Jochen Prantl
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199287680
- eISBN:
- 9780191603723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199287686.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the question of what triggered the emergence of informal groups of states in the form of the advisory committees in the 1950s, and argues that their establishment has to be seen ...
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This chapter examines the question of what triggered the emergence of informal groups of states in the form of the advisory committees in the 1950s, and argues that their establishment has to be seen against the background of great power tensions in the Security Council. The early stages of UN peacekeeping saw a shift of governance from the Security Council to the Secretary-General and the General Assembly, which fostered the emergence of informal ad hoc groupings of states. The formation of advisory committees reflected the desire of the Secretary-General to strengthen his voice vis-á-vis the Security Council. When the lack of unanimity of the permanent members prevented the Council from assuming its responsibilities, the General Assembly took charge by recommending collective measures. However, when the Security Council was able to act, its resolutions and mandates entrusted to the Secretary-General often reflected a political compromise based on the lowest common denominator among its members. The workings of the two advisory committees established in the context of crises at the Suez Canal (1956-67) and in the Congo (1960-4) illustrate these points further.Less
This chapter examines the question of what triggered the emergence of informal groups of states in the form of the advisory committees in the 1950s, and argues that their establishment has to be seen against the background of great power tensions in the Security Council. The early stages of UN peacekeeping saw a shift of governance from the Security Council to the Secretary-General and the General Assembly, which fostered the emergence of informal ad hoc groupings of states. The formation of advisory committees reflected the desire of the Secretary-General to strengthen his voice vis-á-vis the Security Council. When the lack of unanimity of the permanent members prevented the Council from assuming its responsibilities, the General Assembly took charge by recommending collective measures. However, when the Security Council was able to act, its resolutions and mandates entrusted to the Secretary-General often reflected a political compromise based on the lowest common denominator among its members. The workings of the two advisory committees established in the context of crises at the Suez Canal (1956-67) and in the Congo (1960-4) illustrate these points further.
Sydney D. Bailey and Sam Daws
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280736
- eISBN:
- 9780191598746
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280734.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and ...
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The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and thoroughly updated third edition encompasses the many changes in Council procedure that have occurred since the end of the Cold War, which ushered in new possibilities for international co‐operation, and increased recourse to the UN. The last decade has seen the Gulf War and a plethora of new and often complex peacekeeping operations, from Bosnia to Rwanda, and such increased demands and associated expectations have placed a spotlight on the role and functioning of the Security Council. Recent years have seen a greater recourse to informal consultations of Council members prior to Council meetings, and the search for consensual Council decision‐making has led to differences of opinion on both procedural and substantive matters being dealt with largely during such consultations. This has produced calls from non‐members for greater Council transparency. Other proposals, both from within and outside the UN, have advocated reforms to the Council's composition or working methods to ensure its continued effectiveness and legitimacy. The new edition attempts to reflect the many recent developments in the procedure of the Security Council, while still reflecting the considerable continuity that exists with the past. In particular, to illustrate and illuminate aspects of Council procedure, many examples have been used from the UN's early years, since this was the time when many of the original precedents were created. Some of the anecdotes that touch on the human side of Council diplomacy have also been retained. The new edition includes new information on the following: the Provisional Rules of Procedure; public and private meetings; consultations and briefings with non‐members and troop‐contributors, including transparency, Presidential briefings, and orientation debates; informal consultations and ‘Arria formula’ meetings; the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN; relationships with the UN General Assembly, the UN International Court of Justice, the UN Trusteeship Council, and the UN Military Staff Committee; subsidiary organs, including sanctions committees; the veto and Security Council membership; Chapter VII resolutions, UN peacekeeping and UN‐authorized enforcement; Council enlargement and de jure and de facto Charter amendments; changes in Council documentation; and ad hoc and regional groupings in the Council.Less
