MARCUS GEORGE SINGER
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198250210
- eISBN:
- 9780191681264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198250210.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter argues that the Golden Rule does not require anyone to do for another what he thinks he would want himself to do if he were that other. ...
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This chapter argues that the Golden Rule does not require anyone to do for another what he thinks he would want himself to do if he were that other. Such an interpretation makes it equivalent to its Inversion. What the Golden Rule requires is that everyone ought to act in his relations with others on the same standards or principles that he would have them apply in their treatment of him, taking account of and respecting, but not necessarily acceding to, their wishes and desires. This is the most that anyone can reasonably ask, but nothing less will suffice. Naturally, the Golden Rule by itself does not unambiguously and definitely determine just what these ‘standards or principles’ should be, but it does something towards determining this, and it is not necessary that it do everything.Less
This chapter argues that the Golden Rule does not require anyone to do for another what he thinks he would want himself to do if he were that other. Such an interpretation makes it equivalent to its Inversion. What the Golden Rule requires is that everyone ought to act in his relations with others on the same standards or principles that he would have them apply in their treatment of him, taking account of and respecting, but not necessarily acceding to, their wishes and desires. This is the most that anyone can reasonably ask, but nothing less will suffice. Naturally, the Golden Rule by itself does not unambiguously and definitely determine just what these ‘standards or principles’ should be, but it does something towards determining this, and it is not necessary that it do everything.
Anna Wierzbicka
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195137330
- eISBN:
- 9780199867905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195137337.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Offers new interpretations of many of Jesus’ most memorable sayings, bringing into sharper focus their originality, often obscured in the literature by various superficial parallels. For example, ...
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Offers new interpretations of many of Jesus’ most memorable sayings, bringing into sharper focus their originality, often obscured in the literature by various superficial parallels. For example, drawing on Clement of Alexandria and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the chapter argues for the following interpretation of the saying “Do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing:” (1) Sometimes when a person is doing something good for other people this person thinks: “I am doing something good for other people”(2) It will not be good if you think like this when you are doing something good for other people.By using simple and universal human concepts, the chapter establishes the originality of Jesus’ “Golden Rule,” often mistakenly presented as something recurring in many different religious traditions. It also offers new interpretations of key sayings like, for example, “Do not judge . . . ,” “Ask and it will be given to you,” and “A good tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a bad tree bear good fruit.”Less
Offers new interpretations of many of Jesus’ most memorable sayings, bringing into sharper focus their originality, often obscured in the literature by various superficial parallels. For example, drawing on Clement of Alexandria and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the chapter argues for the following interpretation of the saying “Do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing:” (1) Sometimes when a person is doing something good for other people this person thinks: “I am doing something good for other people”(2) It will not be good if you think like this when you are doing something good for other people.
By using simple and universal human concepts, the chapter establishes the originality of Jesus’ “Golden Rule,” often mistakenly presented as something recurring in many different religious traditions. It also offers new interpretations of key sayings like, for example, “Do not judge . . . ,” “Ask and it will be given to you,” and “A good tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a bad tree bear good fruit.”
Maurice FitzGerald Scott
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287421
- eISBN:
- 9780191596872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287429.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Using post Second World War data for the USA and the UK up to 1973, marginal social returns to investment are tentatively estimated to have been about 13% per annum, and marginal post‐tax shareholder ...
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Using post Second World War data for the USA and the UK up to 1973, marginal social returns to investment are tentatively estimated to have been about 13% per annum, and marginal post‐tax shareholder returns less than half of this. The large gap between these was due to four factors: taxation accounted for about a third, a learning externality for about two‐thirds, a market externality for rather more than a third, and animal spirits roughly negatived that. If all four factors could have been overcome, investment would have been far higher and growth perhaps 2% per annum faster in each country, though whether this would really have been optimal is doubtful. Nevertheless, governments should consider taxing savings less and increasing their own rate of saving. Other views of optimum growth, such as the Golden Rule, are attacked.Less
Using post Second World War data for the USA and the UK up to 1973, marginal social returns to investment are tentatively estimated to have been about 13% per annum, and marginal post‐tax shareholder returns less than half of this. The large gap between these was due to four factors: taxation accounted for about a third, a learning externality for about two‐thirds, a market externality for rather more than a third, and animal spirits roughly negatived that. If all four factors could have been overcome, investment would have been far higher and growth perhaps 2% per annum faster in each country, though whether this would really have been optimal is doubtful. Nevertheless, governments should consider taxing savings less and increasing their own rate of saving. Other views of optimum growth, such as the Golden Rule, are attacked.
