Maria Lúcia Pallares-Burke
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300196511
- eISBN:
- 9780300235678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300196511.003.0014
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Theory and Practice
This chapter discusses how the creative use of Franz Boas's ideas to analyze Brazilian culture and society and to “discover” Brazil for the Brazilians was the work of two scholars, the Brazilian ...
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This chapter discusses how the creative use of Franz Boas's ideas to analyze Brazilian culture and society and to “discover” Brazil for the Brazilians was the work of two scholars, the Brazilian Gilberto Freyre and the German Rüdiger Bilden. Freyre has been credited with the invention of Brazilian identity with the publication of his Casa-Grande & Senzala (translated into English as The Masters and the Slaves) in 1933 and is described as Boas's most outstanding Latin American disciple. On the other hand, Bilden, a German scholar who was closer to Boas and once seemed to have a brilliant future, later dropped out of the academic world and disappeared into obscurity.Less
This chapter discusses how the creative use of Franz Boas's ideas to analyze Brazilian culture and society and to “discover” Brazil for the Brazilians was the work of two scholars, the Brazilian Gilberto Freyre and the German Rüdiger Bilden. Freyre has been credited with the invention of Brazilian identity with the publication of his Casa-Grande & Senzala (translated into English as The Masters and the Slaves) in 1933 and is described as Boas's most outstanding Latin American disciple. On the other hand, Bilden, a German scholar who was closer to Boas and once seemed to have a brilliant future, later dropped out of the academic world and disappeared into obscurity.
MARIA LÚCIA G. PALLARES-BURKE
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265246
- eISBN:
- 9780191754197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265246.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The idea of Brazil as a ‘racial democracy’ and a mixture of peoples and cultures became a central part of its national identity following the publication of Gilberto Freyre's Casa-grande e senzala in ...
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The idea of Brazil as a ‘racial democracy’ and a mixture of peoples and cultures became a central part of its national identity following the publication of Gilberto Freyre's Casa-grande e senzala in 1933. This chapter argues that the idea of racial democracy cannot be understood without taking into account the dialogue, dating from much earlier than 1933, between Brazilians and North Americans, based (in the former case) on an emphasis on the mixture of black and white, and (in the latter) on the ‘one drop rule’ and the segregation that came with it.Less
The idea of Brazil as a ‘racial democracy’ and a mixture of peoples and cultures became a central part of its national identity following the publication of Gilberto Freyre's Casa-grande e senzala in 1933. This chapter argues that the idea of racial democracy cannot be understood without taking into account the dialogue, dating from much earlier than 1933, between Brazilians and North Americans, based (in the former case) on an emphasis on the mixture of black and white, and (in the latter) on the ‘one drop rule’ and the segregation that came with it.
Anadelia A. Romo
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833827
- eISBN:
- 9781469604084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807895948_romo.7
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines the two congresses that called academics together to discuss the African contribution to Brazil. The first Afro-Brazilian Congress, held in 1934, and the second, held in 1937, ...
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This chapter examines the two congresses that called academics together to discuss the African contribution to Brazil. The first Afro-Brazilian Congress, held in 1934, and the second, held in 1937, aimed to move discussions of race from biological terms to the language of culture and sociology. The 1934 Afro-Brazilian Congress was held in Recife and organized by U.S.-trained sociologist Gilberto Freyre. On the other hand, the Afro-Brazilian Congress of 1937 was organized by Afro-Brazilian intellectuals in Bahia. Although both congresses had the same aim, their results were very different. The chapter also describes the role played in the 1937 congress by leaders of Bahia's Candomblé community.Less
This chapter examines the two congresses that called academics together to discuss the African contribution to Brazil. The first Afro-Brazilian Congress, held in 1934, and the second, held in 1937, aimed to move discussions of race from biological terms to the language of culture and sociology. The 1934 Afro-Brazilian Congress was held in Recife and organized by U.S.-trained sociologist Gilberto Freyre. On the other hand, the Afro-Brazilian Congress of 1937 was organized by Afro-Brazilian intellectuals in Bahia. Although both congresses had the same aim, their results were very different. The chapter also describes the role played in the 1937 congress by leaders of Bahia's Candomblé community.
