Iain Mclean
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546954
- eISBN:
- 9780191720031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546954.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
Purpose of a head of state. Executive and non‐executive heads of state in some democratic constitutions. Australian constitutional crisis 1975. Sir David Smith fails to wake the Queen's Private ...
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Purpose of a head of state. Executive and non‐executive heads of state in some democratic constitutions. Australian constitutional crisis 1975. Sir David Smith fails to wake the Queen's Private Secretary. Argument for monarchy: certainty. Arguments against: democracy; quality of head of state. The Hanoverian dynasty as UK heads of state. How to elect a head of state?. What would happen to the Royal Prerogative in a democracy. The George V—Asquith exchange of letters in autumn 1913.Less
Purpose of a head of state. Executive and non‐executive heads of state in some democratic constitutions. Australian constitutional crisis 1975. Sir David Smith fails to wake the Queen's Private Secretary. Argument for monarchy: certainty. Arguments against: democracy; quality of head of state. The Hanoverian dynasty as UK heads of state. How to elect a head of state?. What would happen to the Royal Prerogative in a democracy. The George V—Asquith exchange of letters in autumn 1913.
Iain Mclean and Alistair McMillan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199258208
- eISBN:
- 9780191603334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258201.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter examines the unravelling of the Union between 1886 and 1921. It discusses the continuing link between Union and Empire, the incoherence of Diceyan Unionism, centre-periphery politics, ...
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This chapter examines the unravelling of the Union between 1886 and 1921. It discusses the continuing link between Union and Empire, the incoherence of Diceyan Unionism, centre-periphery politics, the attempted Unionist coup-d’etat in 1910-14, Bonar Law and Ulster paramilitarism, George V’s threatened vetoes, and primoridal and instrumental Unionism. By 1921, the Union question had resolved into a Northern Ireland question and an imperial question. It left two ragged ends from the 1886 attempt to settle it, namely representation and finance in the outlying parts of the Union.Less
This chapter examines the unravelling of the Union between 1886 and 1921. It discusses the continuing link between Union and Empire, the incoherence of Diceyan Unionism, centre-periphery politics, the attempted Unionist coup-d’etat in 1910-14, Bonar Law and Ulster paramilitarism, George V’s threatened vetoes, and primoridal and instrumental Unionism. By 1921, the Union question had resolved into a Northern Ireland question and an imperial question. It left two ragged ends from the 1886 attempt to settle it, namely representation and finance in the outlying parts of the Union.
Iain Mclean and Jennifer Nou
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546954
- eISBN:
- 9780191720031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546954.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
1909 Budget and Lords' veto. Land tax. Lloyd George's strategy: partial success 1909 and failure 1914. What the Permanent Secretary was up to. Parliament Act 1911 and royal vetoes. Temporary ...
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1909 Budget and Lords' veto. Land tax. Lloyd George's strategy: partial success 1909 and failure 1914. What the Permanent Secretary was up to. Parliament Act 1911 and royal vetoes. Temporary expansion in number of veto players.Less
1909 Budget and Lords' veto. Land tax. Lloyd George's strategy: partial success 1909 and failure 1914. What the Permanent Secretary was up to. Parliament Act 1911 and royal vetoes. Temporary expansion in number of veto players.
Iain Mclean and Tom Lubbock
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546954
- eISBN:
- 9780191720031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546954.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
The Government of Ireland Bill and the Ulster Protestant revolt 1912–14. Bonar Law, Dicey, the Unionist Party, and illegal activity. Curragh ‘mutiny’ 1914. Larne gunrunning 1914.
The Government of Ireland Bill and the Ulster Protestant revolt 1912–14. Bonar Law, Dicey, the Unionist Party, and illegal activity. Curragh ‘mutiny’ 1914. Larne gunrunning 1914.
Paul Addison
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206262
- eISBN:
- 9780191677052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206262.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
The family into which Winston Churchill was born was far from one in which loyalty to the blood royal transcended every other consideration. Dukes tended to believe that they were as good as any ...