The Procedure of the UN Security Council is the definitive book of its kind and has been widely used by UN practitioners and scholars for over twenty years. This new revised and thoroughly updated third edition encompasses the many changes in Council procedure that have occurred since the end of the Cold War, which ushered in new possibilities for international co‐operation, and increased recourse to the UN. The last decade has seen the Gulf War and a plethora of new and often complex peacekeeping operations, from Bosnia to Rwanda, and such increased demands and associated expectations have placed a spotlight on the role and functioning of the Security Council. Recent years have seen a greater recourse to informal consultations of Council members prior to Council meetings, and the search for consensual Council decision‐making has led to differences of opinion on both procedural and substantive matters being dealt with largely during such consultations. This has produced calls from non‐members for greater Council transparency. Other proposals, both from within and outside the UN, have advocated reforms to the Council's composition or working methods to ensure its continued effectiveness and legitimacy. The new edition attempts to reflect the many recent developments in the procedure of the Security Council, while still reflecting the considerable continuity that exists with the past. In particular, to illustrate and illuminate aspects of Council procedure, many examples have been used from the UN's early years, since this was the time when many of the original precedents were created. Some of the anecdotes that touch on the human side of Council diplomacy have also been retained. The new edition includes new information on the following: the Provisional Rules of Procedure; public and private meetings; consultations and briefings with non‐members and troop‐contributors, including transparency, Presidential briefings, and orientation debates; informal consultations and ‘Arria formula’ meetings; the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN; relationships with the UN General Assembly, the UN International Court of Justice, the UN Trusteeship Council, and the UN Military Staff Committee; subsidiary organs, including sanctions committees; the veto and Security Council membership; Chapter VII resolutions, UN peacekeeping and UN‐authorized enforcement; Council enlargement and de jure and de facto Charter amendments; changes in Council documentation; and ad hoc and regional groupings in the Council.
Sydney D. Bailey and Sam Daws
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280736
- eISBN:
- 9780191598746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280734.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Discusses relations of the UN Security Council with other organs. The first organ discussed is the UN Military Staff Committee, for which a chronology of activities and instructions is given for the ...
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Discusses relations of the UN Security Council with other organs. The first organ discussed is the UN Military Staff Committee, for which a chronology of activities and instructions is given for the period 1946–1996. The next is the UN General Assembly: aspects of this body discussed include elections and appointments, annual and special reports, threats to peace and security, special sessions, subsidiary organs, action relating to UN membership, financing peacekeeping operations, and the election of non‐members of the Council. Other organs discussed are the UN Economic and Social Council, the UN Trusteeship Council (now of historical interest only), the UN International Court of Justice, and non‐governmental organizations. The final section of the chapter discusses the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN.Less
Discusses relations of the UN Security Council with other organs. The first organ discussed is the UN Military Staff Committee, for which a chronology of activities and instructions is given for the period 1946–1996. The next is the UN General Assembly: aspects of this body discussed include elections and appointments, annual and special reports, threats to peace and security, special sessions, subsidiary organs, action relating to UN membership, financing peacekeeping operations, and the election of non‐members of the Council. Other organs discussed are the UN Economic and Social Council, the UN Trusteeship Council (now of historical interest only), the UN International Court of Justice, and non‐governmental organizations. The final section of the chapter discusses the appointment of the Secretary‐General of the UN.
Michael Banton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280613
- eISBN:
- 9780191598760
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280610.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was, in 1969, the first of the UN human rights treaties to come into force. Many of the 143 states that ...
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The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was, in 1969, the first of the UN human rights treaties to come into force. Many of the 143 states that by 1995 had become parties to it did not initially appreciate how extensive were the obligations they had assumed. They undertook to submit periodic reports; these have to be examined by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), which in turn reports to the UN General Assembly. During the years 1970–1995, CERD has greatly improved international oversight of governmental action in this field, but understanding of what is entailed in the prohibition of this form of discrimination is still limited. Further progress depends upon a triangular relationship between states parties, the treaty monitoring body, and members of the public within states parties.Less
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was, in 1969, the first of the UN human rights treaties to come into force. Many of the 143 states that by 1995 had become parties to it did not initially appreciate how extensive were the obligations they had assumed. They undertook to submit periodic reports; these have to be examined by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), which in turn reports to the UN General Assembly. During the years 1970–1995, CERD has greatly improved international oversight of governmental action in this field, but understanding of what is entailed in the prohibition of this form of discrimination is still limited. Further progress depends upon a triangular relationship between states parties, the treaty monitoring body, and members of the public within states parties.
