Marian Stamp Dawkins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198569350
- eISBN:
- 9780191717512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569350.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
New technology in the form of video, GPS trackers, and other equipment has opened up the observation of behaviour in ways that were unimaginable before. It is now possible to follow animals ...
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New technology in the form of video, GPS trackers, and other equipment has opened up the observation of behaviour in ways that were unimaginable before. It is now possible to follow animals continuously for days or months, and to know where and what they are doing even when they have disappeared from view. There is now the possibility of collecting large quantities of data and the problem is how best to analyze it. ‘Observation’ has taken on a whole new meaning and assumed a whole new significance. It is no longer the poor relation of experiment but a major research tool in its own right. The book concludes with a checklist of all the different stages of an observational study: (i) the type of question (about adaptation, causation, development, or evolution) being asked; (ii) what hypothesis is being tested; (iii) what the predictions from this hypothesis are and what would count as evidence both for and against it; (iv) how the observations will be designed to achieve independence, not confounding variables and removing unwanted variation; (v) how the level, units, and type of sampling will be selected and what sort of records will be taken; (vi) how behaviour is to be recorded (paper, video, computer, etc.); (vii) the completeness of the protocol, including sample size, choice of animals; (viii) the ethics of the study; (ix) permissions and agreements with other people involved; (x) the carrying out of a pilot study; (xi) analysis of data; and (xii) presentation of results.Less
New technology in the form of video, GPS trackers, and other equipment has opened up the observation of behaviour in ways that were unimaginable before. It is now possible to follow animals continuously for days or months, and to know where and what they are doing even when they have disappeared from view. There is now the possibility of collecting large quantities of data and the problem is how best to analyze it. ‘Observation’ has taken on a whole new meaning and assumed a whole new significance. It is no longer the poor relation of experiment but a major research tool in its own right. The book concludes with a checklist of all the different stages of an observational study: (i) the type of question (about adaptation, causation, development, or evolution) being asked; (ii) what hypothesis is being tested; (iii) what the predictions from this hypothesis are and what would count as evidence both for and against it; (iv) how the observations will be designed to achieve independence, not confounding variables and removing unwanted variation; (v) how the level, units, and type of sampling will be selected and what sort of records will be taken; (vi) how behaviour is to be recorded (paper, video, computer, etc.); (vii) the completeness of the protocol, including sample size, choice of animals; (viii) the ethics of the study; (ix) permissions and agreements with other people involved; (x) the carrying out of a pilot study; (xi) analysis of data; and (xii) presentation of results.
Nicola Casarini
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199560073
- eISBN:
- 9780191721168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560073.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines EU—China space and satellite navigation cooperation, including the strategic implications of this form of collaboration for the United States. This chapter traces the process ...
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This chapter examines EU—China space and satellite navigation cooperation, including the strategic implications of this form of collaboration for the United States. This chapter traces the process leading to the EU—China political agreement on the joint development of Galileo (the EU‐led global navigation satellite system alternative to the dominant US Global Positioning System) and examines the reaction of US policy makers concerned that this form of international collaboration would support China in upgrading its space capabilities and power projection in the region precisely at a time when the Pentagon would perceive Beijing as a potential space competitor. This chapter asks the following: Why did the EU invite China to cooperate in the joint development of Galileo? What would EU and Chinese policy makers like to achieve with this kind of cooperation? And what would be the strategic implications for the United States and its East Asian allies?Less
This chapter examines EU—China space and satellite navigation cooperation, including the strategic implications of this form of collaboration for the United States. This chapter traces the process leading to the EU—China political agreement on the joint development of Galileo (the EU‐led global navigation satellite system alternative to the dominant US Global Positioning System) and examines the reaction of US policy makers concerned that this form of international collaboration would support China in upgrading its space capabilities and power projection in the region precisely at a time when the Pentagon would perceive Beijing as a potential space competitor. This chapter asks the following: Why did the EU invite China to cooperate in the joint development of Galileo? What would EU and Chinese policy makers like to achieve with this kind of cooperation? And what would be the strategic implications for the United States and its East Asian allies?
Christopher Hodges
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199282555
- eISBN:
- 9780191700217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282555.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The purpose of controlling distribution is to ensure that the product that reaches the hands of the consumer does so in the condition intended by the manufacturer, and in the state in which it left ...