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The family into which Winston Churchill was born was far from one in which loyalty to the blood royal transcended every other consideration. Dukes tended to believe that they were as good as any monarch. His father, Lord Randolph, had quarrelled so ferociously with the Prince of Wales that there had been talk of a duel and he became for some years a pariah in London society. That was far in the past by the time Churchill began to come into contact with the royal family of Britain; his father had long been forgiven and his mother was high in the royal favour. But while he was brought up to regard the monarchy as a powerful institution deserving of respect, there was no suggestion that the occupant of the throne should be treated with undue deference. This chapter looks at Churchill's attitudes toward British monarchs, including King Edward VII, King George V, King Edward VIII, and King George VI.Less
The family into which Winston Churchill was born was far from one in which loyalty to the blood royal transcended every other consideration. Dukes tended to believe that they were as good as any monarch. His father, Lord Randolph, had quarrelled so ferociously with the Prince of Wales that there had been talk of a duel and he became for some years a pariah in London society. That was far in the past by the time Churchill began to come into contact with the royal family of Britain; his father had long been forgiven and his mother was high in the royal favour. But while he was brought up to regard the monarchy as a powerful institution deserving of respect, there was no suggestion that the occupant of the throne should be treated with undue deference. This chapter looks at Churchill's attitudes toward British monarchs, including King Edward VII, King George V, King Edward VIII, and King George VI.
David Goodman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195394085
- eISBN:
- 9780199894383
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394085.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western, Popular
Democratic radio in the 1930s encompassed far more than Franklin Delano Roosevelt's famed Fireside Chats. Advocates of democratic radio were stimulated by the contemporary ideals of Deweyan ...
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Democratic radio in the 1930s encompassed far more than Franklin Delano Roosevelt's famed Fireside Chats. Advocates of democratic radio were stimulated by the contemporary ideals of Deweyan progressive education to imagine uses of radio that would facilitate development of critical individual opinion. Radio forum programs hoped to create an audience that was rational, discursive, open to persuasion, critical, wedded to the process of truth seeking rather than to any particular beliefs – and above all willing to change its mind. These qualities were to be stimulated by listening to the forum programs, but also by engaging in discussion of them after broadcast, perhaps in an organized radio listening group. The chapter discusses NBC's University of Chicago Round Table and George V. Denny Jr.'s America's Town Meeting of the Air on NBC, with its self-conscious attempt to revive the spirit of the New England town meeting on national radio.Less
Democratic radio in the 1930s encompassed far more than Franklin Delano Roosevelt's famed Fireside Chats. Advocates of democratic radio were stimulated by the contemporary ideals of Deweyan progressive education to imagine uses of radio that would facilitate development of critical individual opinion. Radio forum programs hoped to create an audience that was rational, discursive, open to persuasion, critical, wedded to the process of truth seeking rather than to any particular beliefs – and above all willing to change its mind. These qualities were to be stimulated by listening to the forum programs, but also by engaging in discussion of them after broadcast, perhaps in an organized radio listening group. The chapter discusses NBC's University of Chicago Round Table and George V. Denny Jr.'s America's Town Meeting of the Air on NBC, with its self-conscious attempt to revive the spirit of the New England town meeting on national radio.
Charles V. Reed
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719097010
- eISBN:
- 9781526109699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719097010.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
Chapter one examines the conceptual space between the projection of Queen Victoria as a symbol of empire and nineteenth-century royals often ambivalent attitude toward the empire and, particularly, ...
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Chapter one examines the conceptual space between the projection of Queen Victoria as a symbol of empire and nineteenth-century royals often ambivalent attitude toward the empire and, particularly, the royal tours. It also describes the experiences of royal tourists of empire between the first royal tours of 1860 and the coronation durbar of 1911. Using correspondence to, from, and about travelling royals – including two future kings – the chapter examines Victorian and Edwardian royals’ encounters with the empire from their daily routines to their participation in Mughal-inspired durbars with Indian princes.Less
Chapter one examines the conceptual space between the projection of Queen Victoria as a symbol of empire and nineteenth-century royals often ambivalent attitude toward the empire and, particularly, the royal tours. It also describes the experiences of royal tourists of empire between the first royal tours of 1860 and the coronation durbar of 1911. Using correspondence to, from, and about travelling royals – including two future kings – the chapter examines Victorian and Edwardian royals’ encounters with the empire from their daily routines to their participation in Mughal-inspired durbars with Indian princes.
Robert Duncan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846318955
- eISBN:
- 9781781381021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846318955.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter aims to detail the gathering crescendo for some form of action to be taken on the drink issue. As the war progressed, its pressures had increasing repercussions on the home front. The ...