Francisco Bethencourt and Adrian Pearce (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265246
- eISBN:
- 9780191754197
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265246.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
How did racism evolve in different parts of the Portuguese-speaking world? How should the impact on ethnic perceptions of colonial societies based on slavery or the slave trade be evaluated? What was ...
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How did racism evolve in different parts of the Portuguese-speaking world? How should the impact on ethnic perceptions of colonial societies based on slavery or the slave trade be evaluated? What was the reality of inter-ethnic mixture in different continents? How has the prejudice of white supremacy been confronted in Brazil and Portugal? And how should we assess the impact of recent trends of emigration and immigration? These are some of the major questions that have structured this book. It both contextualises and challenges the visions of Gilberto Freyre and Charles Boxer, which crystallised from the 1930s to the 1960s but which still frame the public history of this topic. The book studies issues including recent affirmative action in Brazil or Afro-Brazilian literature, blackness in Brazil compared with Colombia under the dynamics of identity, recent racist trends in Portugal in comparative perspective, the status of native people in colonial Portuguese Africa, discrimination against forced Jewish converts to Christianity and their descendants in different historical contexts, the status of mixed-race people in Brazil and Angola compared over the longue duree, the interference of Europeans in East Timor's native marriage system, the historical policy of language in Brazil, and visual stereotypes and the proto-ethnographic gaze in early perceptions of East African peoples. It covers the gamut of inter-ethnic experiences throughout the Portuguese-speaking world, from the sixteenth century to the present day, integrating contributions from history, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, literary and cultural studies. The book offers a radical updating of both empirical data and methodologies, and aims to contribute to current debates on racism and ethnic relations in global perspective.Less
How did racism evolve in different parts of the Portuguese-speaking world? How should the impact on ethnic perceptions of colonial societies based on slavery or the slave trade be evaluated? What was the reality of inter-ethnic mixture in different continents? How has the prejudice of white supremacy been confronted in Brazil and Portugal? And how should we assess the impact of recent trends of emigration and immigration? These are some of the major questions that have structured this book. It both contextualises and challenges the visions of Gilberto Freyre and Charles Boxer, which crystallised from the 1930s to the 1960s but which still frame the public history of this topic. The book studies issues including recent affirmative action in Brazil or Afro-Brazilian literature, blackness in Brazil compared with Colombia under the dynamics of identity, recent racist trends in Portugal in comparative perspective, the status of native people in colonial Portuguese Africa, discrimination against forced Jewish converts to Christianity and their descendants in different historical contexts, the status of mixed-race people in Brazil and Angola compared over the longue duree, the interference of Europeans in East Timor's native marriage system, the historical policy of language in Brazil, and visual stereotypes and the proto-ethnographic gaze in early perceptions of East African peoples. It covers the gamut of inter-ethnic experiences throughout the Portuguese-speaking world, from the sixteenth century to the present day, integrating contributions from history, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, literary and cultural studies. The book offers a radical updating of both empirical data and methodologies, and aims to contribute to current debates on racism and ethnic relations in global perspective.
Thomas D. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834336
- eISBN:
- 9781469603902
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807899588_rogers
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book traces social and environmental changes over four centuries in Pernambuco, Brazil's key northeastern sugar-growing state. Focusing particularly on the period from the end of slavery in 1888 ...
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This book traces social and environmental changes over four centuries in Pernambuco, Brazil's key northeastern sugar-growing state. Focusing particularly on the period from the end of slavery in 1888 to the late twentieth century, when human impact on the environment reached critical new levels, the author confronts the day-to-day world of farming—the complex, fraught, and occasionally poetic business of making sugarcane grow. Renowned Brazilian sociologist Gilberto Freyre, whose home state was Pernambuco, observed, “Monoculture, slavery, and latifundia—but principally monoculture—they opened here, in the life, the landscape, and the character of our people, the deepest wounds.” Inspired by Freyre's insight, the author tells the story of Pernambuco's wounds, describing the connections among changing agricultural technologies, landscapes and human perceptions of them, labor practices, and agricultural and economic policy. This web of interrelated factors, the author argues, both shaped economic progress and left extensive environmental and human damage. Combining a study of workers with analysis of their landscape, he offers new interpretations of crucial moments of labor struggle, casts new light on the role of the state in agricultural change, and illuminates a legacy that influences Brazil's development even today.Less
This book traces social and environmental changes over four centuries in Pernambuco, Brazil's key northeastern sugar-growing state. Focusing particularly on the period from the end of slavery in 1888 to the late twentieth century, when human impact on the environment reached critical new levels, the author confronts the day-to-day world of farming—the complex, fraught, and occasionally poetic business of making sugarcane grow. Renowned Brazilian sociologist Gilberto Freyre, whose home state was Pernambuco, observed, “Monoculture, slavery, and latifundia—but principally monoculture—they opened here, in the life, the landscape, and the character of our people, the deepest wounds.” Inspired by Freyre's insight, the author tells the story of Pernambuco's wounds, describing the connections among changing agricultural technologies, landscapes and human perceptions of them, labor practices, and agricultural and economic policy. This web of interrelated factors, the author argues, both shaped economic progress and left extensive environmental and human damage. Combining a study of workers with analysis of their landscape, he offers new interpretations of crucial moments of labor struggle, casts new light on the role of the state in agricultural change, and illuminates a legacy that influences Brazil's development even today.