Andrew Kuper
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199274901
- eISBN:
- 9780191601552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199274908.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
How can the theory of Responsive Democracy guide and be implemented in political practice? This chapter proposes significant reforms to: (1) the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court; (2) ...
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How can the theory of Responsive Democracy guide and be implemented in political practice? This chapter proposes significant reforms to: (1) the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court; (2) the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice; (3) membership in, and decision procedures of, the UN General Assembly and Security Council; and (4) structures and methods of corruption control by Transparency International. Along the way, the chapter refutes those arguments about funding and sovereignty that hamper the establishment of stronger World Courts; it develops nine criteria for including non-state actors in institutions of global governance; it suggests new ideas for holding corporations and nongovernmental organizations accountable; and it explores how short-term and long-term obstacles to reform can be overcome.Less
How can the theory of Responsive Democracy guide and be implemented in political practice? This chapter proposes significant reforms to: (1) the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court; (2) the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice; (3) membership in, and decision procedures of, the UN General Assembly and Security Council; and (4) structures and methods of corruption control by Transparency International. Along the way, the chapter refutes those arguments about funding and sovereignty that hamper the establishment of stronger World Courts; it develops nine criteria for including non-state actors in institutions of global governance; it suggests new ideas for holding corporations and nongovernmental organizations accountable; and it explores how short-term and long-term obstacles to reform can be overcome.
Sir Adam Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267217
- eISBN:
- 9780191601118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267219.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Demonstrates that the United Nations has been at the centre of key field operations and policy debates relating to humanitarian intervention since the end of the Cold War. However, the issue of ...
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Demonstrates that the United Nations has been at the centre of key field operations and policy debates relating to humanitarian intervention since the end of the Cold War. However, the issue of humanitarian intervention also poses a challenge to the UN and its member states, and could even undermine the organization. At the heart of the UN’s difficulty is a delicate balance between the rights of individuals and the rights of states. For its first 45 years, the body was associated with the principle of non-intervention and the non-use of force, yet, since 1990, it has endorsed a series of interventions for humanitarian purposes. After considering the history and causes of this shift, the author discusses nine cases of intervention between 1990 and 2001. These cases reveal a number of issues and controversies, including reliance on the UN Security Council for authorization, the stance of the UN Secretary General, and the impact of the 2002 National Security Strategy of the United States.Less
Demonstrates that the United Nations has been at the centre of key field operations and policy debates relating to humanitarian intervention since the end of the Cold War. However, the issue of humanitarian intervention also poses a challenge to the UN and its member states, and could even undermine the organization. At the heart of the UN’s difficulty is a delicate balance between the rights of individuals and the rights of states. For its first 45 years, the body was associated with the principle of non-intervention and the non-use of force, yet, since 1990, it has endorsed a series of interventions for humanitarian purposes. After considering the history and causes of this shift, the author discusses nine cases of intervention between 1990 and 2001. These cases reveal a number of issues and controversies, including reliance on the UN Security Council for authorization, the stance of the UN Secretary General, and the impact of the 2002 National Security Strategy of the United States.
William Kostlevy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377842
- eISBN:
- 9780199777204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377842.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
In March of 1901, Duke Farson skillfully using the daily press attracted Chicago residence and visitors to MCA revival services that ran for three months. Preacher actors including converted railroad ...