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This chapter aims to detail the gathering crescendo for some form of action to be taken on the drink issue. As the war progressed, its pressures had increasing repercussions on the home front. The expenditure of shells and arms on an unprecedented scale increased pressure on Britain’s industrial infrastructure. Adjusting to this demand for military hardware was a difficult task and the type of war being fought accentuated the problem. Britain’s factories, whilst simultaneously having to deal with a large amount of its experienced workforce joining the army, could not cope with demand. Blame had to be placed somewhere, so it is unsurprising that the industrial working class bore the brunt of accusations regarding degenerate behaviour. During this period Lloyd George and King George V spoke about how important the drink issue was to the war effort. In an important speech Lloyd George criticised workers’ drinking habits and his actions suggest that he wanted a ‘national conversation’ to occur on the issue. This was the period during which the ‘severity’ of the drink problem was finally realised by society.Less
This chapter aims to detail the gathering crescendo for some form of action to be taken on the drink issue. As the war progressed, its pressures had increasing repercussions on the home front. The expenditure of shells and arms on an unprecedented scale increased pressure on Britain’s industrial infrastructure. Adjusting to this demand for military hardware was a difficult task and the type of war being fought accentuated the problem. Britain’s factories, whilst simultaneously having to deal with a large amount of its experienced workforce joining the army, could not cope with demand. Blame had to be placed somewhere, so it is unsurprising that the industrial working class bore the brunt of accusations regarding degenerate behaviour. During this period Lloyd George and King George V spoke about how important the drink issue was to the war effort. In an important speech Lloyd George criticised workers’ drinking habits and his actions suggest that he wanted a ‘national conversation’ to occur on the issue. This was the period during which the ‘severity’ of the drink problem was finally realised by society.
Mushirul Hasan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195691979
- eISBN:
- 9780199081691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195691979.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter describes the grandeur of British rule in India under whose bright light, the older order was eclipsed. The last decades of the nineteenth century saw India witness many vivid ...
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This chapter describes the grandeur of British rule in India under whose bright light, the older order was eclipsed. The last decades of the nineteenth century saw India witness many vivid expressions of imperial grandeur, pageantry, and power (1887, 1903). In 1911, George V (1865–1936) was crowned king of England and Emperor of India. His Durbar in Delhi brought princely India and British India together in feudal pageantry which also saw the subordination of Indians. The chapter describes how C F Andrews witnessed the Durbar while Nazir Ahmad, who died on May 3, 1912, would have heard some people raising the cry ‘God Save the King Emperor’ in Shajahanabad's lanes and by-lanes. Muhammad Zakaullah died two years earlier, and so was not able to witness the curtain being drawn on another phase in India's turbulent history.Less
This chapter describes the grandeur of British rule in India under whose bright light, the older order was eclipsed. The last decades of the nineteenth century saw India witness many vivid expressions of imperial grandeur, pageantry, and power (1887, 1903). In 1911, George V (1865–1936) was crowned king of England and Emperor of India. His Durbar in Delhi brought princely India and British India together in feudal pageantry which also saw the subordination of Indians. The chapter describes how C F Andrews witnessed the Durbar while Nazir Ahmad, who died on May 3, 1912, would have heard some people raising the cry ‘God Save the King Emperor’ in Shajahanabad's lanes and by-lanes. Muhammad Zakaullah died two years earlier, and so was not able to witness the curtain being drawn on another phase in India's turbulent history.
William A. Schabas
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198833857
- eISBN:
- 9780191872440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833857.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The Kaiser did not seem overly concerned about trial and there is no evidence he made any preparations for his defence. With Dutch Government approval, he bought a permanent residence in Doorn, near ...
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The Kaiser did not seem overly concerned about trial and there is no evidence he made any preparations for his defence. With Dutch Government approval, he bought a permanent residence in Doorn, near Utrecht, and proceeded to renovate the place.r The Pope took the initiative to campaign against trial of the Kaiser, and European royalty joined in a variety of initiatives to protect their ‘cousin’. Dutch public opinion appeared to harden in favour of refusing any surrender of the Kaiser. Then, at the end of the year, incriminating documents known as the Kautsky papers were published in Germany showing the Kaiser’s belligerence during the fateful weeks of July 1914.Less
The Kaiser did not seem overly concerned about trial and there is no evidence he made any preparations for his defence. With Dutch Government approval, he bought a permanent residence in Doorn, near Utrecht, and proceeded to renovate the place.r The Pope took the initiative to campaign against trial of the Kaiser, and European royalty joined in a variety of initiatives to protect their ‘cousin’. Dutch public opinion appeared to harden in favour of refusing any surrender of the Kaiser. Then, at the end of the year, incriminating documents known as the Kautsky papers were published in Germany showing the Kaiser’s belligerence during the fateful weeks of July 1914.