Michio Morishima
- Published in print:
- 1969
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198281641
- eISBN:
- 9780191596667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198281641.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Devoted to establishing the optimality of competitive equilibrium paths of various orders. So far three kinds of equilibrium growth paths have been discussed in the book: the Cassel–von Neumann path ...
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Devoted to establishing the optimality of competitive equilibrium paths of various orders. So far three kinds of equilibrium growth paths have been discussed in the book: the Cassel–von Neumann path of balanced growth, the Lindahl–Hicks sequence of temporary equilibria, and the Hicks–Malinvaud perfect equilibrium over time. These are now examined for efficiency and optimality. Each of them is compared with any other in succession. The different sections of the chapter discuss definitions of efficiency and Pareto optimality, short‐run efficiency of temporary equilibrium and long‐run efficiency of full equilibrium, Pareto optimality of the Lindahl–Hicks and the Hicks–Malinvaud path, Farkas’ theorem of linear inequalities, the fact that shadow prices associated with a Pareto optimum obey the rules of competitive pricing, the conditions that should be satisfied in order for a given point of Pareto optimum to be a competitive equilibrium, and the Golden Rule of Accumulation.Less
Devoted to establishing the optimality of competitive equilibrium paths of various orders. So far three kinds of equilibrium growth paths have been discussed in the book: the Cassel–von Neumann path of balanced growth, the Lindahl–Hicks sequence of temporary equilibria, and the Hicks–Malinvaud perfect equilibrium over time. These are now examined for efficiency and optimality. Each of them is compared with any other in succession. The different sections of the chapter discuss definitions of efficiency and Pareto optimality, short‐run efficiency of temporary equilibrium and long‐run efficiency of full equilibrium, Pareto optimality of the Lindahl–Hicks and the Hicks–Malinvaud path, Farkas’ theorem of linear inequalities, the fact that shadow prices associated with a Pareto optimum obey the rules of competitive pricing, the conditions that should be satisfied in order for a given point of Pareto optimum to be a competitive equilibrium, and the Golden Rule of Accumulation.
Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374049
- eISBN:
- 9780199871889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Implementing any top‐down ethical theory of ethics in an artificial moral agent will pose both computational and practical challenges. One central concern is framing the background information ...
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Implementing any top‐down ethical theory of ethics in an artificial moral agent will pose both computational and practical challenges. One central concern is framing the background information necessary for rule and duty based conceptions of ethics and utilitarianism. Asimov's three laws come readily to mind when considering rules for (ro)bots, but even these apparently straightforward principles are not likely to be practical for programming moral machines. To check whether a machine's actions conform to high‐level rules such as the Golden Rule, the deontology of Kant's categorical imperative, or the general demands of consequentialism, e.g. utilitarianism, fail to be computationally tractable.Less
Implementing any top‐down ethical theory of ethics in an artificial moral agent will pose both computational and practical challenges. One central concern is framing the background information necessary for rule and duty based conceptions of ethics and utilitarianism. Asimov's three laws come readily to mind when considering rules for (ro)bots, but even these apparently straightforward principles are not likely to be practical for programming moral machines. To check whether a machine's actions conform to high‐level rules such as the Golden Rule, the deontology of Kant's categorical imperative, or the general demands of consequentialism, e.g. utilitarianism, fail to be computationally tractable.
James C. Raines and Nic T. Dibble
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199735853
- eISBN:
- 9780199863457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199735853.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
There is an important difference between “managing” the ethical predicament, rather than “resolving” it. Managing a problem does not mean that we can necessarily prevent all negative outcomes whereas ...
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There is an important difference between “managing” the ethical predicament, rather than “resolving” it. Managing a problem does not mean that we can necessarily prevent all negative outcomes whereas resolving a problem implies that it can be reconciled to everyone's complete satisfaction. Prior to implementing a course of action, practitioners should subject it to five tests: the Golden Rule, the fiduciary relationship, generalizability, publicity, and universality. Regardless of the decision, some stakeholders will be unhappy so it is important to be able to justify the decision. Criticism can be managed by focusing on three strengths: protection of the student or others from harm; handling the present crisis; and focusing on the positives of the situation such as the fact that the student confided in a trustworthy adult. Finally, it is important to document the ethical decision making steps before implementing the decision.Less
There is an important difference between “managing” the ethical predicament, rather than “resolving” it. Managing a problem does not mean that we can necessarily prevent all negative outcomes whereas resolving a problem implies that it can be reconciled to everyone's complete satisfaction. Prior to implementing a course of action, practitioners should subject it to five tests: the Golden Rule, the fiduciary relationship, generalizability, publicity, and universality. Regardless of the decision, some stakeholders will be unhappy so it is important to be able to justify the decision. Criticism can be managed by focusing on three strengths: protection of the student or others from harm; handling the present crisis; and focusing on the positives of the situation such as the fact that the student confided in a trustworthy adult. Finally, it is important to document the ethical decision making steps before implementing the decision.
