Wilson McLeod
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247226
- eISBN:
- 9780191714610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247226.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. This study has assessed the nature of the relationship between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland during the late medieval period, and ...
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This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. This study has assessed the nature of the relationship between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland during the late medieval period, and especially in the ways in which that relationship was perceived and understood by Scottish and Irish Gaeldom. Due to limitations of the sources, a cloudy picture emerges, and at times the evidence is contradictory if not paradoxical. The accepted framework of the Gaelic ‘culture-province’ seems distinctly unsatisfying in many respects. The cultural connections between the two parts of the Gaelic world are extremely significant, and worked to tie Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland closely together. However, the idea of ‘Gaeldom’ as some seamless web does not survive analysis, for the evidence across the range of cultural activity suggests that Ireland was systematically dominant, and that Gaelic Scotland looked to Ireland much more than vice versa.Less
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. This study has assessed the nature of the relationship between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland during the late medieval period, and especially in the ways in which that relationship was perceived and understood by Scottish and Irish Gaeldom. Due to limitations of the sources, a cloudy picture emerges, and at times the evidence is contradictory if not paradoxical. The accepted framework of the Gaelic ‘culture-province’ seems distinctly unsatisfying in many respects. The cultural connections between the two parts of the Gaelic world are extremely significant, and worked to tie Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland closely together. However, the idea of ‘Gaeldom’ as some seamless web does not survive analysis, for the evidence across the range of cultural activity suggests that Ireland was systematically dominant, and that Gaelic Scotland looked to Ireland much more than vice versa.
Laura Wright
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266557
- eISBN:
- 9780191905377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266557.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
The timeline summarises the findings presented in the book and re-orders them in chronological order. Dividing land into sunny and shady parts was originally a technical North British legal concept ...
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The timeline summarises the findings presented in the book and re-orders them in chronological order. Dividing land into sunny and shady parts was originally a technical North British legal concept to do with land tenure, evidenced in manuscripts from the twelfth century and with counterparts in Scandinavia known as solskifte. When the open-field system was abandoned, houses built on former sunny divisions retained the name Sunnyside. Greens was the Scottish Gaelic expression of the same concept. The name largely stayed within North Britain until the Nonconformist movements of the 1600s spread it southwards via networks of travelling Quakers, who took it to North America. In 1816 Washington Irving saw Sunnyside, Melrose when visiting Sir Walter Scott, and renamed his house Sunnyside accordingly. Wealthy London nonconformists named their grand suburban villas Sunnyside, consolidating the trend. Twentieth-century plotlands house-naming is also considered, and the prevalence of historic sol- farm names in Scandinavia.Less
The timeline summarises the findings presented in the book and re-orders them in chronological order. Dividing land into sunny and shady parts was originally a technical North British legal concept to do with land tenure, evidenced in manuscripts from the twelfth century and with counterparts in Scandinavia known as solskifte. When the open-field system was abandoned, houses built on former sunny divisions retained the name Sunnyside. Greens was the Scottish Gaelic expression of the same concept. The name largely stayed within North Britain until the Nonconformist movements of the 1600s spread it southwards via networks of travelling Quakers, who took it to North America. In 1816 Washington Irving saw Sunnyside, Melrose when visiting Sir Walter Scott, and renamed his house Sunnyside accordingly. Wealthy London nonconformists named their grand suburban villas Sunnyside, consolidating the trend. Twentieth-century plotlands house-naming is also considered, and the prevalence of historic sol- farm names in Scandinavia.
Laura Wright
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266557
- eISBN:
- 9780191905377
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266557.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This book traces developments in the history of British house-names from the tenth century, beginning with medieval house-naming practices referencing the householder’s name, the householder’s ...