Charles V. Reed
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719097010
- eISBN:
- 9781526109699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719097010.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The final chapter examines the royal tour through the lens of the 1911 coronation durbar and its aftermath. It argues that the durbar represented both the political and cultural pinnacle of the ...
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The final chapter examines the royal tour through the lens of the 1911 coronation durbar and its aftermath. It argues that the durbar represented both the political and cultural pinnacle of the ritual apparatus developed during the second half of the nineteenth century, but also the ways in which it was unravelling in the years before the First World War. It also demonstrated how imperial culture was made by complex modes of reception and appropriation, how ideas about empire, citizenship, and identity were forged in encounters and experiences ‘on the ground’, as it were, and how colonial knowledge was always imperfect and partial.Less
The final chapter examines the royal tour through the lens of the 1911 coronation durbar and its aftermath. It argues that the durbar represented both the political and cultural pinnacle of the ritual apparatus developed during the second half of the nineteenth century, but also the ways in which it was unravelling in the years before the First World War. It also demonstrated how imperial culture was made by complex modes of reception and appropriation, how ideas about empire, citizenship, and identity were forged in encounters and experiences ‘on the ground’, as it were, and how colonial knowledge was always imperfect and partial.
Helen Watanabe-O'Kelly
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- July 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198802471
- eISBN:
- 9780191840777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198802471.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Political History
It was in the twentieth century, during the reign of Queen Victoria’s three successors, the King-Emperors Edward VII, George V, and George VI, that the concept of imperial India, Britain’s most ...
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It was in the twentieth century, during the reign of Queen Victoria’s three successors, the King-Emperors Edward VII, George V, and George VI, that the concept of imperial India, Britain’s most important colony, was invented and promoted by means of architecture, ceremonial, and a new capital city. This chapter discusses the Victoria Memorial Hall, the Gateway of India, the building of New Delhi and the 1903 Durbar. George V’s Coronation Durbar of 1911 was accompanied in London by the Festival of Empire, the Pageant of London, and the Masque Imperial. Between the wars, the British Empire Exhibition and the Pageant of Empire of 1924 were designed to convince the British of the imperial project.Less
It was in the twentieth century, during the reign of Queen Victoria’s three successors, the King-Emperors Edward VII, George V, and George VI, that the concept of imperial India, Britain’s most important colony, was invented and promoted by means of architecture, ceremonial, and a new capital city. This chapter discusses the Victoria Memorial Hall, the Gateway of India, the building of New Delhi and the 1903 Durbar. George V’s Coronation Durbar of 1911 was accompanied in London by the Festival of Empire, the Pageant of London, and the Masque Imperial. Between the wars, the British Empire Exhibition and the Pageant of Empire of 1924 were designed to convince the British of the imperial project.
William A. Schabas
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198833857
- eISBN:
- 9780191872440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833857.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Lloyd George’s offer to host the trial in England was accepted by the Council of Four. But when the Prime Minister told Parliament that it would take place in London, King George V, who was the ...
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Lloyd George’s offer to host the trial in England was accepted by the Council of Four. But when the Prime Minister told Parliament that it would take place in London, King George V, who was the cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm II, objected strenuously. The Powers did not meet to plan the trial and organise the prosecution, although the British assigned a government lawyer to prepare a brief and to instruct two barristers. Completed in December 1919, the brief was amateurish and incomplete, reflecting either a lack of will to proceed with the trial or else a self-confidence that establishing guilt would be a simple matter. It was almost exclusively based upon published sources in the public domain.Less
Lloyd George’s offer to host the trial in England was accepted by the Council of Four. But when the Prime Minister told Parliament that it would take place in London, King George V, who was the cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm II, objected strenuously. The Powers did not meet to plan the trial and organise the prosecution, although the British assigned a government lawyer to prepare a brief and to instruct two barristers. Completed in December 1919, the brief was amateurish and incomplete, reflecting either a lack of will to proceed with the trial or else a self-confidence that establishing guilt would be a simple matter. It was almost exclusively based upon published sources in the public domain.
James C. Nicholson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813141671
- eISBN:
- 9780813142470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813141671.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The fourth chapter introduces Sultan Mohammed Shah, the third Aga Khan and spiritual leader of millions of Ismaili Muslims. The chapter begins with a brief history of the Aga Khans’ historical ties ...