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In March of 1901, Duke Farson skillfully using the daily press attracted Chicago residence and visitors to MCA revival services that ran for three months. Preacher actors including converted railroad engineer E. A. Ferguson, ex-prize fighter Andrew J. Dolbow and holiness movement folk hero Bud Robinson entertained listeners with colorful preaching and attacks on Chicago’s leading ministers. The theme song of the revival “The Pearly White City” captures the Holiness Movement’s critique of early twentieth century America. MCA leaders managed to co-opt a schedule moderate holiness convention and even attracted several key attendees to the radical cause including Colorado evangelist Alma White and W. E. Shepard. The General Holiness Assembly ended endorsing the imminent return of Jesus and faith healing.Less
In March of 1901, Duke Farson skillfully using the daily press attracted Chicago residence and visitors to MCA revival services that ran for three months. Preacher actors including converted railroad engineer E. A. Ferguson, ex-prize fighter Andrew J. Dolbow and holiness movement folk hero Bud Robinson entertained listeners with colorful preaching and attacks on Chicago’s leading ministers. The theme song of the revival “The Pearly White City” captures the Holiness Movement’s critique of early twentieth century America. MCA leaders managed to co-opt a schedule moderate holiness convention and even attracted several key attendees to the radical cause including Colorado evangelist Alma White and W. E. Shepard. The General Holiness Assembly ended endorsing the imminent return of Jesus and faith healing.
Nicholas J. Wheeler
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253104
- eISBN:
- 9780191600302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253102.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Examines the justifications, motives, and outcomes surrounding India's use of force against Pakistan in December 1971. It shows how international society as reflected in the positions taken by the ...
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Examines the justifications, motives, and outcomes surrounding India's use of force against Pakistan in December 1971. It shows how international society as reflected in the positions taken by the Security Council and the General Assembly interpreted India's action as a breach of the legal rules prohibiting the use of force rather than as a rescue of the Bengali people.Less
Examines the justifications, motives, and outcomes surrounding India's use of force against Pakistan in December 1971. It shows how international society as reflected in the positions taken by the Security Council and the General Assembly interpreted India's action as a breach of the legal rules prohibiting the use of force rather than as a rescue of the Bengali people.
Paul C. Gutjahr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740420
- eISBN:
- 9780199894703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740420.003.0029
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter twenty-nine tells of the fight the New School mounted to try and take back the American Presbyterian Church through legal means. Meeting in Auburn, New York, the New School held what became ...
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Chapter twenty-nine tells of the fight the New School mounted to try and take back the American Presbyterian Church through legal means. Meeting in Auburn, New York, the New School held what became the “Auburn Convention,” where they determined they would use all legal means to fight to retain their leadership role in the Presbyterian Church. By this time, nearly a half of all Presbyterians in the United States had aligned themselves with the New School. Such numbers shocked the Old School. Although the New School was awarded the trusteeship of the Church in a lower court, ultimately a higher Pennsylvania court awarded the Old School the right to be the guiding force of the American Presbyterian Church.Less
Chapter twenty-nine tells of the fight the New School mounted to try and take back the American Presbyterian Church through legal means. Meeting in Auburn, New York, the New School held what became the “Auburn Convention,” where they determined they would use all legal means to fight to retain their leadership role in the Presbyterian Church. By this time, nearly a half of all Presbyterians in the United States had aligned themselves with the New School. Such numbers shocked the Old School. Although the New School was awarded the trusteeship of the Church in a lower court, ultimately a higher Pennsylvania court awarded the Old School the right to be the guiding force of the American Presbyterian Church.
Daniel H. Joyner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204908
- eISBN:
- 9780191709470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204908.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations political bodies in creating, facilitating, maintaining, and enforcing international law on the subject of the proliferation of weapons of mass ...