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This book traces developments in the history of British house-names from the tenth century, beginning with medieval house-naming practices referencing the householder’s name, the householder’s occupation, and the appearance of the house. In the early fourteenth century heraldic names appeared on commercial premises: tavern names such as la Worm on the Hope, and shop names such as the Golden Tea Kettle & Speaking Trumpet. From the eighteenth century five main categories are identified: the transferred place-name, the nostalgically rural, the commemorative, names associated with the nobility, and the latest fashion or fad. From the nineteenth century new developments are ‘pick & mix’ names consisting of uncoupled elements from British place-names joined together in new combinations, and jocular house-names. Historically, the house-name Sunnyside predominates in Scotland, and is traced through Middle English, Medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman French Scottish Gaelic, and the influence of Old Norse, recording a prehistoric Nordic land-division practice known as solskifte. It was spread southwards in the eighteenth century by Nonconformists, and became a Quaker shibboleth. Quakers took the name to North America where it remains in use as a church name. A specific historic Sunnyside in the Scottish Borders influenced author Washington Irving to name his famous New York Sunnyside, which boosted the name’s popularity. London Sunnysides of the 1870s were grand suburban residences owned by rich industrialist Nonconformists with Scottish family ties, confirming the trend.Less
This book traces developments in the history of British house-names from the tenth century, beginning with medieval house-naming practices referencing the householder’s name, the householder’s occupation, and the appearance of the house. In the early fourteenth century heraldic names appeared on commercial premises: tavern names such as la Worm on the Hope, and shop names such as the Golden Tea Kettle & Speaking Trumpet. From the eighteenth century five main categories are identified: the transferred place-name, the nostalgically rural, the commemorative, names associated with the nobility, and the latest fashion or fad. From the nineteenth century new developments are ‘pick & mix’ names consisting of uncoupled elements from British place-names joined together in new combinations, and jocular house-names. Historically, the house-name Sunnyside predominates in Scotland, and is traced through Middle English, Medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman French Scottish Gaelic, and the influence of Old Norse, recording a prehistoric Nordic land-division practice known as solskifte. It was spread southwards in the eighteenth century by Nonconformists, and became a Quaker shibboleth. Quakers took the name to North America where it remains in use as a church name. A specific historic Sunnyside in the Scottish Borders influenced author Washington Irving to name his famous New York Sunnyside, which boosted the name’s popularity. London Sunnysides of the 1870s were grand suburban residences owned by rich industrialist Nonconformists with Scottish family ties, confirming the trend.
Laura Wright
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266557
- eISBN:
- 9780191905377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266557.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter explains how the author came to study house names and summarises the findings of the book: that house- names are ancient, that there is plentiful data, that house-names express ...
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This chapter explains how the author came to study house names and summarises the findings of the book: that house- names are ancient, that there is plentiful data, that house-names express historical social information, that they have held steady over recorded history with occasional addition of new categories. The history of the house-name Sunnyside is sketched out: it had a historic regional distribution reflecting the Nordic land-division practice of solskifte and crossed languages spoken in the region, so that traditional Scottish names in Green such as Greens of Bogbuie express Scottish Gaelic grian ‘sun’ rather than the English word green.Less
This chapter explains how the author came to study house names and summarises the findings of the book: that house- names are ancient, that there is plentiful data, that house-names express historical social information, that they have held steady over recorded history with occasional addition of new categories. The history of the house-name Sunnyside is sketched out: it had a historic regional distribution reflecting the Nordic land-division practice of solskifte and crossed languages spoken in the region, so that traditional Scottish names in Green such as Greens of Bogbuie express Scottish Gaelic grian ‘sun’ rather than the English word green.
Laura Wright
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266557
- eISBN:
- 9780191905377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266557.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter considers the distribution and meaning of the 116 historic North British Sunnysides and 63 Greens given in the Sunnyside Gazetteer, and the distribution and structure of the Sunnyside of ...
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This chapter considers the distribution and meaning of the 116 historic North British Sunnysides and 63 Greens given in the Sunnyside Gazetteer, and the distribution and structure of the Sunnyside of X and Greens of X construction. Sixteenth-century Medieval Latin Sunnysides are exerpted from the Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire and the Register of the Great Seal of Scotland AD 1620-1633. The distribution when plotted forms three main groups: the first is the north-east of Scotland bounded by the Grampians, the second is the Central Lowlands, and the third is the border area of the Eastern Lowlands of Scotland and North-Eastern England divided by the Cheviots. The practice of ‘vesying the sunny side’ as a means of land-tenure division is described in North British and Nordic cultures. It is posited that the Sunnyside of X and Greens of X construction is Old Norse.Less
This chapter considers the distribution and meaning of the 116 historic North British Sunnysides and 63 Greens given in the Sunnyside Gazetteer, and the distribution and structure of the Sunnyside of X and Greens of X construction. Sixteenth-century Medieval Latin Sunnysides are exerpted from the Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire and the Register of the Great Seal of Scotland AD 1620-1633. The distribution when plotted forms three main groups: the first is the north-east of Scotland bounded by the Grampians, the second is the Central Lowlands, and the third is the border area of the Eastern Lowlands of Scotland and North-Eastern England divided by the Cheviots. The practice of ‘vesying the sunny side’ as a means of land-tenure division is described in North British and Nordic cultures. It is posited that the Sunnyside of X and Greens of X construction is Old Norse.
