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The Revival of German Political and Constitutional Life Under Military Government: (September 18,1944)

Franz Neumann

in Secret Reports on Nazi Germany: The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort

This chapter offers suggestions for the revival of German political and constitutional life under military government, with a view to providing an environment in which cooperation of the United ... More

This chapter offers suggestions for the revival of German political and constitutional life under military government, with a view to providing an environment in which cooperation of the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union could be maximized. It examines a number of issues, such as the dismissal or retention of an existing German government; the appointment of a temporary central German authority by military government; the political, social, and economic policies to be pursued in Germany; the time and conditions under which local and national elections are to be held; and the time and method of the disestablishment of military government. The chapter considers the legal continuity of a German government existing at the time of occupation, the policy of military government toward a German government, and the establishment of a central German administrative authority. It also discusses basic issues in German politics under military government and the problem of elections.Less

The Federal Executive: Bureaucratic Fusion versus Governmental Bifurcation

Klaus H. Goetz

in Germany, Europe, and the Politics of Constraint

The federal ministerial executive is a dual institution, which combines the attributes of a government and an administration. This chapter investigates how European integration has affected this dual ... More

The federal ministerial executive is a dual institution, which combines the attributes of a government and an administration. This chapter investigates how European integration has affected this dual nature. It suggests that these two qualities of the executive have been affected in a differential way. On the administrative side, progressive integration has, indeed, been associated with growing ‘multi-level fusion’, through which the ministerial administration becomes part of a closely interconnected multi-level system. By contrast, the governmental dimension of the executive is characterized by growing bifurcation. Government takes place at two levels – the European and the domestic – but institutional linkage between the two levels is limited and some of the defining features of German government, notably the defining tenets of party government, coalition government, and parliamentary government, show few signs of Europeanization.Less

Germany: Stability and Redesign in a Coordinated Market Economy

Orfeo Fioretos

in Creative Reconstructions: Multilateralism and European Varieties of Capitalism after 1950

This chapter focuses on how the German government, in the post-war years, sought to provide firms with assurances about their access to international markets by supporting a set of multilateral ... More

This chapter focuses on how the German government, in the post-war years, sought to provide firms with assurances about their access to international markets by supporting a set of multilateral institutions that protected free trade. In matters concerning the economy, Germany's support is informed by a distinct institutional rationale which promoted forms of multilateralism that would reinforce the domestic strategy of economic reconstruction. The chapter presents a summary of the direction, scope, and dominant features of reforms to the institutional architecture of the German economy after 1950. It also examines how German governments handled the reformation of key features of that architecture; how they built support within the business community; and how successful they were in creating the conditions under which the communities adopted product market strategies during periods of structural reform.Less

Getting to the Table: The Diplomatic Perils of the Exchange of Notes

Brian C. Rathbun

in Diplomacy's Value: Creating Security in 1920s Europe and the Contemporary Middle East

This chapter studies how the French and German governments, both dealing with domestic constraints, exchanged a number of formal notes whose contents could have broken off negotiations. Under ... More

This chapter studies how the French and German governments, both dealing with domestic constraints, exchanged a number of formal notes whose contents could have broken off negotiations. Under pressure from the French right to engage in coercive bargaining, the Cartel des Gauches government reimagined the German proposal in a way that suited French interests. The French appreciated the concessions made by the Germans—an attitude that is indicative of the liberal diplomacy expected from a government with prosocial motivations. The chapter explains that the role of Britain in the run-up to the negotiations was to urge the two sides to avoid coercive bargaining statements and to keep their exchanges short. The British continually stressed that the two countries should consider the practical benefits of an agreement, and eventually succeeded in getting all the parties to the table.Less

The East German Campaign against RIAS

Nicholas J. Schlosser (ed.)

in Cold War on the Airwaves: The Radio Propaganda War against East Germany

This chapter turns to the East German propaganda campaign against RIAS, examining the various efforts taken by the German Democratic Republic to stop its population from listening to the ... More

This chapter turns to the East German propaganda campaign against RIAS, examining the various efforts taken by the German Democratic Republic to stop its population from listening to the American-sponsored broadcaster. The Socialist Unity Party's media organs deployed a consistent arsenal of themes through anti-RIAS pamphlets and newspaper stories. These almost always depicted RIAS as a militaristic, imperialist organ that strove to keep Germany divided and hoped to provoke a war with the Soviet Union. However, the East German government went beyond simply attacking the station in the media. It also targeted individuals who listened to RIAS as a minority of unpatriotic, treasonous vagrants who were easily duped by the lies of the United States.Less

Nationalism and Mobilization in Wartime Anthropology, 1914–18

in Anthropology at War: World War I and the Science of Race in Germany

This chapter begins the examination of the practice and discourse of anthropology during the war years, exploring the influence of the conflict on the day-to-day work of anthropologists. With normal ... More

This chapter begins the examination of the practice and discourse of anthropology during the war years, exploring the influence of the conflict on the day-to-day work of anthropologists. With normal avenues for anthropological work cut off, many anthropologists turned the focus of their science toward the conflict itself in an attempt to support the war effort and gain the recognition of the state. As a result, anthropologists fully mobilized their discipline for war, throwing their support behind the German government, signing patriotic decrees, and condemning the enemies of the Central Powers. Anthropologists gave lectures on the anthropological makeup of the enemy, undertook investigations of wartime nutrition in German schoolchildren, and commented on the Allied use of colonial troops. All the while, the shortages and limitations caused by the war affected the institutions in which they did their work. The new wartime context encouraged members of the discipline to practice an increasingly nationalistic anthropology, and facilitated the erosion of the distinctions and precepts at the heart of the liberal tradition.Less

From precondition to goal of development: health and medicine in the planning and politics of British Tanganyika

Walter Bruchhausen

in Developing Africa: Concepts and practices in twentieth-century colonialism

This chapter examines the changing meanings, popular expectations, health policies and medical views connected to the term “development” in the health care of Tanganyika Territory. The idea that ... More

This chapter examines the changing meanings, popular expectations, health policies and medical views connected to the term “development” in the health care of Tanganyika Territory. The idea that development means improvement or modernization of pre-existing local institutions whereas medicine demands a complete break with and replacement of previous services made health policy a special case. In addition, ideas of what development in health should be, differed largely between “native”, governmental and medical authorities, culminating in open conflict in the 1940s. Bruchhausen takes his point of departure from defining three concepts of causal relations between health and development in development policies after independence: 1. Health as a precondition for economic development 2. Health as a late result of economic development, and 3. Health as an explicit goal of development. The chapter traces the beginnings and earlier expressions of these different conceptual approaches from roughly 1920 to 1960.Less

Conclusion

Erin R. Hochman

in Imagining a Greater Germany: Republican Nationalism and the Idea of Anschluss

This concluding chapter discusses the subsequent Nazi appropriation of the Anschluss and briefly recounts the differences between the republican and Nazi ideas about an Anschluss and nationalism. It ... More

This concluding chapter discusses the subsequent Nazi appropriation of the Anschluss and briefly recounts the differences between the republican and Nazi ideas about an Anschluss and nationalism. It expands on the republican use of großdeutsch nationalism: in allowing diverse groups to participate in a national community that was compatible with a democratic and pluralistic society, großdeutsch nationalism became a critical aspect in republicans' energetic attempts to legitimize the embattled republics. While it is true that republicans on both sides of the Austro-German border were never able to convince the political right that they were loyal Germans or that parliamentary democracy was a German form of government, the chapter argues that their inability to do so does not mean that their attempts to create a democratic and peaceful großdeutsch nationalism should be dismissed.Less