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The purpose of controlling distribution is to ensure that the product that reaches the hands of the consumer does so in the condition intended by the manufacturer, and in the state in which it left him or her. If the justifications for imposition of regulation on distributors is that it should apply in the case of products for which performance and/or safety are critical and may be affected by the conditions in which they are stored or transported, there may be a case for extending regulation to products such as sterile or active implantable medical devices and certain types of mechanical, measuring, testing, or diagnosis equipment. It is argued in this chapter that sterility or other safety aspects can be adequately protected by appropriate packaging and by labeling. An obvious lacuna is that although the GPS duties apply to consumer products, no similar provisions apply for non-consumer products.Less
The purpose of controlling distribution is to ensure that the product that reaches the hands of the consumer does so in the condition intended by the manufacturer, and in the state in which it left him or her. If the justifications for imposition of regulation on distributors is that it should apply in the case of products for which performance and/or safety are critical and may be affected by the conditions in which they are stored or transported, there may be a case for extending regulation to products such as sterile or active implantable medical devices and certain types of mechanical, measuring, testing, or diagnosis equipment. It is argued in this chapter that sterility or other safety aspects can be adequately protected by appropriate packaging and by labeling. An obvious lacuna is that although the GPS duties apply to consumer products, no similar provisions apply for non-consumer products.
Matthew Rizzo, Scott Robinson, and Vicki Neale
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter discusses the use of a “people tracker” to study human behavior in the real world. Modern technology allows for the development of various “people trackers” using combinations of ...
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This chapter discusses the use of a “people tracker” to study human behavior in the real world. Modern technology allows for the development of various “people trackers” using combinations of accelerometers, GPS, video, and other sensors (e.g., to measure cerebral activity, eye movement, heart rate, skin temperature) to make naturalistic observations of human movement and behavior. These devices can advance the goal of examining human performance, strategies, tactics, interactions, and errors in humans engaged in real-world tasks. Besides various issues of device development and sensor choice and placement, there is also a need to develop taxonomies for classifying likely behavior from sensor output, as well as the need to be able to analyze behavior sequences using new applications of classic ethological techniques.Less
This chapter discusses the use of a “people tracker” to study human behavior in the real world. Modern technology allows for the development of various “people trackers” using combinations of accelerometers, GPS, video, and other sensors (e.g., to measure cerebral activity, eye movement, heart rate, skin temperature) to make naturalistic observations of human movement and behavior. These devices can advance the goal of examining human performance, strategies, tactics, interactions, and errors in humans engaged in real-world tasks. Besides various issues of device development and sensor choice and placement, there is also a need to develop taxonomies for classifying likely behavior from sensor output, as well as the need to be able to analyze behavior sequences using new applications of classic ethological techniques.
Paul Dourish and Genevieve Bell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015554
- eISBN:
- 9780262295345
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015554.001.0001
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Programming Languages
Ubiquitous computing (or ubicomp) is the label for a “third wave” of computing technologies. Following the eras of the mainframe computer and the desktop PC, it is characterized by small and powerful ...
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Ubiquitous computing (or ubicomp) is the label for a “third wave” of computing technologies. Following the eras of the mainframe computer and the desktop PC, it is characterized by small and powerful computing devices that are worn, carried, or embedded in the world around us. The ubicomp research agenda originated at Xerox PARC in the late 1980s; these days, some form of that vision is a reality for the millions of users of Internet-enabled phones, GPS devices, wireless networks, and “smart” domestic appliances. This book explores the vision that has driven the ubiquitous computing research program and the contemporary practices which have emerged—both the motivating mythology and the everyday messiness of lived experience. Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the authors’ collaboration, it takes seriously the need to understand ubicomp not only technically but also culturally, socially, politically, and economically. The authors map the terrain of contemporary ubiquitous computing, in the research community and in daily life; explore dominant narratives in ubicomp around such topics as infrastructure, mobility, privacy, and domesticity; and suggest directions for future investigation, particularly with respect to methodology and conceptual foundations.Less
Ubiquitous computing (or ubicomp) is the label for a “third wave” of computing technologies. Following the eras of the mainframe computer and the desktop PC, it is characterized by small and powerful computing devices that are worn, carried, or embedded in the world around us. The ubicomp research agenda originated at Xerox PARC in the late 1980s; these days, some form of that vision is a reality for the millions of users of Internet-enabled phones, GPS devices, wireless networks, and “smart” domestic appliances. This book explores the vision that has driven the ubiquitous computing research program and the contemporary practices which have emerged—both the motivating mythology and the everyday messiness of lived experience. Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the authors’ collaboration, it takes seriously the need to understand ubicomp not only technically but also culturally, socially, politically, and economically. The authors map the terrain of contemporary ubiquitous computing, in the research community and in daily life; explore dominant narratives in ubicomp around such topics as infrastructure, mobility, privacy, and domesticity; and suggest directions for future investigation, particularly with respect to methodology and conceptual foundations.