Wilson McLeod
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247226
- eISBN:
- 9780191714610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247226.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the purpose of the book, which is to analyze the relationship between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland; specifically, how the Gaels of Scotland viewed ...
More
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the purpose of the book, which is to analyze the relationship between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland; specifically, how the Gaels of Scotland viewed Ireland and Irish Gaels, and vice versa. It then discusses the culture-province paradigm: that Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland formed a single cultural unity.Less
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the purpose of the book, which is to analyze the relationship between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland; specifically, how the Gaels of Scotland viewed Ireland and Irish Gaels, and vice versa. It then discusses the culture-province paradigm: that Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland formed a single cultural unity.
Wilson McLeod
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247226
- eISBN:
- 9780191714610
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247226.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This book challenges the familiar view that Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland formed a cultural unit during the late middle ages and early modern period. Many commentators have emphasized the strong ...
More
This book challenges the familiar view that Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland formed a cultural unit during the late middle ages and early modern period. Many commentators have emphasized the strong cultural and political ties that bound the ‘sea-divided’ Gaels together during this era, when Scottish Gaels supplied crucial military forces to the Gaelic Irish chiefs, and poets and learned men travelled extensively between the two countries. This book tests this view of a unified Gaelic ‘culture-province’ by examination of the surviving sources, especially formal bardic poetry. Although the evidence is patchy and occasionally contradictory, the book is able to show that Ireland was culturally dominant. While Scottish Gaeldom attached great significance to the Irish connection, viewing Ireland as the wellspring of historical and cultural prestige, Irish Gaeldom, the book argues, perceived Scotland as distant and peripheral.Less
This book challenges the familiar view that Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland formed a cultural unit during the late middle ages and early modern period. Many commentators have emphasized the strong cultural and political ties that bound the ‘sea-divided’ Gaels together during this era, when Scottish Gaels supplied crucial military forces to the Gaelic Irish chiefs, and poets and learned men travelled extensively between the two countries. This book tests this view of a unified Gaelic ‘culture-province’ by examination of the surviving sources, especially formal bardic poetry. Although the evidence is patchy and occasionally contradictory, the book is able to show that Ireland was culturally dominant. While Scottish Gaeldom attached great significance to the Irish connection, viewing Ireland as the wellspring of historical and cultural prestige, Irish Gaeldom, the book argues, perceived Scotland as distant and peripheral.
MICHAEL WHEATLEY
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199273577
- eISBN:
- 9780191706165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273577.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
How far was the waning of political activity felt in the intermeshed network of clubs, societies, and committees which underpinned local political life? This chapter analyses these bodies: the United ...
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How far was the waning of political activity felt in the intermeshed network of clubs, societies, and committees which underpinned local political life? This chapter analyses these bodies: the United Irish League, the Hibernians, labour leagues, the Gaelic League, Gaelic Athletic Association, temperance movement, the Catholic Church, and Sinn Fein. In particular, the party's relationship to ‘cultural nationalist’ organizations is analysed. On balance, the decline of popular politics did not significantly weaken the life of local organizations. The Irish party's main local vehicle, the UIL, did perceptibly decline, but this was in large part offset by the vigour of the Hibernians, who thrived not only because of their ‘Catholicity’ and aggressive nationalism, but also through their broad range of sporting, social, cultural, and benefits activities. The Irish party maintained its connections to a plethora of other societies and it showed sufficient life to make its subsequent demise far from inevitable.Less
How far was the waning of political activity felt in the intermeshed network of clubs, societies, and committees which underpinned local political life? This chapter analyses these bodies: the United Irish League, the Hibernians, labour leagues, the Gaelic League, Gaelic Athletic Association, temperance movement, the Catholic Church, and Sinn Fein. In particular, the party's relationship to ‘cultural nationalist’ organizations is analysed. On balance, the decline of popular politics did not significantly weaken the life of local organizations. The Irish party's main local vehicle, the UIL, did perceptibly decline, but this was in large part offset by the vigour of the Hibernians, who thrived not only because of their ‘Catholicity’ and aggressive nationalism, but also through their broad range of sporting, social, cultural, and benefits activities. The Irish party maintained its connections to a plethora of other societies and it showed sufficient life to make its subsequent demise far from inevitable.
