A. H. Halsey
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266609
- eISBN:
- 9780191601019
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266603.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
A dozen sociologists attended LSE in the aftermath of the Second World War. They were the first generation of professional sociologist in Britain. This chapter offers an account of their origins, the ...
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A dozen sociologists attended LSE in the aftermath of the Second World War. They were the first generation of professional sociologist in Britain. This chapter offers an account of their origins, the subject they learnt, the influence of Glass and Shils on them, their anti‐Marxist but left‐wing orientation, their suspicion of functionalism, and their contribution of a sociological description of British society—its demography, class structure, ethnic composition, religion, industry, and crime.Less
A dozen sociologists attended LSE in the aftermath of the Second World War. They were the first generation of professional sociologist in Britain. This chapter offers an account of their origins, the subject they learnt, the influence of Glass and Shils on them, their anti‐Marxist but left‐wing orientation, their suspicion of functionalism, and their contribution of a sociological description of British society—its demography, class structure, ethnic composition, religion, industry, and crime.
John Ermisch (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263426
- eISBN:
- 9780191734298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263426.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter outlines the history of demography in Britain and examines its links with the development of sociology in the country. There is a particularly strong link in the person of David Glass, a ...
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This chapter outlines the history of demography in Britain and examines its links with the development of sociology in the country. There is a particularly strong link in the person of David Glass, a towering figure in British demography and a pioneer in British sociology. Eugene Grebenik is another shaper of the history of demography. Before the start of the twentieth century, demography was mainly the study of mortality. William Farr, who created Britain's system of vital statistics, was primarily interested in mortality. Two very important institutions in the history of British demography are the Population Investigation Committee and the Royal Commission on Population. During the 1950s and 1960s, there was also an upsurge in interest in population history and in the interaction between demographic and economic and social change in the past. This chapter closes with a consideration of the development, since the Royal Commission on Population, of the discipline of economics in relation to the subject areas that overlap with the traditional interests of sociologists and demographers.Less
This chapter outlines the history of demography in Britain and examines its links with the development of sociology in the country. There is a particularly strong link in the person of David Glass, a towering figure in British demography and a pioneer in British sociology. Eugene Grebenik is another shaper of the history of demography. Before the start of the twentieth century, demography was mainly the study of mortality. William Farr, who created Britain's system of vital statistics, was primarily interested in mortality. Two very important institutions in the history of British demography are the Population Investigation Committee and the Royal Commission on Population. During the 1950s and 1960s, there was also an upsurge in interest in population history and in the interaction between demographic and economic and social change in the past. This chapter closes with a consideration of the development, since the Royal Commission on Population, of the discipline of economics in relation to the subject areas that overlap with the traditional interests of sociologists and demographers.
Robert Welch
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198121879
- eISBN:
- 9780191671364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198121879.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
The Abbey Theatre aimed to touch all Irish life. During the second decade of the 20th century, Ms. Horniman has left the company and J. M. Synge died, leaving Yeats and Lady Gregory to take hold of ...
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The Abbey Theatre aimed to touch all Irish life. During the second decade of the 20th century, Ms. Horniman has left the company and J. M. Synge died, leaving Yeats and Lady Gregory to take hold of theatre management. Edward Gordon Craig, a famous stage designer, created a set of screens for the Abbey, to create atmospheric effect. These screens were first used for the revival of Yeats' The Hour Glass and Lady Gregory's The Deliverer. More plays were hosted at the Abbey, including King Argimenes and the Unknown Warrior and Mixed Marriage. Moved by The Countess Cathleen while visiting England, Yeats met with its creator, Nugent Monck, believing that he could bring grace, vigour, and vitality to the Abbey. Working with the Abbey Theatre company, Monck was given freedom to build his own school in acting, elocution, gesture, and deportment. The Abbey School of Acting produced plays, such as The Interlude of Youth. Yeats and the main company travelled to the USA to present The Playboy to the American audience. It was presented in Boston on the 16th of October, and was well received.Less
The Abbey Theatre aimed to touch all Irish life. During the second decade of the 20th century, Ms. Horniman has left the company and J. M. Synge died, leaving Yeats and Lady Gregory to take hold of theatre management. Edward Gordon Craig, a famous stage designer, created a set of screens for the Abbey, to create atmospheric effect. These screens were first used for the revival of Yeats' The Hour Glass and Lady Gregory's The Deliverer. More plays were hosted at the Abbey, including King Argimenes and the Unknown Warrior and Mixed Marriage. Moved by The Countess Cathleen while visiting England, Yeats met with its creator, Nugent Monck, believing that he could bring grace, vigour, and vitality to the Abbey. Working with the Abbey Theatre company, Monck was given freedom to build his own school in acting, elocution, gesture, and deportment. The Abbey School of Acting produced plays, such as The Interlude of Youth. Yeats and the main company travelled to the USA to present The Playboy to the American audience. It was presented in Boston on the 16th of October, and was well received.