Geoffrey E. Hill
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195323467
- eISBN:
- 9780199773855
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323467.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter recounts a fall misadventure when Hill and one of his grad students, Mark Liu, take a weekend trip to a new area on the Choctawhatchee River. The two explorers find areas with huge ...
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This chapter recounts a fall misadventure when Hill and one of his grad students, Mark Liu, take a weekend trip to a new area on the Choctawhatchee River. The two explorers find areas with huge cypress trees and signs of Ivory-billed Woodpecker activity. By making some incorrect assumptions about where they were on the river, they get far off track and barely make it back to their vehicles by nightfall. Getting lost in kayaks is used as a metaphor for how searches for Ivory-billed Woodpeckers can wander off course if searchers are not careful about their assumptions.Less
This chapter recounts a fall misadventure when Hill and one of his grad students, Mark Liu, take a weekend trip to a new area on the Choctawhatchee River. The two explorers find areas with huge cypress trees and signs of Ivory-billed Woodpecker activity. By making some incorrect assumptions about where they were on the river, they get far off track and barely make it back to their vehicles by nightfall. Getting lost in kayaks is used as a metaphor for how searches for Ivory-billed Woodpeckers can wander off course if searchers are not careful about their assumptions.
Geoffrey E. Hill
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195323467
- eISBN:
- 9780199773855
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323467.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter provides detailed suggestions for how to visit the swamp forests along the Choctawhatchee River to look for Ivory-billed Woodpeckers. The authors suggests going to the area in the winter ...
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This chapter provides detailed suggestions for how to visit the swamp forests along the Choctawhatchee River to look for Ivory-billed Woodpeckers. The authors suggests going to the area in the winter when water levels are higher and insects are fewer. A GPS and a canoe or kayak are essential equipment. The biggest danger is not snakes or alligators; it is the cold flowing water of the river.Less
This chapter provides detailed suggestions for how to visit the swamp forests along the Choctawhatchee River to look for Ivory-billed Woodpeckers. The authors suggests going to the area in the winter when water levels are higher and insects are fewer. A GPS and a canoe or kayak are essential equipment. The biggest danger is not snakes or alligators; it is the cold flowing water of the river.
William Rankin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226339368
- eISBN:
- 9780226339535
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226339535.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Over the last several decades, paper maps have been gradually displaced by new electronic navigation systems like GPS. For many geographic tasks, the map’s familiar god’s-eye view from nowhere has ...
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Over the last several decades, paper maps have been gradually displaced by new electronic navigation systems like GPS. For many geographic tasks, the map’s familiar god’s-eye view from nowhere has thus been exchanged for the much more embedded experience of electronic coordinates, with a new focus on geographic points rather than large areas. This book argues that this shift in geographic knowledge should be seen quite broadly as a change in both the macro-politics of territory and the everyday micro-politics of geographic space. It presents the history of the mapping sciences in the twentieth century through three of its most important global projects – the International Map of the World, the Universal Transverse Mercator grid, and the Global Positioning System – and traces a widespread retreat from the authority of representational maps in favor of the pragmatism of GPS and its many predecessors. It also questions the usual understanding of globalization as a battle between national territory and global networks. The advent of GPS does not mean that territory is losing its relevance, but rather that there are now new forms of territory – pointillist, non-exclusive, and provisional – that may or may not align with the sovereign space of states. Conceived narrowly, this book is a deep history of GPS and its relationship to earlier forms of mapping. But more expansively, it is also a cultural and political history of geographic space itself.Less
Over the last several decades, paper maps have been gradually displaced by new electronic navigation systems like GPS. For many geographic tasks, the map’s familiar god’s-eye view from nowhere has thus been exchanged for the much more embedded experience of electronic coordinates, with a new focus on geographic points rather than large areas. This book argues that this shift in geographic knowledge should be seen quite broadly as a change in both the macro-politics of territory and the everyday micro-politics of geographic space. It presents the history of the mapping sciences in the twentieth century through three of its most important global projects – the International Map of the World, the Universal Transverse Mercator grid, and the Global Positioning System – and traces a widespread retreat from the authority of representational maps in favor of the pragmatism of GPS and its many predecessors. It also questions the usual understanding of globalization as a battle between national territory and global networks. The advent of GPS does not mean that territory is losing its relevance, but rather that there are now new forms of territory – pointillist, non-exclusive, and provisional – that may or may not align with the sovereign space of states. Conceived narrowly, this book is a deep history of GPS and its relationship to earlier forms of mapping. But more expansively, it is also a cultural and political history of geographic space itself.