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This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations political bodies in creating, facilitating, maintaining, and enforcing international law on the subject of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. As the cornerstone international organization in the area of international peace and security, the United Nations has had a long history of engagement with the issue of WMD proliferation, beginning with the very first General Assembly Resolution on January 24, 1946. The UN Charter itself gives to the political bodies of the organization specific powers to participate in the creation of new international law on issues of WMD proliferation, as well as special powers of enforcement of non-proliferation law to the UN Security Council.Less
This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations political bodies in creating, facilitating, maintaining, and enforcing international law on the subject of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. As the cornerstone international organization in the area of international peace and security, the United Nations has had a long history of engagement with the issue of WMD proliferation, beginning with the very first General Assembly Resolution on January 24, 1946. The UN Charter itself gives to the political bodies of the organization specific powers to participate in the creation of new international law on issues of WMD proliferation, as well as special powers of enforcement of non-proliferation law to the UN Security Council.
Stewart J. Brown
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192131140
- eISBN:
- 9780191670039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192131140.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Church History
In 1839, the rising tension of the controversies regarding both Church Extension and the spiritual independence of the Church, combined with the economic depression and a darkening social ...
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In 1839, the rising tension of the controversies regarding both Church Extension and the spiritual independence of the Church, combined with the economic depression and a darkening social environment, contributed to a series of religious revivals within the Church of Scotland. Chalmers, Welsh, and Gordon walked out of the General Assembly. This chapter narrates the culmination of The Disruption of 1834. The Disruption, Chalmers maintained, was not secession. Rather it was a tragic severing of the relationship between the true Church of Scotland and the British State which had broken its pledge to preserve the Church's integrity. For him, it was the Free Church that now represented the national Establishment and Christian commonwealth. To achieve the goal of a national territorial ‘establishment’, based upon the voluntary contributions, Chalmers devised his celebrated Sustentation Fund scheme.Less
In 1839, the rising tension of the controversies regarding both Church Extension and the spiritual independence of the Church, combined with the economic depression and a darkening social environment, contributed to a series of religious revivals within the Church of Scotland. Chalmers, Welsh, and Gordon walked out of the General Assembly. This chapter narrates the culmination of The Disruption of 1834. The Disruption, Chalmers maintained, was not secession. Rather it was a tragic severing of the relationship between the true Church of Scotland and the British State which had broken its pledge to preserve the Church's integrity. For him, it was the Free Church that now represented the national Establishment and Christian commonwealth. To achieve the goal of a national territorial ‘establishment’, based upon the voluntary contributions, Chalmers devised his celebrated Sustentation Fund scheme.
Charles W. A. Prior
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199698257
- eISBN:
- 9780191739040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698257.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The flashpoint for the Wars of the Three Kingdoms was Scotland, where debates on ecclesiology and law generated attacks on the ecclesiastical supremacy of Crown and bishops. Debates on ecclesiology ...
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The flashpoint for the Wars of the Three Kingdoms was Scotland, where debates on ecclesiology and law generated attacks on the ecclesiastical supremacy of Crown and bishops. Debates on ecclesiology in Scotland produced a very powerful defence of the notion that legally-established religion was the foundation of political liberty. The result was that English and Scottish opponents of Caroline ecclesiology developed arguments which linked concepts of doctrine and political liberty. This chapter examines debates touched off by the National Covenant, and provides an important perspective on the British dimension of the constitutionalism of religion. Scottish writers responded to attempts by the English to ‘Anglicise’ the Kirk by asserting the legal and doctrinal perfection of their own reformation, which was also the guarantee of political liberty. These contributions help us to understand what lay behind the move toward armed resistance in defence of religion and liberty.Less
The flashpoint for the Wars of the Three Kingdoms was Scotland, where debates on ecclesiology and law generated attacks on the ecclesiastical supremacy of Crown and bishops. Debates on ecclesiology in Scotland produced a very powerful defence of the notion that legally-established religion was the foundation of political liberty. The result was that English and Scottish opponents of Caroline ecclesiology developed arguments which linked concepts of doctrine and political liberty. This chapter examines debates touched off by the National Covenant, and provides an important perspective on the British dimension of the constitutionalism of religion. Scottish writers responded to attempts by the English to ‘Anglicise’ the Kirk by asserting the legal and doctrinal perfection of their own reformation, which was also the guarantee of political liberty. These contributions help us to understand what lay behind the move toward armed resistance in defence of religion and liberty.