Christopher GoGwilt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751624
- eISBN:
- 9780199866199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751624.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Chapter 2 offers a comparative study of the Malay trilogy of novels (Almayer's Folly, An Outcast of the Islands, and The Rescue) with which Conrad began his career and the Buru tetralogy of novels ...
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Chapter 2 offers a comparative study of the Malay trilogy of novels (Almayer's Folly, An Outcast of the Islands, and The Rescue) with which Conrad began his career and the Buru tetralogy of novels (This Earth of Mankind, Child of All Nations, Footsteps, and House of Glass) that Pramoedya composed in Buru Island prison camp. For each novel sequence, opera presents a revealing problem of narrative consciousness and cultural capital. This problem organizes the chapter's comparative reading of the two novel sequences, drawing from and critiquing, in turn, Edward Said's model of “contrapuntal reading.”Less
Chapter 2 offers a comparative study of the Malay trilogy of novels (Almayer's Folly, An Outcast of the Islands, and The Rescue) with which Conrad began his career and the Buru tetralogy of novels (This Earth of Mankind, Child of All Nations, Footsteps, and House of Glass) that Pramoedya composed in Buru Island prison camp. For each novel sequence, opera presents a revealing problem of narrative consciousness and cultural capital. This problem organizes the chapter's comparative reading of the two novel sequences, drawing from and critiquing, in turn, Edward Said's model of “contrapuntal reading.”
Christopher GoGwilt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751624
- eISBN:
- 9780199866199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751624.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Chapter 8 offers some concluding reflections on the practical and theoretical consequences of the book's comparative study of English, Creole, and Indonesian modernist formations. The chapter ...
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Chapter 8 offers some concluding reflections on the practical and theoretical consequences of the book's comparative study of English, Creole, and Indonesian modernist formations. The chapter outlines the emergence of a postcolonial philology in the shift from nineteenth-century European comparative philology to twentieth-century literary criticism. This re-examination of the “linguistic turn” of twentieth-century literary theory is revealed in the contrasting colonial and anti-colonial linguistic phenomena of the Oxford English Dictionary (exemplifying the formation of English modernism) and the new language of bahasa Indonesia (exemplifying the formation of Indonesian modernism). Both phenomena together draw attention to the theory and practice of a postcolonial philology that grasps the individual passage of literary text as the fragmentary deposit of multiple, overlapping, and contested literary systems of culture.Less
Chapter 8 offers some concluding reflections on the practical and theoretical consequences of the book's comparative study of English, Creole, and Indonesian modernist formations. The chapter outlines the emergence of a postcolonial philology in the shift from nineteenth-century European comparative philology to twentieth-century literary criticism. This re-examination of the “linguistic turn” of twentieth-century literary theory is revealed in the contrasting colonial and anti-colonial linguistic phenomena of the Oxford English Dictionary (exemplifying the formation of English modernism) and the new language of bahasa Indonesia (exemplifying the formation of Indonesian modernism). Both phenomena together draw attention to the theory and practice of a postcolonial philology that grasps the individual passage of literary text as the fragmentary deposit of multiple, overlapping, and contested literary systems of culture.
Naomi Eisenstadt
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847427304
- eISBN:
- 9781447303107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427304.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter includes the background and history of the creation of a new programme called Sure Start. The expected outcome of the programme was a reduction in the disadvantage that low-income ...