Germaine R. Halegoua
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479839216
- eISBN:
- 9781479829101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479839216.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
Through questionnaires administered to 210 users of navigation technologies (e.g., GPS, digital maps, and mobile navigation systems) and interviews with ten navigation technology users, chapter 3 ...
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Through questionnaires administered to 210 users of navigation technologies (e.g., GPS, digital maps, and mobile navigation systems) and interviews with ten navigation technology users, chapter 3 identifies the ways that users understand their own spatial relations, conditions of and tactics for mobility, and embeddedness within urban space. One of the most common engagements with GPS is through online mapping tools and mobile navigation technologies, yet we know very little about how these technologies are incorporated into everyday life—how they shape spatial relations, influence cognitive mappings of urban space, and contribute to the formation of a sense of place. Many scholars and critics have understood digital navigation technologies as alienating, abstracting, and distancing the digital media user from place. In contrast to popular assumptions about the distracted perception of space and place encouraged by digital navigation technologies, this chapter analyzes the ways in which the exact opposite processes are observable: navigation technology users are developing wayfinding strategies that reframe their image of the city, alter perceptions and practices of mobility, and re-embed them within urban environments.Less
Through questionnaires administered to 210 users of navigation technologies (e.g., GPS, digital maps, and mobile navigation systems) and interviews with ten navigation technology users, chapter 3 identifies the ways that users understand their own spatial relations, conditions of and tactics for mobility, and embeddedness within urban space. One of the most common engagements with GPS is through online mapping tools and mobile navigation technologies, yet we know very little about how these technologies are incorporated into everyday life—how they shape spatial relations, influence cognitive mappings of urban space, and contribute to the formation of a sense of place. Many scholars and critics have understood digital navigation technologies as alienating, abstracting, and distancing the digital media user from place. In contrast to popular assumptions about the distracted perception of space and place encouraged by digital navigation technologies, this chapter analyzes the ways in which the exact opposite processes are observable: navigation technology users are developing wayfinding strategies that reframe their image of the city, alter perceptions and practices of mobility, and re-embed them within urban environments.
Rowan Wilken
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190234911
- eISBN:
- 9780190234942
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190234911.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Computational Linguistics
Cultural Economies of Locative Media examines the manifold ways that location, location-awareness, and location data have all become familiar yet increasingly significant parts of our mobile-mediated ...
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Cultural Economies of Locative Media examines the manifold ways that location, location-awareness, and location data have all become familiar yet increasingly significant parts of our mobile-mediated experiences of everyday life. The book explores the complex of interrelationships that mutually define the new business models and economic factors that emerge around and structure locative media services, their diverse social uses and cultures of consumption, and their policy implications and impacts. It offers a detailed, in-depth account of how location-based services, such as GPS-enabled mobile smartphones and associated applications, are socially, culturally, economically, and politically produced and shaped, as much as technically designed and manufactured. The result is a rich, composite portrait of locative media in all its cultural economic complexity.Less
Cultural Economies of Locative Media examines the manifold ways that location, location-awareness, and location data have all become familiar yet increasingly significant parts of our mobile-mediated experiences of everyday life. The book explores the complex of interrelationships that mutually define the new business models and economic factors that emerge around and structure locative media services, their diverse social uses and cultures of consumption, and their policy implications and impacts. It offers a detailed, in-depth account of how location-based services, such as GPS-enabled mobile smartphones and associated applications, are socially, culturally, economically, and politically produced and shaped, as much as technically designed and manufactured. The result is a rich, composite portrait of locative media in all its cultural economic complexity.
Alvaro De Rújula
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198817802
- eISBN:
- 9780191859366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198817802.003.0015
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Various opinions on the practical consequences of basic science. Some of the ones mentioned: The GPS, the HyperText Transfer Protocol (http), Sputnik, Hertz’s radio, nuclear reactors and Plato’s ...