Nigel D. White
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199218592
- eISBN:
- 9780191705595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218592.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
The arguments over humanitarian intervention were brought to a head in the Spring of 1999 when, faced with the brutal repression of the ethnic Albanian population in the Serbian province of Kosovo, ...
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The arguments over humanitarian intervention were brought to a head in the Spring of 1999 when, faced with the brutal repression of the ethnic Albanian population in the Serbian province of Kosovo, NATO planes bombed Serbian targets between 24 March 1999 and 10 June 1999. The debates in parliament were intense over the Kosovo intervention. The level of discussion over the international legal basis of the operation both within the House of Commons and the country was unprecedented. The greater reliance on seeking Parliamentary support could be due to the lack of a clear international legal basis for the British decision to contribute air power to the operation (even though it was a NATO operation), but could also be due to the proposed mode of protecting human rights — by bombing from a safe height.Less
The arguments over humanitarian intervention were brought to a head in the Spring of 1999 when, faced with the brutal repression of the ethnic Albanian population in the Serbian province of Kosovo, NATO planes bombed Serbian targets between 24 March 1999 and 10 June 1999. The debates in parliament were intense over the Kosovo intervention. The level of discussion over the international legal basis of the operation both within the House of Commons and the country was unprecedented. The greater reliance on seeking Parliamentary support could be due to the lack of a clear international legal basis for the British decision to contribute air power to the operation (even though it was a NATO operation), but could also be due to the proposed mode of protecting human rights — by bombing from a safe height.
Nigel Aston
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202844
- eISBN:
- 9780191675553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202844.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, History of Religion
Baron de Calonne, the Controller-General, advised Louis XVI in August 1786 to summon an Assembly of Notables. In the minister's mind, the Assembly was seen as a new device to obtain something like ...
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Baron de Calonne, the Controller-General, advised Louis XVI in August 1786 to summon an Assembly of Notables. In the minister's mind, the Assembly was seen as a new device to obtain something like national consent to his plans for reforming state finances, rather than a forum in which the Notables, and especially the Episcopate, would present their own views on reform and insist that the monarchy listen to them. Bishops were apprehensive that Calonne would violate the financial independence of the Church. Ministers had already requested a hefty don gratuit from the General Assembly of the Clergy in 1785–6, and under Calonne's proposals to replace the two vingtièmes, the Church would lose the right of apportioning its voluntary tax burden: ecclesiastical landowners would have to pay with everyone else the subvention nationale (or land tax), levied in kind at harvest time.Less
Baron de Calonne, the Controller-General, advised Louis XVI in August 1786 to summon an Assembly of Notables. In the minister's mind, the Assembly was seen as a new device to obtain something like national consent to his plans for reforming state finances, rather than a forum in which the Notables, and especially the Episcopate, would present their own views on reform and insist that the monarchy listen to them. Bishops were apprehensive that Calonne would violate the financial independence of the Church. Ministers had already requested a hefty don gratuit from the General Assembly of the Clergy in 1785–6, and under Calonne's proposals to replace the two vingtièmes, the Church would lose the right of apportioning its voluntary tax burden: ecclesiastical landowners would have to pay with everyone else the subvention nationale (or land tax), levied in kind at harvest time.
Alexander Orakhelashvili
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199579846
- eISBN:
- 9780191725302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579846.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter examines the institutional powers of the United Nations and of regional organizations to tackle international and internal crises. In relation to the UN, the principal focus is on the ...