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This chapter includes the background and history of the creation of a new programme called Sure Start. The expected outcome of the programme was a reduction in the disadvantage that low-income children experienced on school entry. It tells the story of what happened over the next twelve years in policy and practice for young children following that first meeting with Glass. It tells the story of how a new government decided to invest in young children, what their hopes were for that investment, and to what extent those hopes were realised. It charts the development of Sure Start from the viewpoint of neither an academic historian, politician, nor career civil servant.Less
This chapter includes the background and history of the creation of a new programme called Sure Start. The expected outcome of the programme was a reduction in the disadvantage that low-income children experienced on school entry. It tells the story of what happened over the next twelve years in policy and practice for young children following that first meeting with Glass. It tells the story of how a new government decided to invest in young children, what their hopes were for that investment, and to what extent those hopes were realised. It charts the development of Sure Start from the viewpoint of neither an academic historian, politician, nor career civil servant.
Heather Glen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199272556
- eISBN:
- 9780191699627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272556.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The Professor was written alongside Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, as one of ‘three distinct and unconnected tales’ with which the erstwhile Genii of Glass Town hoped to enter ...
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The Professor was written alongside Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, as one of ‘three distinct and unconnected tales’ with which the erstwhile Genii of Glass Town hoped to enter the early Victorian literary market-place. It is a narrative of self-help which displays a sharp awareness of the literary fashions of its day. The Professor is more ironic and considerably more sophisticated than has often been supposed. The circumstances of its publication — after Charlotte Brontë's death, and in the wake of Mrs Gaskell's Life — meant that it was from the first overshadowed by its author's more successful later novels, and read as a veiled account of the trials of its author's life. Intrinsic to the novel's conception, it seems, was an objectification of its teller and an alertness to fictional form. Its awkwardness and ‘abruptness’ is ‘calculated’; not evidence of authorial uncertainty, but indicative of the author's critical distance from the narrative she presents.Less
The Professor was written alongside Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, as one of ‘three distinct and unconnected tales’ with which the erstwhile Genii of Glass Town hoped to enter the early Victorian literary market-place. It is a narrative of self-help which displays a sharp awareness of the literary fashions of its day. The Professor is more ironic and considerably more sophisticated than has often been supposed. The circumstances of its publication — after Charlotte Brontë's death, and in the wake of Mrs Gaskell's Life — meant that it was from the first overshadowed by its author's more successful later novels, and read as a veiled account of the trials of its author's life. Intrinsic to the novel's conception, it seems, was an objectification of its teller and an alertness to fictional form. Its awkwardness and ‘abruptness’ is ‘calculated’; not evidence of authorial uncertainty, but indicative of the author's critical distance from the narrative she presents.
Jeffrey Sonnenfeld
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195065831
- eISBN:
- 9780199854899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195065831.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The conflict and confusion that follow in the wake of monarchic departures can be found as well following the other leadership departure styles if they occur in a family firm. To gain further ...
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The conflict and confusion that follow in the wake of monarchic departures can be found as well following the other leadership departure styles if they occur in a family firm. To gain further insights into the succession tensions that confront family firms, the chapter surveys a group of chief executives who belong to the Young Presidents' Organization (YPO). In addition, this chapter examines three very different family successions in detail. The first focuses on Dunkin' Donuts and explores an entrepreneur's ambassador-like departure and transfer of power of the chief executive to his son. The second concerns Corning Glass Works. Here, the chapter describes the transfer of command of a 130-year-old firm between brothers. The third example illustrates how Henry Ford II stabilizes the troubled firm founded by his namesake. Here, the passage of top office to non-family management is observed.Less
The conflict and confusion that follow in the wake of monarchic departures can be found as well following the other leadership departure styles if they occur in a family firm. To gain further insights into the succession tensions that confront family firms, the chapter surveys a group of chief executives who belong to the Young Presidents' Organization (YPO). In addition, this chapter examines three very different family successions in detail. The first focuses on Dunkin' Donuts and explores an entrepreneur's ambassador-like departure and transfer of power of the chief executive to his son. The second concerns Corning Glass Works. Here, the chapter describes the transfer of command of a 130-year-old firm between brothers. The third example illustrates how Henry Ford II stabilizes the troubled firm founded by his namesake. Here, the passage of top office to non-family management is observed.
Marah Gubar
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195336252
- eISBN:
- 9780199868490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336252.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
In his famous photographs of children and in the Alice books, Lewis Carroll often displays a surprising willingness to jettison the solitary Child of Nature paradigm and explore instead the complex ...