Thomas D. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834336
- eISBN:
- 9781469603902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807899588_rogers.5
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book shows how questions of labor and land have animated writing about Pernambuco for more than a century. In 1883, the abolitionist Joaquim Nabuco condemned slavery for setting up a “struggle ...
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This book shows how questions of labor and land have animated writing about Pernambuco for more than a century. In 1883, the abolitionist Joaquim Nabuco condemned slavery for setting up a “struggle of men against the land.” When Freyre picked up on this theme, lamenting the wounds inflicted by slavery and sugar, he was joined by other intellectuals of the 1930s who pondered similar associations. The nationally renowned novelist Jose Lins do Rego set a series of five novels in the zona da mata, even writing one of them from the perspective of a sugar worker who migrates to the city. Still, the elite discourse that highlighted the importance of the environment also naturalized power relations between planters and workers. The persistence of these themes over the course of this period helps explain why the historiography of Pernambuco lacks extensive work on the transition from slavery to freedom.Less
This book shows how questions of labor and land have animated writing about Pernambuco for more than a century. In 1883, the abolitionist Joaquim Nabuco condemned slavery for setting up a “struggle of men against the land.” When Freyre picked up on this theme, lamenting the wounds inflicted by slavery and sugar, he was joined by other intellectuals of the 1930s who pondered similar associations. The nationally renowned novelist Jose Lins do Rego set a series of five novels in the zona da mata, even writing one of them from the perspective of a sugar worker who migrates to the city. Still, the elite discourse that highlighted the importance of the environment also naturalized power relations between planters and workers. The persistence of these themes over the course of this period helps explain why the historiography of Pernambuco lacks extensive work on the transition from slavery to freedom.
G. Reginald Daniel and Andrew Michael Lee
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814770733
- eISBN:
- 9780814770474
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814770733.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter focuses on Brazil's racial order, characterized by widespread miscegenation and cultural blending. The country implemented a ternary racial order characterized by fluid racial markers ...
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This chapter focuses on Brazil's racial order, characterized by widespread miscegenation and cultural blending. The country implemented a ternary racial order characterized by fluid racial markers that distinguish individuals as White, multiracial, and Black based on physical appearance rather than ancestry. Moreover, there was no legalized racial discrimination. Social inequality was supposedly based on class and culture. Brazil's racial democracy was popularized in anthropologist Gilberto Freyre who argued that the Portuguese colonizers, compared to their Anglo-North American counterparts, were receptive to miscegenation and generous in differentiating multiracials from Blacks. However, these phenomena were motivated by self-interest, and related respectively to the ratio of European men to women, and the ratio of Whites to Blacks.Less
This chapter focuses on Brazil's racial order, characterized by widespread miscegenation and cultural blending. The country implemented a ternary racial order characterized by fluid racial markers that distinguish individuals as White, multiracial, and Black based on physical appearance rather than ancestry. Moreover, there was no legalized racial discrimination. Social inequality was supposedly based on class and culture. Brazil's racial democracy was popularized in anthropologist Gilberto Freyre who argued that the Portuguese colonizers, compared to their Anglo-North American counterparts, were receptive to miscegenation and generous in differentiating multiracials from Blacks. However, these phenomena were motivated by self-interest, and related respectively to the ratio of European men to women, and the ratio of Whites to Blacks.