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This chapter examines the institutional powers of the United Nations and of regional organizations to tackle international and internal crises. In relation to the UN, the principal focus is on the Security Council, General Assembly, and the International Court. A major issue is the essential nature of the Security Council and its relationship to traditional means of dispute settlement under Chapter VI of the UN Charter. Particular emphasis is given to the nature and types of decisions of the Security Council, their binding force, and interpretation and the legal basis on which UN organs can exercise their powers, whether or not expressly provided for in the Charter. The relationship between the three principal organs raises important questions of interpretation of the Charter. After this, Chapter 2 examines various regional security institutions, their evolution and the scope of their powers to address major security crises, sometimes beyond the area of their membership.Less
This chapter examines the institutional powers of the United Nations and of regional organizations to tackle international and internal crises. In relation to the UN, the principal focus is on the Security Council, General Assembly, and the International Court. A major issue is the essential nature of the Security Council and its relationship to traditional means of dispute settlement under Chapter VI of the UN Charter. Particular emphasis is given to the nature and types of decisions of the Security Council, their binding force, and interpretation and the legal basis on which UN organs can exercise their powers, whether or not expressly provided for in the Charter. The relationship between the three principal organs raises important questions of interpretation of the Charter. After this, Chapter 2 examines various regional security institutions, their evolution and the scope of their powers to address major security crises, sometimes beyond the area of their membership.
David George Mullan
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269977
- eISBN:
- 9780191600715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269978.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The National Covenant (28 February 1638) once again bound the country to God to withstand all innovations in church and state, and under the wave of Presbyterian nationalism, which followed those who ...
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The National Covenant (28 February 1638) once again bound the country to God to withstand all innovations in church and state, and under the wave of Presbyterian nationalism, which followed those who opposed the covenant were subjected to various forms of coercion. There followed in November the Glasgow General Assembly of the church, and it was dominated by the aristocrats who seized upon the occasion to press their political agenda. By then political resistance had found its way into pulpit discourse, though not without an acceptance, indeed an assertion of the leadership of the nobility. The royalist/Episcopalian opposition, soon to be scattered, struck back at the covenanters, accusing them of Jesuit politics of resistance and revolt, representing a tit for tat exchange of allegations of popery.Less
The National Covenant (28 February 1638) once again bound the country to God to withstand all innovations in church and state, and under the wave of Presbyterian nationalism, which followed those who opposed the covenant were subjected to various forms of coercion. There followed in November the Glasgow General Assembly of the church, and it was dominated by the aristocrats who seized upon the occasion to press their political agenda. By then political resistance had found its way into pulpit discourse, though not without an acceptance, indeed an assertion of the leadership of the nobility. The royalist/Episcopalian opposition, soon to be scattered, struck back at the covenanters, accusing them of Jesuit politics of resistance and revolt, representing a tit for tat exchange of allegations of popery.
Carl Wellman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199744787
- eISBN:
- 9780199827138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744787.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter examines critically the way in which national sovereignty has limited and still limits the implementation of international human rights. It describes the relevance of the United Nations ...
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This chapter examines critically the way in which national sovereignty has limited and still limits the implementation of international human rights. It describes the relevance of the United Nations Charter, General Assembly resolutions, United Nations practices, and international court cases. After identifying the unresolved issues in international law, it argues that international law ought not to be based exclusively on the consent of nation-states, that individual states or coalitions of states ought not to be legally permitted to intervene by the use of military force to stop or prevent the violation of human rights without the authorization of the Security Council, and that the power of the General Assembly to call on states to intervene with coercive measures short of military force ought not to be rigidly limited.Less
This chapter examines critically the way in which national sovereignty has limited and still limits the implementation of international human rights. It describes the relevance of the United Nations Charter, General Assembly resolutions, United Nations practices, and international court cases. After identifying the unresolved issues in international law, it argues that international law ought not to be based exclusively on the consent of nation-states, that individual states or coalitions of states ought not to be legally permitted to intervene by the use of military force to stop or prevent the violation of human rights without the authorization of the Security Council, and that the power of the General Assembly to call on states to intervene with coercive measures short of military force ought not to be rigidly limited.
James G Sloan and Gleider I Hernandez
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199653218
- eISBN:
- 9780191747922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653218.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This chapter focuses on the influence of the Court on the development of the law relating to the UN. It considers the impact of the Court's findings with respect to the interpretation of the UN ...