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In his famous photographs of children and in the Alice books, Lewis Carroll often displays a surprising willingness to jettison the solitary Child of Nature paradigm and explore instead the complex relationship that links children to adults, himself to his beloved child friends. Rather than single-mindedly insisting that a firm barrier separates young from old, Carroll frequently blurs this line, characterizing the child not as an untouched Other, but as a collaborator enmeshed in a complicated relationship with the adults who surround her. As in the case of the female children’s authors studied in Chapter 1, his work reveals a keen awareness of the fact that children are always already involved with (and influenced by) adults. But whereas they seem comfortably certain that children can nevertheless develop into creative agents who help shape their own life stories, Carroll remains unsure. He hopes that children can function as empowered collaborators, but—like Stevenson—he fears that the power imbalance inherent in the adult-child relationship ensures that all adults can offer children is a fraudulent illusion of reciprocity. Even his own cherished brand of nonsense literature, he suggests, can function as a form of coercion that pushy adults foist upon profoundly uninterested children.Less
In his famous photographs of children and in the Alice books, Lewis Carroll often displays a surprising willingness to jettison the solitary Child of Nature paradigm and explore instead the complex relationship that links children to adults, himself to his beloved child friends. Rather than single-mindedly insisting that a firm barrier separates young from old, Carroll frequently blurs this line, characterizing the child not as an untouched Other, but as a collaborator enmeshed in a complicated relationship with the adults who surround her. As in the case of the female children’s authors studied in Chapter 1, his work reveals a keen awareness of the fact that children are always already involved with (and influenced by) adults. But whereas they seem comfortably certain that children can nevertheless develop into creative agents who help shape their own life stories, Carroll remains unsure. He hopes that children can function as empowered collaborators, but—like Stevenson—he fears that the power imbalance inherent in the adult-child relationship ensures that all adults can offer children is a fraudulent illusion of reciprocity. Even his own cherished brand of nonsense literature, he suggests, can function as a form of coercion that pushy adults foist upon profoundly uninterested children.
John Biewen and Alexa Dilworth (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469633138
- eISBN:
- 9781469633152
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469633138.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This new revised and expanded edition of Reality Radio celebrates today's best audio documentary work by bringing together some of the most influential and innovative practitioners from the United ...
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This new revised and expanded edition of Reality Radio celebrates today's best audio documentary work by bringing together some of the most influential and innovative practitioners from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. With a new foreword and five new essays, this book takes stock of the transformations in radio documentary since the publication of the first edition: the ascendance of the podcast; greater cultural, racial, and topical variety; and the changing economics of radio itself. In twenty-four essays total, documentary artists tell--and demonstrate, through stories and transcripts--how they make radio the way they do, and why. Whether the contributors to the volume call themselves journalists, storytellers, or even audio artists--and although their essays are just as diverse in content and approach--all use sound to tell true stories, artfully.Less
This new revised and expanded edition of Reality Radio celebrates today's best audio documentary work by bringing together some of the most influential and innovative practitioners from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. With a new foreword and five new essays, this book takes stock of the transformations in radio documentary since the publication of the first edition: the ascendance of the podcast; greater cultural, racial, and topical variety; and the changing economics of radio itself. In twenty-four essays total, documentary artists tell--and demonstrate, through stories and transcripts--how they make radio the way they do, and why. Whether the contributors to the volume call themselves journalists, storytellers, or even audio artists--and although their essays are just as diverse in content and approach--all use sound to tell true stories, artfully.
Edward Morris
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231170543
- eISBN:
- 9780231540506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231170543.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
The chapter describes the career of Sandy Weill, culminating in his formation of Citigroup.
The chapter describes the career of Sandy Weill, culminating in his formation of Citigroup.
Eric Salzman and Thomas Desi
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195099362
- eISBN:
- 9780199864737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099362.003.0019
- Subject:
- Music, Opera
This chapter discusses the history of minimalism and the work of Philip Glass in music theater and opera, notably his influential Einstein on the Beach with Robert Wilson. It considers the influence ...
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This chapter discusses the history of minimalism and the work of Philip Glass in music theater and opera, notably his influential Einstein on the Beach with Robert Wilson. It considers the influence of minimalism on opera, particularly in the work of John Adams. Steve Reich's multi-media works with Beryl Korot are discussed along with the spread of minimalism as exemplified by music-theater works of Bang on a Can, Michael Nyman, and other British and European composers influenced by minimalism.Less
This chapter discusses the history of minimalism and the work of Philip Glass in music theater and opera, notably his influential Einstein on the Beach with Robert Wilson. It considers the influence of minimalism on opera, particularly in the work of John Adams. Steve Reich's multi-media works with Beryl Korot are discussed along with the spread of minimalism as exemplified by music-theater works of Bang on a Can, Michael Nyman, and other British and European composers influenced by minimalism.
John Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195367362
- eISBN:
- 9780199918249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367362.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
This chapter examines the relationship between loose and tight audiovisual synchronization in two recent instances, both of which speak to an aesthetic of repurposing in new audiovisual expression. ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between loose and tight audiovisual synchronization in two recent instances, both of which speak to an aesthetic of repurposing in new audiovisual expression. The case studies discuss Philip Glass's cinematic opera La Belle et la Bête, an operatic adaptation of Jean Cocteau's original film, and “syncing” practices, represented here by the synchronization of Wizard of Oz with Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon. Both forms are seen in the light of an avant-garde lineage that destabilizes the binary opposition of art and life. Both in different ways draw attention to new forms of technological estrangement in advanced modernity. Both examples can both be understood as forms of reading against the grain, or misreading. As such they resemble other phenomena in contemporary media culture, such as audiovisual mashups, which are discussed in the opening section.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between loose and tight audiovisual synchronization in two recent instances, both of which speak to an aesthetic of repurposing in new audiovisual expression. The case studies discuss Philip Glass's cinematic opera La Belle et la Bête, an operatic adaptation of Jean Cocteau's original film, and “syncing” practices, represented here by the synchronization of Wizard of Oz with Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon. Both forms are seen in the light of an avant-garde lineage that destabilizes the binary opposition of art and life. Both in different ways draw attention to new forms of technological estrangement in advanced modernity. Both examples can both be understood as forms of reading against the grain, or misreading. As such they resemble other phenomena in contemporary media culture, such as audiovisual mashups, which are discussed in the opening section.
Marcus Milwright
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623105
- eISBN:
- 9780748671298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623105.003.0007
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
This chapter is concerned with the different modes of manufacturing in the pre-modern Islamic world, and particularly focuses upon those crafts and industries that have left the clearest imprint in ...
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This chapter is concerned with the different modes of manufacturing in the pre-modern Islamic world, and particularly focuses upon those crafts and industries that have left the clearest imprint in the archaeological record (ceramic, glass, and metalwork). The chapter starts by looking at the evidence for the placement and organization of industrial activities in early Islamic towns, with an emphasis on the Syrian city of Raqqa. The second section is devoted to the study of ancient technology relating to glass, glazing, and the artificial ceramic body known as stonepaste. The third section considers the evidence for the revival of handmade pottery in rural settlements in the Middle East and North Africa. This case study considers the chronology of this development and the economic and social circumstances that might have led to this example of technological regression.Less
This chapter is concerned with the different modes of manufacturing in the pre-modern Islamic world, and particularly focuses upon those crafts and industries that have left the clearest imprint in the archaeological record (ceramic, glass, and metalwork). The chapter starts by looking at the evidence for the placement and organization of industrial activities in early Islamic towns, with an emphasis on the Syrian city of Raqqa. The second section is devoted to the study of ancient technology relating to glass, glazing, and the artificial ceramic body known as stonepaste. The third section considers the evidence for the revival of handmade pottery in rural settlements in the Middle East and North Africa. This case study considers the chronology of this development and the economic and social circumstances that might have led to this example of technological regression.
Matthew P. Fink
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195336450
- eISBN:
- 9780199868469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336450.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Financial Economics
Securities firms and banks were major participants in the investment company business in the 1920s, sponsoring about 70 percent of all managed investment companies. Following the 1929 crash, ...