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The fourth chapter introduces Sultan Mohammed Shah, the third Aga Khan and spiritual leader of millions of Ismaili Muslims. The chapter begins with a brief history of the Aga Khans’ historical ties to the Prophet Mohammed and then provides a description of the third Aga Khan’s life and career as a political and religious leader, diplomat, and businessman. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the Aga Khan’s entrance into European aristocratic society, where he interacted with British royals such as Queen Victoria and Kings Edward VII and George V, and his reintroduction to the sport of horse racing, which he had loved as a child in India.Less
The fourth chapter introduces Sultan Mohammed Shah, the third Aga Khan and spiritual leader of millions of Ismaili Muslims. The chapter begins with a brief history of the Aga Khans’ historical ties to the Prophet Mohammed and then provides a description of the third Aga Khan’s life and career as a political and religious leader, diplomat, and businessman. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the Aga Khan’s entrance into European aristocratic society, where he interacted with British royals such as Queen Victoria and Kings Edward VII and George V, and his reintroduction to the sport of horse racing, which he had loved as a child in India.
B. R. Nanda
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195647518
- eISBN:
- 9780199081400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195647518.003.0033
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter considers Gokhale’s policy of general conciliation. Sir Charles Hardinge, an Under-Secretary in the British Foreign Office, succeeded Minto as viceroy. He came to India at a time when, ...
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This chapter considers Gokhale’s policy of general conciliation. Sir Charles Hardinge, an Under-Secretary in the British Foreign Office, succeeded Minto as viceroy. He came to India at a time when, exhausted by the humiliations of the Curzon regime and the deferred hopes and the final frustrations of the Minto–Morley reforms, the politically conscious classes were longing for a breathing space. Gokhale himself favoured a moratorium on political controversies for a few years. He wanted to concentrate on constructive programmes in which officials and non-officials, Hindus and Muslims, Europeans and Indians could cooperate. A political truce at this time was especially welcome to the new viceroy because of the proposed visit and coronation of George V towards the end of 1911.Less
This chapter considers Gokhale’s policy of general conciliation. Sir Charles Hardinge, an Under-Secretary in the British Foreign Office, succeeded Minto as viceroy. He came to India at a time when, exhausted by the humiliations of the Curzon regime and the deferred hopes and the final frustrations of the Minto–Morley reforms, the politically conscious classes were longing for a breathing space. Gokhale himself favoured a moratorium on political controversies for a few years. He wanted to concentrate on constructive programmes in which officials and non-officials, Hindus and Muslims, Europeans and Indians could cooperate. A political truce at this time was especially welcome to the new viceroy because of the proposed visit and coronation of George V towards the end of 1911.
William T. Johnsen
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813168333
- eISBN:
- 9780813168340
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813168333.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The chapter initially outlines how the fall of France affected not only the European balance of power but also global U.S. national security interests. The narrative describes British efforts to ...
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The chapter initially outlines how the fall of France affected not only the European balance of power but also global U.S. national security interests. The narrative describes British efforts to obtain war supplies to replace those abandoned in France as well as Churchill’s pleas for immediate U.S. aid. The account explores changes in U.S. war planning to accommodate these geostrategic upheavals, including Roosevelt’s decision to provide aid to Britain. Before fully committing U.S. materiel support, Roosevelt needed to ascertain whether Britain would survive long enough to make good use of equipment desperately needed for the possible mobilization of U.S. Armed Forces. The chapter offers a detailed description and analysis of the U.S. mission ofthree senior U.S. officers whom Roosevelt dispatched to assess the odds of Britain’s near-term and long-term survival. The U.S. mission concluded that Britain would survive and that the United States eventually would be drawn into the war.Less
The chapter initially outlines how the fall of France affected not only the European balance of power but also global U.S. national security interests. The narrative describes British efforts to obtain war supplies to replace those abandoned in France as well as Churchill’s pleas for immediate U.S. aid. The account explores changes in U.S. war planning to accommodate these geostrategic upheavals, including Roosevelt’s decision to provide aid to Britain. Before fully committing U.S. materiel support, Roosevelt needed to ascertain whether Britain would survive long enough to make good use of equipment desperately needed for the possible mobilization of U.S. Armed Forces. The chapter offers a detailed description and analysis of the U.S. mission ofthree senior U.S. officers whom Roosevelt dispatched to assess the odds of Britain’s near-term and long-term survival. The U.S. mission concluded that Britain would survive and that the United States eventually would be drawn into the war.