H. S. Harris
- Published in print:
- 1971
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198243588
- eISBN:
- 9780191680700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198243588.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter details Hegel's activities from 1793 to 1796. These include an account of his life in Berne, his initial views on of the ideal toward which men ought to aim as rational and social ...
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This chapter details Hegel's activities from 1793 to 1796. These include an account of his life in Berne, his initial views on of the ideal toward which men ought to aim as rational and social beings, the correspondence between Hegel and Schelling, and his attack on the disciplinary conception of morality, and on asceticism generally.Less
This chapter details Hegel's activities from 1793 to 1796. These include an account of his life in Berne, his initial views on of the ideal toward which men ought to aim as rational and social beings, the correspondence between Hegel and Schelling, and his attack on the disciplinary conception of morality, and on asceticism generally.
Derek Parfit
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199572809
- eISBN:
- 9780191809866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199572809.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter presents a philosophical discussion of impartiality, first by considering the Golden Rule, which says we ought to treat others as we would want others to treat us. The Golden Rule is ...
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This chapter presents a philosophical discussion of impartiality, first by considering the Golden Rule, which says we ought to treat others as we would want others to treat us. The Golden Rule is similar to Immanuel Kant's Formula of Universal Law, in which he declares: ‘I want everyone else to be beneficent toward me; hence I ought also to be beneficent toward everyone else.’ Although Kant calls his formula ‘the supreme principle of morality’, he dismisses the Golden Rule as ‘trivial’ and unfit to be a universal law. The chapter argues that Kant's Formula of Universal Law fails to condemn many wrong acts, even if these problems have a Kantian solution. It also explores the Rarity Objection, the High Stakes Objection, and the Non-Reversibility Objection. Finally, it explains the Kantian Contractualist Formula, which says everyone ought to follow the principles whose universal acceptance everyone could rationally will.Less
This chapter presents a philosophical discussion of impartiality, first by considering the Golden Rule, which says we ought to treat others as we would want others to treat us. The Golden Rule is similar to Immanuel Kant's Formula of Universal Law, in which he declares: ‘I want everyone else to be beneficent toward me; hence I ought also to be beneficent toward everyone else.’ Although Kant calls his formula ‘the supreme principle of morality’, he dismisses the Golden Rule as ‘trivial’ and unfit to be a universal law. The chapter argues that Kant's Formula of Universal Law fails to condemn many wrong acts, even if these problems have a Kantian solution. It also explores the Rarity Objection, the High Stakes Objection, and the Non-Reversibility Objection. Finally, it explains the Kantian Contractualist Formula, which says everyone ought to follow the principles whose universal acceptance everyone could rationally will.
H. R. H. Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198709565
- eISBN:
- 9780191779794
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198709565.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter begins with the New Testament text of the two great commandments, and explores the relationship between the two great commandments and the so-called ‘Golden Rule’, arguing that the ...
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This chapter begins with the New Testament text of the two great commandments, and explores the relationship between the two great commandments and the so-called ‘Golden Rule’, arguing that the Golden Rule ‘hangs on’ and is a restatement of the two great commandments. Drawing on the nineteenth-century phrase ‘the rule of law’, Prince Ghazi proposes the phrase ‘the rule of law of love’ to express this Biblical principle. He then applies it to three areas: the interpretation of the Bible, focusing on the account of the Canaanite woman in Mathew 15 and on gospel texts which seem to promote violence; issues of social interaction, such as the raising of children in a marriage where only one spouse is a believer; and the contribution this hermeneutical principle may make to the philosophical basis for law.Less
This chapter begins with the New Testament text of the two great commandments, and explores the relationship between the two great commandments and the so-called ‘Golden Rule’, arguing that the Golden Rule ‘hangs on’ and is a restatement of the two great commandments. Drawing on the nineteenth-century phrase ‘the rule of law’, Prince Ghazi proposes the phrase ‘the rule of law of love’ to express this Biblical principle. He then applies it to three areas: the interpretation of the Bible, focusing on the account of the Canaanite woman in Mathew 15 and on gospel texts which seem to promote violence; issues of social interaction, such as the raising of children in a marriage where only one spouse is a believer; and the contribution this hermeneutical principle may make to the philosophical basis for law.