Wilson McLeod
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247226
- eISBN:
- 9780191714610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247226.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter discusses the changing political and cultural context within Ireland and within Scotland. Although Ireland underwent dramatic change during the classical period, it was the fundamental ...
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This chapter discusses the changing political and cultural context within Ireland and within Scotland. Although Ireland underwent dramatic change during the classical period, it was the fundamental restructuring of Scottish Gaeldom and Scottish Gaelic identity that brought about a reworking of the cultural relationship between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland during this era. Scottish Gaeldom came to reorient itself towards Ireland and away from the south and east — areas that were being transformed into the Galldachd or ‘Lowlands’. At the same time, the Norse presence in the Hebrides and adjoining western littoral, established from the 9th century onwards, faded steadily during this era, working a process of re-Gaelicization in what was becoming the Gàidhealtachd or ‘Highlands’. These developments meant that ‘Gaelic’ Scotland in the late medieval period was very different from what it had been at the start of the millennium, and that the connection to Ireland was reshaped accordingly.Less
This chapter discusses the changing political and cultural context within Ireland and within Scotland. Although Ireland underwent dramatic change during the classical period, it was the fundamental restructuring of Scottish Gaeldom and Scottish Gaelic identity that brought about a reworking of the cultural relationship between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland during this era. Scottish Gaeldom came to reorient itself towards Ireland and away from the south and east — areas that were being transformed into the Galldachd or ‘Lowlands’. At the same time, the Norse presence in the Hebrides and adjoining western littoral, established from the 9th century onwards, faded steadily during this era, working a process of re-Gaelicization in what was becoming the Gàidhealtachd or ‘Highlands’. These developments meant that ‘Gaelic’ Scotland in the late medieval period was very different from what it had been at the start of the millennium, and that the connection to Ireland was reshaped accordingly.
Wilson McLeod
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247226
- eISBN:
- 9780191714610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247226.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
One of the most basic problems complicating the study of relations between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland in the late medieval period is the dearth of surviving Gaelic writings from Scotland, ...
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One of the most basic problems complicating the study of relations between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland in the late medieval period is the dearth of surviving Gaelic writings from Scotland, especially writings of a literary nature. This scarcity of source material is a major obstacle to the study and interpretation of cultural outlooks; but at the same time the very fact of this lack is an important issue in itself, demanding explanation. This chapter examines the dynamics of literary and intellectual culture in Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland, and marks out the nature of their interaction.Less
One of the most basic problems complicating the study of relations between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland in the late medieval period is the dearth of surviving Gaelic writings from Scotland, especially writings of a literary nature. This scarcity of source material is a major obstacle to the study and interpretation of cultural outlooks; but at the same time the very fact of this lack is an important issue in itself, demanding explanation. This chapter examines the dynamics of literary and intellectual culture in Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland, and marks out the nature of their interaction.
Wilson McLeod
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247226
- eISBN:
- 9780191714610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247226.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter argues that the vision of the connection between Ireland and Scotland in bardic poetry is a hazy one, whose outlines are less than sharp or clear. Much of what is said is only half-said, ...
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This chapter argues that the vision of the connection between Ireland and Scotland in bardic poetry is a hazy one, whose outlines are less than sharp or clear. Much of what is said is only half-said, and often not as careful implication or subtle statement, but as offhand comment or haphazard suggestion. Attitudes, perceptions, and outlooks are difficult to discern, almost impossible to set out with certainty or finality.Less
This chapter argues that the vision of the connection between Ireland and Scotland in bardic poetry is a hazy one, whose outlines are less than sharp or clear. Much of what is said is only half-said, and often not as careful implication or subtle statement, but as offhand comment or haphazard suggestion. Attitudes, perceptions, and outlooks are difficult to discern, almost impossible to set out with certainty or finality.
Wilson McLeod
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247226
- eISBN:
- 9780191714610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247226.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter shows how the breakdown of the established Gaelic world over the course of the 17th century began a process of fundamental transformation in the relationship between Gaelic Scotland and ...
