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This concluding chapter argues that a human rights-based approach to education offers a promising framework for identifying and addressing the obstacles that stand in the way of minorities and disadvantaged groups enjoying equal rights to quality education. It should serve as a blueprint for laws, policies, and programmes geared towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 — universal access to quality education. The diversity of perspectives featured in this book consider these obstacles from a variety of viewpoints, illuminating more fully the complexities that need to be considered in order to successfully overcome them. These conversations need to continue across countries in a way that brings together all the actors and stakeholders in the education system to work in partnership towards a rights-oriented vision of quality education for all children.

This chapter discusses the syntax of simplex reflexives. It argues that simplex reflexives should be analysed on a par with possessive pronouns occurring in contexts of inalienable possession. Concretely, simplex reflexives are merged as the Possessum in a possessive constituent that also hosts its antecedent, the Possessor. Following Den Dikken (2006), the Possessum is merged in a position that is hierarchically higher than the Possessor. In this configuration, the reflexive Possessum is a probe c-commanding its goal, the Possessor-antecedent. The reflexive Possessum values its φ-features in an Agree relation with the Possessor, thus deriving Binding. Finally, it is shown that the constituent containing the Possessor and the Possessum is the internal argument of an unaccusative verb.

This chapter tackles the syntax of self-reflexives. Such reflexives are derived from pronouns by adjoining a self-part to them, which provides them with the syntax of floating quantifiers. This claim is developed in two steps: first, it is shown that self-reflexives share a number of properties with intensifiers (e.g., The headmaster has seen me himself). Second, it is argued that the syntax of such intensifiers closely matches that of floating quantifiers. Finally, the syntax of self-reflexives is shown to be reducible to the syntax of floating quantifiers. Floating quantifiers must c-command its antecedent. So do self-reflexives: they overtly or covertly raise to an adjoined position from which they c-command their antecedents. As probes, they value their φ-features via an Agree relation with the antecedent they c-command. An account is developed for the logophoric uses of self-reflexives.

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory is an empowering perspective for parents and teachers. In underscoring the role of adult–child dialogues in children’s development, it offers a balanced resolution to the dichotomy between adult directiveness and child-centeredness that has, for decades, permeated American parenting advice and educational practice. Consistent with a wealth of current research, sociocultural theory stresses that children contribute actively to their own development, etching their unique imprint on everything they learn. To implement sociocultural concepts of child rearing and teaching, parents and teachers must have a firm grasp of children’s temperaments, interests, knowledge, skills, and strengths and weaknesses. Yet each ingredient of effective dialogue—the shared understanding essential for genuine communication, the sensitive guidance inherent in scaffolding, the narrative conversation that builds the child’s cultural worldview, and the meaningful activities that spark learning of all kinds—requires that adults and children join forces. To create the “zone”—the dynamic region in which children acquire cognitive and social competencies and the capacity to use thought to guide behavior—children and important adults in their lives must collaborate. Adults are leaders in this collaborative process. Through dialogues, they fashion the child’s lifeline with humanity. Weaken or sever that line, and no matter how well endowed children are genetically, they become less than they otherwise could be. Although not the sole influence, adult-child togetherness through the give-and-take of communication indelibly affects children’s development. Dialogues with parents, teachers, and other significant adults transform the child’s mind, connecting it with other minds and transferring to it a wealth of understandings and skills. From the sociocultural perspective, parents help children realize their potential by making a long-term commitment to sensitivity, consistency, and richness of interaction, not by offering brief bursts of attention interspersed with little involvement. This means that good parenting is possible only through great investments of time. Early in this book, I cited evidence indicating that contemporary parents—even those with demanding careers who claim the greatest time scarcity—have ample time for generous involvement in their children’s lives.