Andrew Millie
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447323709
- eISBN:
- 9781447323723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447323709.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter demonstrates that there is much crossover between moral philosophy ad criminology. The day-to-day interests within criminology are linked with ideas and notions to do with morality, ...
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This chapter demonstrates that there is much crossover between moral philosophy ad criminology. The day-to-day interests within criminology are linked with ideas and notions to do with morality, whether to criminalise, how to police, how to punish, limitations of social control and how to side with the powerless. These are all questions which revolve around ideas of morality. This chapter discusses different philosophical traditions such as virtues and consequences and deontological notions of duty and rules. Then a historic association between utilitarian thinking and criminology is noted, concluding by considering the Golden Rule and Immanuel Kant’s categorical imperative.Less
This chapter demonstrates that there is much crossover between moral philosophy ad criminology. The day-to-day interests within criminology are linked with ideas and notions to do with morality, whether to criminalise, how to police, how to punish, limitations of social control and how to side with the powerless. These are all questions which revolve around ideas of morality. This chapter discusses different philosophical traditions such as virtues and consequences and deontological notions of duty and rules. Then a historic association between utilitarian thinking and criminology is noted, concluding by considering the Golden Rule and Immanuel Kant’s categorical imperative.
Daniel Eggers
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198803409
- eISBN:
- 9780191860836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198803409.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter is devoted to Hobbes’s attempt to set up the moral theory that grounds his political argument in a way that makes it equally acceptable to proponents of quite different religious and ...
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This chapter is devoted to Hobbes’s attempt to set up the moral theory that grounds his political argument in a way that makes it equally acceptable to proponents of quite different religious and ideological views. The purpose of the chapter is, first, to demonstrate that Hobbes does in fact pursue this strategy and appeal to a consensus omnium at various points of his derivation of the state of war and his doctrine of natural law and natural right; secondly, to systematically describe Hobbes’s underlying approach as an example of ‘extra-moral justification’ and contrast it with John Rawls’s appeal to an ‘overlapping consensus’ as an example of ‘intra-moral justification’; and thirdly, to assess the respective merits of the two types of moral justification with regard to the challenge of religious pluralism.Less
This chapter is devoted to Hobbes’s attempt to set up the moral theory that grounds his political argument in a way that makes it equally acceptable to proponents of quite different religious and ideological views. The purpose of the chapter is, first, to demonstrate that Hobbes does in fact pursue this strategy and appeal to a consensus omnium at various points of his derivation of the state of war and his doctrine of natural law and natural right; secondly, to systematically describe Hobbes’s underlying approach as an example of ‘extra-moral justification’ and contrast it with John Rawls’s appeal to an ‘overlapping consensus’ as an example of ‘intra-moral justification’; and thirdly, to assess the respective merits of the two types of moral justification with regard to the challenge of religious pluralism.
Robert Stevens
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199211609
- eISBN:
- 9780191705946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211609.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
It is common to try to explain the law of torts through one or more of the instrumentalist goals it could be thought to pursue. These goals, such as compensation, deterrence, loss spreading and ...
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It is common to try to explain the law of torts through one or more of the instrumentalist goals it could be thought to pursue. These goals, such as compensation, deterrence, loss spreading and punishment, cannot justify the law as it is currently found. Corrective justice is an alternative, but requires explication. On a narrow view, corrective justice solely justifies the secondary obligations of correction created by the infringement of primary rights, but does not explain the primary rights themselves. On a wider view, corrective justice is intended to mean the bilateral justice as between any two persons. Used in this broader sense the label ‘corrective justice’ is misleading, and the label commutative justice may be preferred. The common law is based upon our natural rights, one against another, based upon the negative formulation of the Golden Rule: do not do unto others what you would not want done unto yourself.Less
It is common to try to explain the law of torts through one or more of the instrumentalist goals it could be thought to pursue. These goals, such as compensation, deterrence, loss spreading and punishment, cannot justify the law as it is currently found. Corrective justice is an alternative, but requires explication. On a narrow view, corrective justice solely justifies the secondary obligations of correction created by the infringement of primary rights, but does not explain the primary rights themselves. On a wider view, corrective justice is intended to mean the bilateral justice as between any two persons. Used in this broader sense the label ‘corrective justice’ is misleading, and the label commutative justice may be preferred. The common law is based upon our natural rights, one against another, based upon the negative formulation of the Golden Rule: do not do unto others what you would not want done unto yourself.