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Securities firms and banks were major participants in the investment company business in the 1920s, sponsoring about 70 percent of all managed investment companies. Following the 1929 crash, securities firms and banks exited the business, with banks' exit ratified in 1933 by the Glass-Steagall Act, which prohibited a firm from engaging in both banking and securities activities. Securities firms began sponsoring mutual funds in the 1970s. Banks sought legislation that would repeal Glass-Steagall barriers, but were blocked in Congress by the securities and mutual fund industries. Eventually banks gained entry into the fund business through a series of judicial decisions. Most recently a number of securities firms have exited the fund business, while banks continue to manage a substantial portion of fund assets.Less
Securities firms and banks were major participants in the investment company business in the 1920s, sponsoring about 70 percent of all managed investment companies. Following the 1929 crash, securities firms and banks exited the business, with banks' exit ratified in 1933 by the Glass-Steagall Act, which prohibited a firm from engaging in both banking and securities activities. Securities firms began sponsoring mutual funds in the 1970s. Banks sought legislation that would repeal Glass-Steagall barriers, but were blocked in Congress by the securities and mutual fund industries. Eventually banks gained entry into the fund business through a series of judicial decisions. Most recently a number of securities firms have exited the fund business, while banks continue to manage a substantial portion of fund assets.
Laura Helen Marks
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252042140
- eISBN:
- 9780252050886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042140.003.0004
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter explores pornographic constructions of female sexual agency through the character of Lewis Carroll’s Alice. These films use the Alice narrative to play out fantasies of womanly sexual ...
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This chapter explores pornographic constructions of female sexual agency through the character of Lewis Carroll’s Alice. These films use the Alice narrative to play out fantasies of womanly sexual authority through humor and sadomasochism. These films constitute recuperative projects that rescue Alice from her pawn status and position her as object, subject, and author within the pornographic text. I demonstrate the ways in which cultural understandings of the Alice stories are used by pornographic filmmakers to depict Wonderlands as joyful fantasy spaces for re-visionings of the normative and for developing and directing a particular pornographic female sexual subjectivity.Less
This chapter explores pornographic constructions of female sexual agency through the character of Lewis Carroll’s Alice. These films use the Alice narrative to play out fantasies of womanly sexual authority through humor and sadomasochism. These films constitute recuperative projects that rescue Alice from her pawn status and position her as object, subject, and author within the pornographic text. I demonstrate the ways in which cultural understandings of the Alice stories are used by pornographic filmmakers to depict Wonderlands as joyful fantasy spaces for re-visionings of the normative and for developing and directing a particular pornographic female sexual subjectivity.
Arthur E. Wilmarth Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190260705
- eISBN:
- 9780190260736
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190260705.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This book demonstrates that universal banks—which accept deposits, make loans, and engage in securities activities—played central roles in precipitating the Great Depression of the early 1930s and ...
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This book demonstrates that universal banks—which accept deposits, make loans, and engage in securities activities—played central roles in precipitating the Great Depression of the early 1930s and the Great Recession of 2007–09. Universal banks promoted a dangerous credit boom and a hazardous stock market bubble in the U.S. during the 1920s, which led to the Great Depression. Congress responded by passing the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which separated banks from the securities markets and prohibited nonbanks from accepting deposits. Glass-Steagall’s structural separation of the banking, securities, and insurance sectors prevented financial panics from spreading across the U.S. financial system for more than four decades. Despite Glass-Steagall’s success, large U.S. banks pursued a twenty-year campaign to remove the statute’s prudential buffers. Regulators opened loopholes in Glass-Steagall during the 1980s and 1990s, and Congress repealed Glass-Steagall in 1999. The United Kingdom and the European Union adopted similar deregulatory measures, thereby allowing universal banks to dominate financial markets on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition, large U.S. securities firms became “shadow banks” as regulators allowed them to issue short-term deposit substitutes to finance long-term loans and investments. Universal banks and shadow banks fueled a toxic subprime credit boom in the U.S., U.K., and Europe during the 2000s, which led to the Great Recession. Limited reforms after the Great Recession have not broken up universal banks and shadow banks, thereby leaving in place a financial system that is prone to excessive risk-taking and vulnerable to contagious panics. A new Glass-Steagall Act is urgently needed to restore a financial system that is less risky, more stable and resilient, and better able to serve the needs of our economy and society.Less
This book demonstrates that universal banks—which accept deposits, make loans, and engage in securities activities—played central roles in precipitating the Great Depression of the early 1930s and the Great Recession of 2007–09. Universal banks promoted a dangerous credit boom and a hazardous stock market bubble in the U.S. during the 1920s, which led to the Great Depression. Congress responded by passing the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which separated banks from the securities markets and prohibited nonbanks from accepting deposits. Glass-Steagall’s structural separation of the banking, securities, and insurance sectors prevented financial panics from spreading across the U.S. financial system for more than four decades. Despite Glass-Steagall’s success, large U.S. banks pursued a twenty-year campaign to remove the statute’s prudential buffers. Regulators opened loopholes in Glass-Steagall during the 1980s and 1990s, and Congress repealed Glass-Steagall in 1999. The United Kingdom and the European Union adopted similar deregulatory measures, thereby allowing universal banks to dominate financial markets on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition, large U.S. securities firms became “shadow banks” as regulators allowed them to issue short-term deposit substitutes to finance long-term loans and investments. Universal banks and shadow banks fueled a toxic subprime credit boom in the U.S., U.K., and Europe during the 2000s, which led to the Great Recession. Limited reforms after the Great Recession have not broken up universal banks and shadow banks, thereby leaving in place a financial system that is prone to excessive risk-taking and vulnerable to contagious panics. A new Glass-Steagall Act is urgently needed to restore a financial system that is less risky, more stable and resilient, and better able to serve the needs of our economy and society.