This chapter considers how digital technology has altered the world of elite athletic performance and what this means for the future of sports. It explores how digital technology has become a pervasive—and legal—form of performance enhancement, along with having become a ubiquitous presence in an athlete’s life. It discusses how digital technologies have altered training methods and how they transform the fairness of sports, while also considering how this has influenced the work of those officials who oversee the smooth running of sports. Moreover, it discusses how knowledge arising from digitization is shaping an athlete’s experience of sport, which includes their presence within social media. The chapter also argues for the virtualization of physicality within a range of sport forms, both elite and non-elite.

Within instrumental behavior, more complex goal-directed decision making can be distinguished from habitual responding. This is illustrated by comparing model-based vs. model-free decision making and by explaining its relevance in addictive disorders. Model-based decision making aims at constructing a map of the world, while habitual decisions prune a “decision tree” and thus facilitate rather automatic responding.

This chapter lays out a research agenda to assess conditions, challenges, and prospects for the Sustainable Development Goals to pursue this aim. First, the chapter discusses goal setting as a global governance strategy. Second, to contextualize the Sustainable Development Goals, it discusses the unique nature of the modern challenges that the Sustainable Development Goals must confront and review the historical and political trajectory of sustainable development governance, including the evolution from a primarily rule-based to a more goal-based system and the experience of the earlier Millennium Development Goals. Third, the chapter reviews the negotiating history of the Sustainable Development Goals. Then, the chapter elaborate on how the chapters are organized to address the three questions that guide the book.

There are several ways in which one can understand action, intention and emotion of others. There is however only one way in which others can be understood “from inside”. This way is based on the activation of the mirror mechanism. When an individual sees an action done by another individual, mirror neurons are activated. This activation ignites a complex motor network that transforms sensory information into a motor copy of the observed action. This activation is similar to that endogenously elicited during motor execution or during emotions determined by natural stimuli. In this chapter we will illustrate the mirror mechanism and discuss the possible relation between the mirror mechanism and autism.

This chapter considers the evolution of the legislative and regulatory approach to occupational health and safety for the oil and gas industry on the UK continental shelf. This reveals the particular circumstances that attended the adoption of the three distinct approaches that have now been tried and thus the degree of the challenge facing policy makers and regulators. Examining the development of regulation in this way also allows the particularity of the current permissioning regime to be properly understood. Finally, it allows an appraisal of the current regime’s ability to cope with the challenges thrown up by the maturity of the UKCS as a hydrocarbon province and by the proposed European Union intervention following the Macondo disaster in the Gulf of Mexico.

This chapter reviews the current debates on the role of work and working conditions in the discourse on international development and explores the impact of vulnerable work and poor psychosocial working conditions on health. The launch of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 is a welcome addition in the fight to secure decent work and ensure health and well-being in developing countries. For decades research from Europe and North America has consistently shown that being exposed to poor psychosocial working conditions, such as not having sufficient control to meet the demands at work or being inadequately rewarded for one's efforts, can have serious negative health consequences. The extent of poor working conditions in these countries today demonstrates just how big a task the UN and associated agencies face in tackling this issue. This in turn raises the question of how Sustainable Development Goal 8, of ensuring decent work for all, will be realised.

This chapter examines Affectee, the third primary argument type after Agent and Theme, and shows how it manifests itself. It considers the alternation between prepositional dative and double-object constructions, and suggests that the dative argument in the first and the indirect object in the second are both products of AffP. The chapter also argues that Affectee is merged later than Theme in the Universal Order of Merge (UOM), and then contrasts Affectee with Goal, a superficially similar but quite distinct secondary argument introduced in the UOM after Ag but before Th. It furthermore discusses benefactive AffPs, marked with the preposition for, and shows that they must be distinguished, in a parallel fashion, from Benefactive, another secondary argument which is also merged between Ag and Th. In addition, the chapter looks at possessors of verbs of possession and experiencers of psychological predicates, and considers how these various arguments are realized in Russian. It concludes with a discussion of scope and how it provides a new source of evidence in support of the UOM.