Dennis L. Krebs
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199778232
- eISBN:
- 9780199897261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778232.003.0032
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter contains an account of how culturally universal and culturally specific moral norms evolved. Norms evolve when members of groups make rules to formalize agreements about how they should ...
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This chapter contains an account of how culturally universal and culturally specific moral norms evolved. Norms evolve when members of groups make rules to formalize agreements about how they should behave in order to uphold the social order. The rules and sanctions that members of groups create to control the behavior of others end up controlling their own behavior. People serve as agents of selection, determining which standards and customs get repeated and develop into moral norms. Norms such as the norm of reciprocity and the Golden Rule that prescribe fair and reversible solutions to social conflicts are universal because they uphold mutually-beneficial forms of cooperation and enable people to resolve their conflicts of interest in optimal ways. However, the content of specific moral norms may vary within and across cultures for a variety of adaptive and maladaptive reasons.Less
This chapter contains an account of how culturally universal and culturally specific moral norms evolved. Norms evolve when members of groups make rules to formalize agreements about how they should behave in order to uphold the social order. The rules and sanctions that members of groups create to control the behavior of others end up controlling their own behavior. People serve as agents of selection, determining which standards and customs get repeated and develop into moral norms. Norms such as the norm of reciprocity and the Golden Rule that prescribe fair and reversible solutions to social conflicts are universal because they uphold mutually-beneficial forms of cooperation and enable people to resolve their conflicts of interest in optimal ways. However, the content of specific moral norms may vary within and across cultures for a variety of adaptive and maladaptive reasons.
Nancy Tatom Ammerman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199896448
- eISBN:
- 9780199367702
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199896448.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter suggests that the study of religion in society should include everyday interaction as captured in the narratives that give an account of life. Growing attention to “everyday religion,” ...
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This chapter suggests that the study of religion in society should include everyday interaction as captured in the narratives that give an account of life. Growing attention to “everyday religion,” “lived religion,” and “Golden Rule Christianity” has made clear that macro-theoretical accounts of secularization and global surveys of beliefs do not capture the presence of the sacred in the modern world. The chapter describes the research participants and the study’s data gathering methods, which included an oral life history interview, photo elicitation interviews, and oral diaries. It introduces the domains of personal practice, religious community, household, work, health, and public life that will be explored.Less
This chapter suggests that the study of religion in society should include everyday interaction as captured in the narratives that give an account of life. Growing attention to “everyday religion,” “lived religion,” and “Golden Rule Christianity” has made clear that macro-theoretical accounts of secularization and global surveys of beliefs do not capture the presence of the sacred in the modern world. The chapter describes the research participants and the study’s data gathering methods, which included an oral life history interview, photo elicitation interviews, and oral diaries. It introduces the domains of personal practice, religious community, household, work, health, and public life that will be explored.
B. K. Ridley FRS
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199677214
- eISBN:
- 9780191760624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677214.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
In certain cases, the electron involved in the scattering process may begin in a well-defined initial state and end up in an equally well-defined final state. Scattering is assumed to conserve energy ...
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In certain cases, the electron involved in the scattering process may begin in a well-defined initial state and end up in an equally well-defined final state. Scattering is assumed to conserve energy and crystal momentum and occurs at a rate given by Fermi's Golden Rule. Because the dynamic state of each particle cannot be determined precisely, the concepts of statistical physics must be taken into account in order to describe the observable properties of the system. Thus, both quantum and statistical concepts must be incorporated into the description of semiconductor physics via the concept of the density matrix. This chapter focuses on quantum transport in semiconductors by considering systems that can be reasonably well described in terms of single-particle states. It first looks at the density matrix and uses it to derive the Lindhard dielectric function before turning to screening effects and two-level systems. It then looks at Fermi's Golden Rule as well as Wannier-Stark states, the intracollisional field effect, and the semi-classical approximation.Less
In certain cases, the electron involved in the scattering process may begin in a well-defined initial state and end up in an equally well-defined final state. Scattering is assumed to conserve energy and crystal momentum and occurs at a rate given by Fermi's Golden Rule. Because the dynamic state of each particle cannot be determined precisely, the concepts of statistical physics must be taken into account in order to describe the observable properties of the system. Thus, both quantum and statistical concepts must be incorporated into the description of semiconductor physics via the concept of the density matrix. This chapter focuses on quantum transport in semiconductors by considering systems that can be reasonably well described in terms of single-particle states. It first looks at the density matrix and uses it to derive the Lindhard dielectric function before turning to screening effects and two-level systems. It then looks at Fermi's Golden Rule as well as Wannier-Stark states, the intracollisional field effect, and the semi-classical approximation.