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This chapter focuses on the influence of the Court on the development of the law relating to the UN. It considers the impact of the Court's findings with respect to the interpretation of the UN Charter, and the functioning and status of the UN as an international organization. It examines the Court's contribution to understanding the functioning of the UN's principal organs, and considers the Court's treatment of the powers and functions of the UN's non-judicial organs, in particular the Security Council and the General Assembly. The chapter also addresses the question of how the Court has perceived the limits of its own powers and those of the other principal organs.Less
This chapter focuses on the influence of the Court on the development of the law relating to the UN. It considers the impact of the Court's findings with respect to the interpretation of the UN Charter, and the functioning and status of the UN as an international organization. It examines the Court's contribution to understanding the functioning of the UN's principal organs, and considers the Court's treatment of the powers and functions of the UN's non-judicial organs, in particular the Security Council and the General Assembly. The chapter also addresses the question of how the Court has perceived the limits of its own powers and those of the other principal organs.
Paul C. Gutjahr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740420
- eISBN:
- 9780199894703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740420.003.0028
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter twenty-eight studies the events which led to the Presbyterian schism of 1837. Many issues led to the schism, but most importantly the Old and New Schools differed on matters of theology. The ...
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Chapter twenty-eight studies the events which led to the Presbyterian schism of 1837. Many issues led to the schism, but most importantly the Old and New Schools differed on matters of theology. The Old School also had significant problems with the 1801 “Plan of Union” which had joined the efforts of Presbyterians and Congregationalists together in evangelizing the American West. Princeton Seminary attempted to stay neutral in many of these debates, but when the Old School decided to push for separation, Princeton readily joined it. Hodge agreed with the need for separation, but did not like everything the Old School had done to accomplish it.Less
Chapter twenty-eight studies the events which led to the Presbyterian schism of 1837. Many issues led to the schism, but most importantly the Old and New Schools differed on matters of theology. The Old School also had significant problems with the 1801 “Plan of Union” which had joined the efforts of Presbyterians and Congregationalists together in evangelizing the American West. Princeton Seminary attempted to stay neutral in many of these debates, but when the Old School decided to push for separation, Princeton readily joined it. Hodge agreed with the need for separation, but did not like everything the Old School had done to accomplish it.
Stewart J. Brown
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192131140
- eISBN:
- 9780191670039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192131140.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Church History
Chalmers went to England to see if his St. John system would work in the Church of England. Unfortunately it did not. This chapter relates Chalmers's views on the Kennedy Bill and his activities at ...
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Chalmers went to England to see if his St. John system would work in the Church of England. Unfortunately it did not. This chapter relates Chalmers's views on the Kennedy Bill and his activities at St. Andrews University. His renewed influence with the General Assembly resulted largely from the revival of the plurality issue. Chalmers's greatest oratorical moment was his speech on the Emancipation of Catholics. After Andrew Thomson died of a heart attack, Chalmers became the likely successor to the leadership of the Evangelical Party. The affair of the Ecclesiastical History chair had contributed to Chalmers's estrangement from the Whig Government. It raised serious doubts about Chalmers's capacity to take up Thomson's fallen mantle. In thwarting John Lee's appointment and in applying pressure upon David Aitken, he showed a domineering manner, devoid of consideration.Less
Chalmers went to England to see if his St. John system would work in the Church of England. Unfortunately it did not. This chapter relates Chalmers's views on the Kennedy Bill and his activities at St. Andrews University. His renewed influence with the General Assembly resulted largely from the revival of the plurality issue. Chalmers's greatest oratorical moment was his speech on the Emancipation of Catholics. After Andrew Thomson died of a heart attack, Chalmers became the likely successor to the leadership of the Evangelical Party. The affair of the Ecclesiastical History chair had contributed to Chalmers's estrangement from the Whig Government. It raised serious doubts about Chalmers's capacity to take up Thomson's fallen mantle. In thwarting John Lee's appointment and in applying pressure upon David Aitken, he showed a domineering manner, devoid of consideration.