This introductory chapter delves into the history of the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) and its Goal 2000 initiative in order to examine why ASNE members had hesitated to implement civil rights reforms in their newsroom hiring practices despite passionate advocacy by a series of ASNE leaders and the expenditure of unprecedented industry resources. It traces the ASNE's reckoning with inequality from the 1950s into the twenty-first century by first exploring the ASNE's construction of a professional norm that marginalized journalists and editors who were not white, not male, and not heterosexual; and then traces the organization's subsequent attempts to democratize newsroom hiring.

This chapter focuses on the 1990s, when the ASNE's Goal 2000 advocates contended with a shift in the way the broader diversity community envisioned social justice. As the more expansive concept of multiculturalism gained traction in American society, the racial integration model, on which Goal 2000 was premised, became outdated. The need for greater inclusiveness in the ASNE and its hiring initiative crystallized at the 1990 convention when an editor announced that he was gay, becoming the first gay ASNE member to be out within the organization. This chapter examines the contentious identity politics that dominated the ASNE in the 1990s as professional organizations for nonwhite journalists gained and exercised greater power and many white editors grew weary of being continually scolded for not increasing the number of nonwhites working in their newsrooms.

This chapter examines the crisis following the announcement in 1997 that the Goal 2000 target would not be met and the contentious negotiations to recommit the ASNE to the aims of newsroom diversity and to recalibrate the hiring target for the year 2025. Identity politics continued to complicate efforts to advance the cause of social justice as women were finally added to the hiring initiative, but gay and disabled journalists were not. The ASNE demonstrated that racial assumptions continued to be deeply ingrained when a racist comedy act at the 2001 convention touched off a nationwide controversy. In addition, the chapter examines the devastating impact of the newspaper industry's declining fortunes on the cause of newsroom diversity during the first decade of the new millennium.

This concluding chapter summarizes the failures of the ASNE to deliver on its promise of newsroom diversity since the inception of its new hiring initiative. It reflects on the highlights, shortcomings, and ultimately the denouement of this chapter of ASNE (and newspaper) history as it charts the decline of the diversity project. At the same time, the chapter also takes a look at the declining newspaper industry which, while not wholly at fault for the failure of the diversity project, had contributed to it in part. The chapter looks into many other reasons for the failure as well, and concludes with hope for future possibilities even in a world where technological advances have begun to push newsprint culture to the margins in favor of a more globalized media culture.

This chapter describes a machine that efficiently generates syntactic structure using fundamental Set and Pair Merge operations beginning with a pre-ordered Lexical Array (LA) of heads. The machine also implements Probe-Goal agreement and Phase theory to correctly converge on a variety of syntactic constructions discussed in the linguistics literature. Displacement is driven by Edge features. The machine state consists of a current syntactic object (SO) and the input (LA). It also incorporates a goal stack that effectively short-circuits the need to search inside the current SO. The machine is capable of locally deciding on the appropriate Merge and Probe operations at each Merge step by considering the Label and features of the current SO and the LA head, without the need for (temporary) over-generation or lookahead. Non-determinism, i.e. multiple convergent SOs, is also possible in cases where theory demands it

This chapter argues that the argument-taking properties of roots can be derived from Chomsky’s (2000, 2001) Probe–Goal system. If merged with n, roots become nouns (√DESTROY → destruction), which do not require an internal argument (e.g., destruction (of the city)); if merged with v, roots become verbs (√DESTROY → destroy, (√SING → sing), which do require an internal argument (incorporated or not, destroy *(the city) vs. sing) for valuation purposes. We claim that such a distinction follows from the featural endowment of light functional heads, v and n, which contain a bundle of agreement features. Crucially, given that only v’s bundle enters the syntactic component in an unvalued fashion, it acts as a Probe seeking a matching Goal in its search space (an internal argument). Ultimately, this proposal tries to derive an allegedly semantic property of lexical items (i.e., argument taking) from the specifics of well-known formal dependencies, thus reinforcing the thesis that semantic processes are (ancillary) consequences of syntactic dependencies.