Steven M. Cahn and Christine Vitrano
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231172400
- eISBN:
- 9780231539364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231172400.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter examines the nature of acting morally, a necessary condition for living well. One principle common to many religious traditions is the Golden Rule. Its positive formulation, attributed ...
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This chapter examines the nature of acting morally, a necessary condition for living well. One principle common to many religious traditions is the Golden Rule. Its positive formulation, attributed to Jesus, is: “In everything do to others as you would have them do to you.” The negative formulation, attributed to Confucius, is: “What is hateful to you, do not to your neighbor.” This chapter considers two other moral standards, each of which has sometimes been thought to be the supreme moral principle. One was originally formulated by Immanuel Kant, who argues that the moral worth of an action is to be judged not by its consequences but by the nature of the maxim (the principle) that motivates the action. The second principle focuses on consequences, one defended by John Stuart Mill. Mill was a leading advocate for the ethical position known as “utilitarianism,” according to which an action is right insofar as it promotes the happiness of humanity and wrong in so far as it promotes unhappiness. The chapter argues that happiness is the missing element that has to be added to an ethical life to render it well-lived.Less
This chapter examines the nature of acting morally, a necessary condition for living well. One principle common to many religious traditions is the Golden Rule. Its positive formulation, attributed to Jesus, is: “In everything do to others as you would have them do to you.” The negative formulation, attributed to Confucius, is: “What is hateful to you, do not to your neighbor.” This chapter considers two other moral standards, each of which has sometimes been thought to be the supreme moral principle. One was originally formulated by Immanuel Kant, who argues that the moral worth of an action is to be judged not by its consequences but by the nature of the maxim (the principle) that motivates the action. The second principle focuses on consequences, one defended by John Stuart Mill. Mill was a leading advocate for the ethical position known as “utilitarianism,” according to which an action is right insofar as it promotes the happiness of humanity and wrong in so far as it promotes unhappiness. The chapter argues that happiness is the missing element that has to be added to an ethical life to render it well-lived.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231159067
- eISBN:
- 9780231504171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231159067.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter describes the consideration of the Golden Rule as something found in thinking, speaking, and acting. It argues that to be considerate is to act with propriety toward others. ...
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This chapter describes the consideration of the Golden Rule as something found in thinking, speaking, and acting. It argues that to be considerate is to act with propriety toward others. Considerateness takes the (other) person as the thing to be considered: “That which you do not desire, do not do it to other people. (If you) hate it in other people then rid it from yourself. (If you) desire it in other people then seek it in yourself.” To speak about things that do not increase propriety and yet to (still) speak of them, this is a weed of talking. To do things that do not increase propriety and yet to (still) do them, this is a weed of action. (If) there is propriety in (your) contemplation, then (your) wisdom will be superior (to others). (If) there is propriety in (your) words, then (your) words will be a guide (for others). (If) there is propriety in (your) handling of affairs, then (your) actions will be a model (for others).Less
This chapter describes the consideration of the Golden Rule as something found in thinking, speaking, and acting. It argues that to be considerate is to act with propriety toward others. Considerateness takes the (other) person as the thing to be considered: “That which you do not desire, do not do it to other people. (If you) hate it in other people then rid it from yourself. (If you) desire it in other people then seek it in yourself.” To speak about things that do not increase propriety and yet to (still) speak of them, this is a weed of talking. To do things that do not increase propriety and yet to (still) do them, this is a weed of action. (If) there is propriety in (your) contemplation, then (your) wisdom will be superior (to others). (If) there is propriety in (your) words, then (your) words will be a guide (for others). (If) there is propriety in (your) handling of affairs, then (your) actions will be a model (for others).