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This chapter shows how the breakdown of the established Gaelic world over the course of the 17th century began a process of fundamental transformation in the relationship between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland. As English control of Ireland grew tighter, and central government's power in Scotland more restrictive, traditional political and cultural links between Scottish and Irish Gaeldom were weakened and broken, and the two communities became less prominent in each other's mental and imaginative fields.Less
This chapter shows how the breakdown of the established Gaelic world over the course of the 17th century began a process of fundamental transformation in the relationship between Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland. As English control of Ireland grew tighter, and central government's power in Scotland more restrictive, traditional political and cultural links between Scottish and Irish Gaeldom were weakened and broken, and the two communities became less prominent in each other's mental and imaginative fields.
Tony Crowley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273430
- eISBN:
- 9780191706202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273430.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter details the beginning of the destruction of the Gaelic order in Ireland by military, legal, and economic means. Though there is little evidence of the widespread use of English in the ...
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This chapter details the beginning of the destruction of the Gaelic order in Ireland by military, legal, and economic means. Though there is little evidence of the widespread use of English in the countryside, it is already evident in this period that English was the language of towns and that it had important economic, bureaucratic, and political functions. The defeat of Catholic forces in the 1640s and again at the end of the period gives rise to angry lamentation by the Gaelic bards for the loss of traditional Gaelic culture and faith. The chapter also traces the emergence of both the native response to the new historical circumstances, including the formulation of a new mode of Irish national identity, and the colonial attacks on Gaelic historiography, language, and culture.Less
This chapter details the beginning of the destruction of the Gaelic order in Ireland by military, legal, and economic means. Though there is little evidence of the widespread use of English in the countryside, it is already evident in this period that English was the language of towns and that it had important economic, bureaucratic, and political functions. The defeat of Catholic forces in the 1640s and again at the end of the period gives rise to angry lamentation by the Gaelic bards for the loss of traditional Gaelic culture and faith. The chapter also traces the emergence of both the native response to the new historical circumstances, including the formulation of a new mode of Irish national identity, and the colonial attacks on Gaelic historiography, language, and culture.
Tony Crowley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273430
- eISBN:
- 9780191706202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273430.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
Outlining the debates over the relative merits and demerits of the English and Gaelic languages in Ireland in the period of the Penal Code, this chapter traces a shifting historical narrative which ...
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Outlining the debates over the relative merits and demerits of the English and Gaelic languages in Ireland in the period of the Penal Code, this chapter traces a shifting historical narrative which matches developments on the ground. As English gradually but surely gained dominance in Irish public and civil life, and as Gaelic culture and tradition receded from public view if not everyday practice, there emerged a whole series of arguments about the proper language of education in the country. Not the least of these strands was that launched by Protestant antiquarians and their Catholic counterparts — for differing reasons — about the antiquity and integrity of the Irish nation. Towards the end of the period, there appears what can be recognized as the first elements of a form of linguistic nationalism that was to be so influential later in Irish history.Less
Outlining the debates over the relative merits and demerits of the English and Gaelic languages in Ireland in the period of the Penal Code, this chapter traces a shifting historical narrative which matches developments on the ground. As English gradually but surely gained dominance in Irish public and civil life, and as Gaelic culture and tradition receded from public view if not everyday practice, there emerged a whole series of arguments about the proper language of education in the country. Not the least of these strands was that launched by Protestant antiquarians and their Catholic counterparts — for differing reasons — about the antiquity and integrity of the Irish nation. Towards the end of the period, there appears what can be recognized as the first elements of a form of linguistic nationalism that was to be so influential later in Irish history.
Tony Crowley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273430
- eISBN:
- 9780191706202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273430.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter presents the story of the language movement's centrality to the struggle for Irish national independence. From its unlikely beginnings in small journals to the hegemonic role played by ...
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This chapter presents the story of the language movement's centrality to the struggle for Irish national independence. From its unlikely beginnings in small journals to the hegemonic role played by the Gaelic League in the ideological and cultural war, the movement to preserve, revive, and restore the Gaelic language as part of the formation of national identity was one of the most important factors in motivating and inspiring those who engaged in the physical fight against British rule. But the history of the Revival movement is complex, taking in as it does a whole spectrum of political positions and arguments which ranged from reactionary Catholicism to revolutionary socialism, and from complete rejection of the English language to those who espoused a new form of language — Hiberno-English — which had been created out of a colonial history.Less
This chapter presents the story of the language movement's centrality to the struggle for Irish national independence. From its unlikely beginnings in small journals to the hegemonic role played by the Gaelic League in the ideological and cultural war, the movement to preserve, revive, and restore the Gaelic language as part of the formation of national identity was one of the most important factors in motivating and inspiring those who engaged in the physical fight against British rule. But the history of the Revival movement is complex, taking in as it does a whole spectrum of political positions and arguments which ranged from reactionary Catholicism to revolutionary socialism, and from complete rejection of the English language to those who espoused a new form of language — Hiberno-English — which had been created out of a colonial history.