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Various opinions on the practical consequences of basic science. Some of the ones mentioned: The GPS, the HyperText Transfer Protocol (http), Sputnik, Hertz’s radio, nuclear reactors and Plato’s views on the subject.Less
Various opinions on the practical consequences of basic science. Some of the ones mentioned: The GPS, the HyperText Transfer Protocol (http), Sputnik, Hertz’s radio, nuclear reactors and Plato’s views on the subject.
Tara Fickle
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479868551
- eISBN:
- 9781479805686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479868551.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter uses the mobile game Pokémon GO as a case study of how video game developers have successfully harnessed the self-centering power of ludo-Orientalism, using augmented reality and GPS ...
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This chapter uses the mobile game Pokémon GO as a case study of how video game developers have successfully harnessed the self-centering power of ludo-Orientalism, using augmented reality and GPS technology to construct virtual spaces ripe for playful exploration as well as economic exploitation. In focusing on Nintendo’s sophisticated marketing and aesthetic strategies to erase all signs of Japanese “cultural odor” from its games, scholarly appraisals of the Pokémon franchise have largely followed the traditional reduction of race to an explicit visual or linguistic feature of games. This chapter instead uses Pokémon GO’s seemingly inadvertent exposure of U.S. racial fault lines as an opportunity to explore how race is not erased but rather embedded in the game’s disorienting technology. It reveals the unacknowledged legacy of Japanese racial ideologies, imperialist ambitions, and atomic history that lurk beneath the game screen. The chapter argues that this illusion of ahistorical universality crucially buttresses the fantasy of Pokémon GO as a truly “free” game, masking the invasive and dehumanizing data mining structures that make it enormously profitable for its developers.Less
This chapter uses the mobile game Pokémon GO as a case study of how video game developers have successfully harnessed the self-centering power of ludo-Orientalism, using augmented reality and GPS technology to construct virtual spaces ripe for playful exploration as well as economic exploitation. In focusing on Nintendo’s sophisticated marketing and aesthetic strategies to erase all signs of Japanese “cultural odor” from its games, scholarly appraisals of the Pokémon franchise have largely followed the traditional reduction of race to an explicit visual or linguistic feature of games. This chapter instead uses Pokémon GO’s seemingly inadvertent exposure of U.S. racial fault lines as an opportunity to explore how race is not erased but rather embedded in the game’s disorienting technology. It reveals the unacknowledged legacy of Japanese racial ideologies, imperialist ambitions, and atomic history that lurk beneath the game screen. The chapter argues that this illusion of ahistorical universality crucially buttresses the fantasy of Pokémon GO as a truly “free” game, masking the invasive and dehumanizing data mining structures that make it enormously profitable for its developers.
Jeremy Black
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780300167955
- eISBN:
- 9780300198546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300167955.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter briefly discusses how the United States became the foremost imperial, military, and industrial power in the twentieth century. It also describes the rapidly changing means of information ...
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This chapter briefly discusses how the United States became the foremost imperial, military, and industrial power in the twentieth century. It also describes the rapidly changing means of information acquisition, processing, and representation, which includes forms of surveillance and exploration linked to technological progress. The availability of information in the twentieth century increased with the development of space shuttles, satellites, satellite-linked global positioning systems (GPS), drones, and submarines.Less
This chapter briefly discusses how the United States became the foremost imperial, military, and industrial power in the twentieth century. It also describes the rapidly changing means of information acquisition, processing, and representation, which includes forms of surveillance and exploration linked to technological progress. The availability of information in the twentieth century increased with the development of space shuttles, satellites, satellite-linked global positioning systems (GPS), drones, and submarines.
Christopher Hodges
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199282555
- eISBN:
- 9780191700217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282555.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The purpose of pre-marketing control is to ensure that the product's design, functionality, performance, and safety are sufficiently predictable and that the predicted standard of each of these ...
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The purpose of pre-marketing control is to ensure that the product's design, functionality, performance, and safety are sufficiently predictable and that the predicted standard of each of these aspects is acceptable. There are explicit requirements for many product types that are covered by vertical regulation, and although there are no explicit requirements for products that are subject to the horizontal GPS provisions, the impact of the GPS requirements and of product liability law makes the voluntary adoption of appropriate measures advisable if not essential. The issues that arise in this chapter are first, to find out who has what obligations to generate or collect information; secondly, to identify the information that should be collected; and thirdly, to find out who needs to take responsibility for the accuracy of the information.Less
The purpose of pre-marketing control is to ensure that the product's design, functionality, performance, and safety are sufficiently predictable and that the predicted standard of each of these aspects is acceptable. There are explicit requirements for many product types that are covered by vertical regulation, and although there are no explicit requirements for products that are subject to the horizontal GPS provisions, the impact of the GPS requirements and of product liability law makes the voluntary adoption of appropriate measures advisable if not essential. The issues that arise in this chapter are first, to find out who has what obligations to generate or collect information; secondly, to identify the information that should be collected; and thirdly, to find out who needs to take responsibility for the accuracy of the information.