Oonagh McDonald
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784993405
- eISBN:
- 9781526103956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784993405.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter will examine the regulation of the Big Five investment banks in the context of the changes which took place in the structure of banking after the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act and the ...
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This chapter will examine the regulation of the Big Five investment banks in the context of the changes which took place in the structure of banking after the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act and the introduction of the European Union’s Consolidated Supervision Directive in 2004.Less
This chapter will examine the regulation of the Big Five investment banks in the context of the changes which took place in the structure of banking after the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act and the introduction of the European Union’s Consolidated Supervision Directive in 2004.
John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195075106
- eISBN:
- 9780197560303
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195075106.003.0010
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Human-Computer Interaction
Innovative design for the workplace runs up against inadequate understanding of both work and design practices. Ideas about work practices comprise an odd mixture of ...
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Innovative design for the workplace runs up against inadequate understanding of both work and design practices. Ideas about work practices comprise an odd mixture of folklore and explicit, programmatic descriptions. Thus, paradoxically, a call for union members to “work to rule” can bring a workplace to a complete hall: no set of rules can describe or define what work really is. Conventional ideas about design practices are similarly limited. Indeed, Thackera (1988b) suggests that the whole concept of design is expanding so rapidly that an entirely new term is needed to encompass the range of issues designers now confront. Our purpose in this chapter is to bring some of the implicit character of work and design into the daylight, as a first step towards making design for the workplace more valid. We explore thirteen topics that we believe are central to understanding design for the workplace. We suggest that conventional design approaches often mask powerful but unnoticed resources that, if tapped, can contribute significantly to successful design. For example, a focus on explicit instruction obscures many other ways in which designs actually rely on valuable implicit understanding. Similarly, a focus on individual users conceals the community of users that develops around successful work systems or processes and is crucial to their successful use. To examine the important collateral resources that conventional design overlooks, we pair such concepts as individual-social, narrow-broad, centerperiphery. This is not to establish rigid dichotomies and thus threaten to shift existing imbalances from one inadequate extreme to another, but to expand the region of the “thinkable” in relation to work and design practices. In an insightful discussion of the way such dichotomies may tighten a noose rather than release it, Bourdieu (1989) describes “paired oppositions” as little more than “colluding adversaries” that “tend to delimit the space of the thinkable by excluding the very intention to think beyond the divisions they institute”. But the elements of most of our pairs (though not all, for a few remained stubborn) are presented here as mutually constitutive components of good design.
Less
Innovative design for the workplace runs up against inadequate understanding of both work and design practices. Ideas about work practices comprise an odd mixture of folklore and explicit, programmatic descriptions. Thus, paradoxically, a call for union members to “work to rule” can bring a workplace to a complete hall: no set of rules can describe or define what work really is. Conventional ideas about design practices are similarly limited. Indeed, Thackera (1988b) suggests that the whole concept of design is expanding so rapidly that an entirely new term is needed to encompass the range of issues designers now confront. Our purpose in this chapter is to bring some of the implicit character of work and design into the daylight, as a first step towards making design for the workplace more valid. We explore thirteen topics that we believe are central to understanding design for the workplace. We suggest that conventional design approaches often mask powerful but unnoticed resources that, if tapped, can contribute significantly to successful design. For example, a focus on explicit instruction obscures many other ways in which designs actually rely on valuable implicit understanding. Similarly, a focus on individual users conceals the community of users that develops around successful work systems or processes and is crucial to their successful use. To examine the important collateral resources that conventional design overlooks, we pair such concepts as individual-social, narrow-broad, centerperiphery. This is not to establish rigid dichotomies and thus threaten to shift existing imbalances from one inadequate extreme to another, but to expand the region of the “thinkable” in relation to work and design practices. In an insightful discussion of the way such dichotomies may tighten a noose rather than release it, Bourdieu (1989) describes “paired oppositions” as little more than “colluding adversaries” that “tend to delimit the space of the thinkable by excluding the very intention to think beyond the divisions they institute”. But the elements of most of our pairs (though not all, for a few remained stubborn) are presented here as mutually constitutive components of good design.