Rowan Strong
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199249220
- eISBN:
- 9780191600760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199249229.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Establishes the reality and patterns of a genuinely Scottish Gaelic Episcopalianism against the historiographical marginality that has been assigned to Scottish historians. It proves that Gaelic ...
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Establishes the reality and patterns of a genuinely Scottish Gaelic Episcopalianism against the historiographical marginality that has been assigned to Scottish historians. It proves that Gaelic Episcopalianism was widespread in the Highlands at the end of the nineteenth century and managed to survive in defined areas into the nineteenth century. This was despite the depredations of Evangelical missionaries, the poverty and the increasing Anglicization of their own Church. Gaelic Episcopalian religion is identified as centred around the Gaelic language, bible, and prayerbook, with Gaels acting as agents in their own religious survival in many cases.Less
Establishes the reality and patterns of a genuinely Scottish Gaelic Episcopalianism against the historiographical marginality that has been assigned to Scottish historians. It proves that Gaelic Episcopalianism was widespread in the Highlands at the end of the nineteenth century and managed to survive in defined areas into the nineteenth century. This was despite the depredations of Evangelical missionaries, the poverty and the increasing Anglicization of their own Church. Gaelic Episcopalian religion is identified as centred around the Gaelic language, bible, and prayerbook, with Gaels acting as agents in their own religious survival in many cases.
Stuart Dunmore
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474443111
- eISBN:
- 9781474476706
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474443111.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Situated within the interrelated disciplines of applied sociolinguistics and the sociology of language, this book explores the language use and attitudinal perceptions of a sample of 130 adults who ...
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Situated within the interrelated disciplines of applied sociolinguistics and the sociology of language, this book explores the language use and attitudinal perceptions of a sample of 130 adults who received Gaelic-medium education (GME) at primary school, during the first years of that system’s availability in Scotland. The school is viewed by policymakers as a crucial site for language revitalisation in such diverse contexts as Hawai’i, New Zealand and the Basque Country – as well as throughout the Celtic-speaking world. In Scotland, GME is seen as a key area of language development, regarded by policymakers as a strategic priority for revitalising Gaelic, and maintaining its use by future generations of speakers. Yet theorists have stressed that school-based policy interventions are inadequate for realising this objective in isolation, and that without sufficient support in the home and community, children are unlikely to develop strong identities or supportive ideologies in the language of their classroom instruction. For the first time, this book provides an in-depth assessment of language use, ideologies and attitudes among adults who received an immersion education in a minority language, and considers subsequent prospects for language revitalisation in contemporary society. Based on detailed analyses using mixed methods, the book offers empirically grounded suggestions for individuals and policymakers seeking to revitalise languages internationally. Less
Situated within the interrelated disciplines of applied sociolinguistics and the sociology of language, this book explores the language use and attitudinal perceptions of a sample of 130 adults who received Gaelic-medium education (GME) at primary school, during the first years of that system’s availability in Scotland. The school is viewed by policymakers as a crucial site for language revitalisation in such diverse contexts as Hawai’i, New Zealand and the Basque Country – as well as throughout the Celtic-speaking world. In Scotland, GME is seen as a key area of language development, regarded by policymakers as a strategic priority for revitalising Gaelic, and maintaining its use by future generations of speakers. Yet theorists have stressed that school-based policy interventions are inadequate for realising this objective in isolation, and that without sufficient support in the home and community, children are unlikely to develop strong identities or supportive ideologies in the language of their classroom instruction. For the first time, this book provides an in-depth assessment of language use, ideologies and attitudes among adults who received an immersion education in a minority language, and considers subsequent prospects for language revitalisation in contemporary society. Based on detailed analyses using mixed methods, the book offers empirically grounded suggestions for individuals and policymakers seeking to revitalise languages internationally.
Robert McColl Millar
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623167
- eISBN:
- 9780748651528
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623167.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
The Scots dialects of northern Scotland, Orkney, and Shetland are among the most traditional varieties of ‘English’, exhibiting features not current elsewhere for centuries. Until recently, they were ...