Peter Blood
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199644513
- eISBN:
- 9780191810329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644513.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
The quantum mechanical description of the interaction of light with atoms treats absorption, gain, and recombination as upward and downward induced transitions of electrons between two states by ...
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The quantum mechanical description of the interaction of light with atoms treats absorption, gain, and recombination as upward and downward induced transitions of electrons between two states by perturbation due to the optical electric field. This provides the basis for a quantitative theory of diode lasers. The chapter begins with Einstein’s description of absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission, setting the scene for calculation of the transition probability by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a coherent superposition of the wavefunctions of two states. The resulting absorption spectrum has a Lorentzian lineshape due to dephasing of these wavefunctions. Expressions for the optical absorption cross section and Einstein coefficients are derived in terms of the dipole matrix element, and the dipole is illustrated using a hypothetical one-dimensional atom. Fermi’s Golden Rule for transitions to a continuum of states (as in quantum wells) is introduced in terms of the momentum matrix element.Less
The quantum mechanical description of the interaction of light with atoms treats absorption, gain, and recombination as upward and downward induced transitions of electrons between two states by perturbation due to the optical electric field. This provides the basis for a quantitative theory of diode lasers. The chapter begins with Einstein’s description of absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission, setting the scene for calculation of the transition probability by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a coherent superposition of the wavefunctions of two states. The resulting absorption spectrum has a Lorentzian lineshape due to dephasing of these wavefunctions. Expressions for the optical absorption cross section and Einstein coefficients are derived in terms of the dipole matrix element, and the dipole is illustrated using a hypothetical one-dimensional atom. Fermi’s Golden Rule for transitions to a continuum of states (as in quantum wells) is introduced in terms of the momentum matrix element.
Amanda J. Baugh
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520291164
- eISBN:
- 9780520965003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520291164.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Chapter 6 examines the liberal Protestant theological underpinnings of Faith in Place’s work and the limitations to its universalistic discourse. While presenting earth stewardship as an ethic within ...
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Chapter 6 examines the liberal Protestant theological underpinnings of Faith in Place’s work and the limitations to its universalistic discourse. While presenting earth stewardship as an ethic within all religions, Faith in Place leaders actually placed stewardship above all religions, demanding that religions bend and adapt to the earth’s needs. After examining Faith in Place’s theology, the chapter discusses conflicts that emerged through encounters with people who were not liberal Protestants in order to demonstrate the limitations of the interfaith organization’s claims to universality.Less
Chapter 6 examines the liberal Protestant theological underpinnings of Faith in Place’s work and the limitations to its universalistic discourse. While presenting earth stewardship as an ethic within all religions, Faith in Place leaders actually placed stewardship above all religions, demanding that religions bend and adapt to the earth’s needs. After examining Faith in Place’s theology, the chapter discusses conflicts that emerged through encounters with people who were not liberal Protestants in order to demonstrate the limitations of the interfaith organization’s claims to universality.
Gifford A. Grobien
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198746195
- eISBN:
- 9780191808784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198746195.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Religion and Society
The new character of the life in union with Christ and formed in the worship of the Church nourishes the fundamental virtues of faith and love. Having established the theological underpinnings of the ...
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The new character of the life in union with Christ and formed in the worship of the Church nourishes the fundamental virtues of faith and love. Having established the theological underpinnings of the Christian character and the community setting in which it comes into existence and grows, this chapter considers the virtues of this Christian character and argues for a particular understanding of virtue in view of Luther’s teaching on virtue and good works. Although Luther’s criticism of Aristotelian philosophy was so strong that he rarely even used the term “virtue,” he speaks of “good works” as inclinations that grow out of faith and love. Faith inclines a person toward worship, thanks, and praise of God. Love inclines Christians to see themselves in the place of their neighbors in accordance with the Golden Rule and to act according to the neighbor’s benefit.Less
The new character of the life in union with Christ and formed in the worship of the Church nourishes the fundamental virtues of faith and love. Having established the theological underpinnings of the Christian character and the community setting in which it comes into existence and grows, this chapter considers the virtues of this Christian character and argues for a particular understanding of virtue in view of Luther’s teaching on virtue and good works. Although Luther’s criticism of Aristotelian philosophy was so strong that he rarely even used the term “virtue,” he speaks of “good works” as inclinations that grow out of faith and love. Faith inclines a person toward worship, thanks, and praise of God. Love inclines Christians to see themselves in the place of their neighbors in accordance with the Golden Rule and to act according to the neighbor’s benefit.
