs of the book’s meditation on worldmaking: the circular dialectic from the self to world and back again; the strategic discursive shift from cosmography to cosmopolitanism over the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; the emergence of a global international politics and moral philosophy; and the essential role of the speculative, creative imagination alongside the new science in the renovation of “world” as a modern concept. It returns to the form of the atlas as a means for re-organizing and comprehending the world, connecting historical-critical projects such as Aby Warburg’s Atlas Mnemosyne (and its recent reconstructions) to the promise of the mapping challenge undertaken by Google Earth.
Joanne Elizabeth Gray
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190072070
- eISBN:
- 9780190072100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190072070.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter provides an examination of Google’s US copyright case law, covering disputes over Google’s use, without permission, of copyrighted content in Google Search, Google Images, Google Books, ...
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This chapter provides an examination of Google’s US copyright case law, covering disputes over Google’s use, without permission, of copyrighted content in Google Search, Google Images, Google Books, YouTube, and its phone operating system Android. When resolving Google’s copyright disputes, US courts have considered the public benefits of Google’s services and have exhibited a willingness to limit private property rights in favor of the public interest in accessing information and content. These decisions have legitimized Google’s activities, and they have gifted Google private gains that fuel its information empire.Less
This chapter provides an examination of Google’s US copyright case law, covering disputes over Google’s use, without permission, of copyrighted content in Google Search, Google Images, Google Books, YouTube, and its phone operating system Android. When resolving Google’s copyright disputes, US courts have considered the public benefits of Google’s services and have exhibited a willingness to limit private property rights in favor of the public interest in accessing information and content. These decisions have legitimized Google’s activities, and they have gifted Google private gains that fuel its information empire.
Jose van Dijck
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199970773
- eISBN:
- 9780199307425
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970773.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This book studies the rise of social media in the first decade of the twenty-first century, up until 2012. It provides both a historical and a critical analysis of the emergence of networking ...
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This book studies the rise of social media in the first decade of the twenty-first century, up until 2012. It provides both a historical and a critical analysis of the emergence of networking services in the context of a changing ecosystem of connective media. Such history is needed to understand how the intricate constellation of platforms profoundly affects our experience of online sociality. In a short period of time, services like Facebook, YouTube and many others have come to deeply penetrate our daily habits of communication and creative production. While most sites started out as amateur-driven community platforms, half a decade later they have turned into large corporations that do not just facilitate user connectedness, but have become global information and data mining companies extracting and exploiting user connectivity. Offering a dual analytical prism to examine techno-cultural as well as socio-economic aspects of social media, the author dissects five major platforms: Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTube, and Wikipedia. Each of these microsystems occupies a distinct position in the larger ecosystem of connective media, and yet, their underlying mechanisms for coding interfaces, steering users, filtering content, governance and business models rely on shared ideological principles. Reconstructing the premises on which these platforms are built, this study highlights how norms for online interaction and communication gradually changed. “Sharing,” “friending,” “liking,” “following,” “trending,” and “favoriting” have come to denote online practices imbued with specific technological and economic meanings. This process of normalization is part of a larger political and ideological battle over information control in an online world where everything is bound to become “social.”Less
This book studies the rise of social media in the first decade of the twenty-first century, up until 2012. It provides both a historical and a critical analysis of the emergence of networking services in the context of a changing ecosystem of connective media. Such history is needed to understand how the intricate constellation of platforms profoundly affects our experience of online sociality. In a short period of time, services like Facebook, YouTube and many others have come to deeply penetrate our daily habits of communication and creative production. While most sites started out as amateur-driven community platforms, half a decade later they have turned into large corporations that do not just facilitate user connectedness, but have become global information and data mining companies extracting and exploiting user connectivity. Offering a dual analytical prism to examine techno-cultural as well as socio-economic aspects of social media, the author dissects five major platforms: Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTube, and Wikipedia. Each of these microsystems occupies a distinct position in the larger ecosystem of connective media, and yet, their underlying mechanisms for coding interfaces, steering users, filtering content, governance and business models rely on shared ideological principles. Reconstructing the premises on which these platforms are built, this study highlights how norms for online interaction and communication gradually changed. “Sharing,” “friending,” “liking,” “following,” “trending,” and “favoriting” have come to denote online practices imbued with specific technological and economic meanings. This process of normalization is part of a larger political and ideological battle over information control in an online world where everything is bound to become “social.”
Ned Horning, Julie A. Robinson, Eleanor J. Sterling, Woody Turner, and Sacha Spector
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199219940
- eISBN:
- 9780191917417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199219940.003.0016
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
From space, much of Indonesia appeared to be on fire. One of the strongest El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events of the twentieth century had ...