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The Scots dialects of northern Scotland, Orkney, and Shetland are among the most traditional varieties of ‘English’, exhibiting features not current elsewhere for centuries. Until recently, they were spoken in communities whose traditional occupations have encouraged the equation of speech with local identity. They have all also been affected by contact with Gaelic, or Norse, or both. In recent years, however, the decline of traditional industries has been matched by the discovery of oil off their coasts, encouraging in-migration of speakers of many varieties of English and other languages. How well have these varieties maintained their traditional natures at the start of the 21st century? This book provides a description of the phonological, structural, and lexical natures of these varieties; a history of the varieties in relation to the areas in which they are spoken; examples of the language of native speakers; and an annotated bibliography that points the reader towards more specialised works.Less
The Scots dialects of northern Scotland, Orkney, and Shetland are among the most traditional varieties of ‘English’, exhibiting features not current elsewhere for centuries. Until recently, they were spoken in communities whose traditional occupations have encouraged the equation of speech with local identity. They have all also been affected by contact with Gaelic, or Norse, or both. In recent years, however, the decline of traditional industries has been matched by the discovery of oil off their coasts, encouraging in-migration of speakers of many varieties of English and other languages. How well have these varieties maintained their traditional natures at the start of the 21st century? This book provides a description of the phonological, structural, and lexical natures of these varieties; a history of the varieties in relation to the areas in which they are spoken; examples of the language of native speakers; and an annotated bibliography that points the reader towards more specialised works.
Tony Crowley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273430
- eISBN:
- 9780191706202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273430.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter gives an of the beginnings of linguistic colonialism proper in Ireland under Henry VIII, and the consolidation and hardening of the policy under Elizabeth I and James I. Central to the ...
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This chapter gives an of the beginnings of linguistic colonialism proper in Ireland under Henry VIII, and the consolidation and hardening of the policy under Elizabeth I and James I. Central to the strategy of the colonists was the attempt to subjugate Ireland militarily and culturally, including the conversion of the country to Protestantism. The varying practices of colonial enforcement are examined, ranging from Henry's gradualist reformism to the extreme measures enacted during Elizabeth's reign and that of James. Attention is drawn to the limited impact of linguistic colonialism on Gaelic culture before the defeat of the Gaelic chieftains in 1601, and the subsequent Flight of the Earls in 1607. Consideration is given to the attitudes and stereotypes of the colonizers and the native population as expressed in the English and Gaelic literature of the period.Less
This chapter gives an of the beginnings of linguistic colonialism proper in Ireland under Henry VIII, and the consolidation and hardening of the policy under Elizabeth I and James I. Central to the strategy of the colonists was the attempt to subjugate Ireland militarily and culturally, including the conversion of the country to Protestantism. The varying practices of colonial enforcement are examined, ranging from Henry's gradualist reformism to the extreme measures enacted during Elizabeth's reign and that of James. Attention is drawn to the limited impact of linguistic colonialism on Gaelic culture before the defeat of the Gaelic chieftains in 1601, and the subsequent Flight of the Earls in 1607. Consideration is given to the attitudes and stereotypes of the colonizers and the native population as expressed in the English and Gaelic literature of the period.
Thomas Owen Clancy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264775
- eISBN:
- 9780191734984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264775.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter presents the text of a lecture on Gaelic advent and expansion in medieval Scotland given at the British Academy's 2009 Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture. This text reviews the evidence for ...
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This chapter presents the text of a lecture on Gaelic advent and expansion in medieval Scotland given at the British Academy's 2009 Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture. This text reviews the evidence for Gaelic's arrival and expansion in the various different regions of Scotland in the Middle Ages and evaluates the different ways in which toponymic data can usefully be interpreted to inform our notion of the process of expansion. It argues that, contrary of received views, the twelfth and thirteenth centuries remained periods of expansion for the Gaelic language.Less
This chapter presents the text of a lecture on Gaelic advent and expansion in medieval Scotland given at the British Academy's 2009 Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture. This text reviews the evidence for Gaelic's arrival and expansion in the various different regions of Scotland in the Middle Ages and evaluates the different ways in which toponymic data can usefully be interpreted to inform our notion of the process of expansion. It argues that, contrary of received views, the twelfth and thirteenth centuries remained periods of expansion for the Gaelic language.