James E. Mark, Harry R. Allcock, and Robert West
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195131192
- eISBN:
- 9780197561454
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195131192.003.0006
- Subject:
- Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry
A wide variety of properties are of interest for the general characterization of polymers, as demonstrated in numerous textbooks and in more specialized books dealing ...
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A wide variety of properties are of interest for the general characterization of polymers, as demonstrated in numerous textbooks and in more specialized books dealing specifically with characterization methods. In addition to the information of this type appearing in this chapter, there is related information in numerous other parts of this book, in particular in Chapters 4 and 8. From any of these sources of information, it becomes immediately obvious that one of the most important properties of a polymer molecule is its molecular weight. This is the characteristic that underlies all the properties that distinguish a polymer from its low-molecular-weight analogues. Thus, one of the most important goals in the preparation of a polymer is to control its molecular weight by a suitable choice of polymerization conditions. Many properties of a polymeric material are improved when the polymer chains are sufficiently long. For example, properties such as the tensile strength of a fiber, the tear strength of a film, or the hardness of a molded object may increase asymptotically with increases in molecular weight, as is shown schematically in Figure 2.1. If the molecular weight is too low, say below a lower limit Ml, then the physical property could be unacceptably low. It might also be unacceptable to let the molecular weight become too high. Above an upper limit Mu, the viscosity of the bulk (undiluted) polymer might be too high for it to be processed easily. Thus, a goal in polymer synthetics is to prepare a polymer so that its molecular weight falls within the “window” demarcated by Ml and Mu. This is frequently accomplished by a choice of reaction time, temperature, nature and amount of catalyst, the nature and amount of solvent, the addition of reactants that can terminate the growth of the polymer chains sooner than would otherwise be the case, addition of complexing agents such as crown ethers, or by the presence of an external physical field, such as ultrasound. The termination of the growth of a particular chain molecule is a statistical process. If termination happens soon after the chain starts to grow then, obviously, the completed chain will be short.
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A wide variety of properties are of interest for the general characterization of polymers, as demonstrated in numerous textbooks and in more specialized books dealing specifically with characterization methods. In addition to the information of this type appearing in this chapter, there is related information in numerous other parts of this book, in particular in Chapters 4 and 8. From any of these sources of information, it becomes immediately obvious that one of the most important properties of a polymer molecule is its molecular weight. This is the characteristic that underlies all the properties that distinguish a polymer from its low-molecular-weight analogues. Thus, one of the most important goals in the preparation of a polymer is to control its molecular weight by a suitable choice of polymerization conditions. Many properties of a polymeric material are improved when the polymer chains are sufficiently long. For example, properties such as the tensile strength of a fiber, the tear strength of a film, or the hardness of a molded object may increase asymptotically with increases in molecular weight, as is shown schematically in Figure 2.1. If the molecular weight is too low, say below a lower limit Ml, then the physical property could be unacceptably low. It might also be unacceptable to let the molecular weight become too high. Above an upper limit Mu, the viscosity of the bulk (undiluted) polymer might be too high for it to be processed easily. Thus, a goal in polymer synthetics is to prepare a polymer so that its molecular weight falls within the “window” demarcated by Ml and Mu. This is frequently accomplished by a choice of reaction time, temperature, nature and amount of catalyst, the nature and amount of solvent, the addition of reactants that can terminate the growth of the polymer chains sooner than would otherwise be the case, addition of complexing agents such as crown ethers, or by the presence of an external physical field, such as ultrasound. The termination of the growth of a particular chain molecule is a statistical process. If termination happens soon after the chain starts to grow then, obviously, the completed chain will be short.