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From space, much of Indonesia appeared to be on fire. One of the strongest El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events of the twentieth century had generated drought conditions in the fall of 1997 and early 1998. These conditions, probably in concert with the impacts of logging, resulted in what has been called the largest fire disaster ever observed (Siegert et al. 2001). The powerful 1997–8 ENSO also led to extensive fires in Amazonia. The humid tropics, home to Earth’s greatest concentrations of biodiversity, had long been thought to be fire resistant due to high-moisture levels in the leaf litter and the humidity of the understory. The massive fires of 1997–8 increased our understanding of the complex interactions between fire and humid tropical forests. Since the late 1990s, a new synthesis has emerged linking ENSO events, drought, logging, and fire in the wet tropics. This synthesis has sought to understand the impacts of these phenomena on tropical environments and also explain the role humans play in tropical fires and fire impacts. Remote sensing has been an important tool in forging this new synthesis of understanding. For example, NOAA’s workhorse AVHRR sensor, the SeaWiFS sensor, and NASA’s TOMS instrument were among the satellite tools available to provide imagery of the dramatic events of 1997–8. In this chapter, we discuss the potential for remote sensing to detect, monitor, and increase our understanding of certain disturbance mechanisms affecting ecosystems. We focus on fires and floods, adding shorter sections at the end on two other drivers of disturbance, volcanoes and dams. A key challenge lies in understanding the degree to which logging, even selective logging, is interacting with periodic droughts to drive fires in humid forests. Are humid tropical forests essentially immune to fire unless disturbed by human logging, or have they always been subject to climate-induced droughts and subsequent fires? The answer is crucial in determining our impact on these great storehouses of biodiversity and holds major implications for forest management. Part of the answer lies in looking backward in time.
Less
From space, much of Indonesia appeared to be on fire. One of the strongest El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events of the twentieth century had generated drought conditions in the fall of 1997 and early 1998. These conditions, probably in concert with the impacts of logging, resulted in what has been called the largest fire disaster ever observed (Siegert et al. 2001). The powerful 1997–8 ENSO also led to extensive fires in Amazonia. The humid tropics, home to Earth’s greatest concentrations of biodiversity, had long been thought to be fire resistant due to high-moisture levels in the leaf litter and the humidity of the understory. The massive fires of 1997–8 increased our understanding of the complex interactions between fire and humid tropical forests. Since the late 1990s, a new synthesis has emerged linking ENSO events, drought, logging, and fire in the wet tropics. This synthesis has sought to understand the impacts of these phenomena on tropical environments and also explain the role humans play in tropical fires and fire impacts. Remote sensing has been an important tool in forging this new synthesis of understanding. For example, NOAA’s workhorse AVHRR sensor, the SeaWiFS sensor, and NASA’s TOMS instrument were among the satellite tools available to provide imagery of the dramatic events of 1997–8. In this chapter, we discuss the potential for remote sensing to detect, monitor, and increase our understanding of certain disturbance mechanisms affecting ecosystems. We focus on fires and floods, adding shorter sections at the end on two other drivers of disturbance, volcanoes and dams. A key challenge lies in understanding the degree to which logging, even selective logging, is interacting with periodic droughts to drive fires in humid forests. Are humid tropical forests essentially immune to fire unless disturbed by human logging, or have they always been subject to climate-induced droughts and subsequent fires? The answer is crucial in determining our impact on these great storehouses of biodiversity and holds major implications for forest management. Part of the answer lies in looking backward in time.
Michael Syrotinski
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620658
- eISBN:
- 9781789623918
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620658.003.0020
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
For Barbara Cassin, the distinguished French philosopher and Greek philologist, and editor of the acclaimed Vocabulaire européen des philosophies: Dictionnaire des intraduisibles, the question of ...
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For Barbara Cassin, the distinguished French philosopher and Greek philologist, and editor of the acclaimed Vocabulaire européen des philosophies: Dictionnaire des intraduisibles, the question of form coalesces at the juncture of several intertwined disciplinary interests, and theoretical enterprises: the ever-expanding ‘Untranslatables’ project, in which literary and aesthetic form are at the heart of a very different way of 'doing philosophy' multilingually; the reading of Lacanian psychoanalysis as a form of modern-day sophistry; and the critique of Google’s domination of the information age. This chapter reads 'form' in her work through a consideration of how it functions in each of a series of interrelated operations — the sophistic challenge to Platonic or Aristotelian form; the status of transformation in Lacanian psychoanalysis; an Austinian performative reading of political discourse; and how the so-called information age is redefining the very form itself of knowledge — all of which, I will argue, are tied in different ways to the core notion of the untranslatable. Less
For Barbara Cassin, the distinguished French philosopher and Greek philologist, and editor of the acclaimed Vocabulaire européen des philosophies: Dictionnaire des intraduisibles, the question of form coalesces at the juncture of several intertwined disciplinary interests, and theoretical enterprises: the ever-expanding ‘Untranslatables’ project, in which literary and aesthetic form are at the heart of a very different way of 'doing philosophy' multilingually; the reading of Lacanian psychoanalysis as a form of modern-day sophistry; and the critique of Google’s domination of the information age. This chapter reads 'form' in her work through a consideration of how it functions in each of a series of interrelated operations — the sophistic challenge to Platonic or Aristotelian form; the status of transformation in Lacanian psychoanalysis; an Austinian performative reading of political discourse; and how the so-called information age is redefining the very form itself of knowledge — all of which, I will argue, are tied in different ways to the core notion of the untranslatable.