Jerome Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262027168
- eISBN:
- 9780262322492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027168.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Hunter-gatherer land-use in the Congo Basin leaves few traces. One consequence is that their presence is invisible on maps and ignored in land-use planning decisions over the areas they inhabit. ...
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Hunter-gatherer land-use in the Congo Basin leaves few traces. One consequence is that their presence is invisible on maps and ignored in land-use planning decisions over the areas they inhabit. Governments do not recognise their rights to land, conservationists exclude them from rich forest areas, logging roads open up remaining areas to extractive outsiders, and global warming changes rainfall patterns and the seasonal events that normally guide people to wild foods. A forestry company in Congo-Brazzaville seeking a ‘green’ label for its timber sought anthropological advice on how to respect the rights of forest people. This chapter describes the challenges and participatory design process that developed in creating icon-driven software on converted military palmpilots. Maps produced using this technology have become a new way for non-literate communities to be heard by powerful outsiders. A community radio station broadcasting uniquely in local languages will facilitate forest people to develop their own understanding of the situations facing them, share insights, observations and analyses in order to better secure their long-term interests. The creative interaction of non-literate users and ICT is spawning new developments, from new software builds to monitor illegal logging or wildlife, to geographic information systems for non-literate users.Less
Hunter-gatherer land-use in the Congo Basin leaves few traces. One consequence is that their presence is invisible on maps and ignored in land-use planning decisions over the areas they inhabit. Governments do not recognise their rights to land, conservationists exclude them from rich forest areas, logging roads open up remaining areas to extractive outsiders, and global warming changes rainfall patterns and the seasonal events that normally guide people to wild foods. A forestry company in Congo-Brazzaville seeking a ‘green’ label for its timber sought anthropological advice on how to respect the rights of forest people. This chapter describes the challenges and participatory design process that developed in creating icon-driven software on converted military palmpilots. Maps produced using this technology have become a new way for non-literate communities to be heard by powerful outsiders. A community radio station broadcasting uniquely in local languages will facilitate forest people to develop their own understanding of the situations facing them, share insights, observations and analyses in order to better secure their long-term interests. The creative interaction of non-literate users and ICT is spawning new developments, from new software builds to monitor illegal logging or wildlife, to geographic information systems for non-literate users.
Penny McCall Howard
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994143
- eISBN:
- 9781526128478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994143.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
Chapter Four continues the discussion of techniques and technologies with a focus on orientation and navigation. The chapter draws on Tim Ingold’s and James Gibson’s descriptions of orientation as a ...
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Chapter Four continues the discussion of techniques and technologies with a focus on orientation and navigation. The chapter draws on Tim Ingold’s and James Gibson’s descriptions of orientation as a process of movement through the landscape to find affordances. The chapter describes the techniques used locally for finding position from the 1960s onwards: dead-reckoning, and the use of radar, depth sounders, Decca, and GPS. Challenging anthropological accounts of ‘Western’ navigation that assume Westerners always rely on charts and instruments and that these alienate people from direct relations with their environment, the GPS chartplotter shows the perpetual importance of the subjective and experiential aspects of orientation in a digital age. The chapter argues that alienation is instead produced by relations of ownership and exploitation, and that the chartplotter facilitates the centralisation of fishing knowledge with the skipper and the employment of low-waged migrant workers as crew. While authors such as Edwin Hutchins describe navigation as answering the absolute question ‘where am I?’, the chapter proposes that the aim of navigation is usually to answer the relational question ‘where is that?’Less
Chapter Four continues the discussion of techniques and technologies with a focus on orientation and navigation. The chapter draws on Tim Ingold’s and James Gibson’s descriptions of orientation as a process of movement through the landscape to find affordances. The chapter describes the techniques used locally for finding position from the 1960s onwards: dead-reckoning, and the use of radar, depth sounders, Decca, and GPS. Challenging anthropological accounts of ‘Western’ navigation that assume Westerners always rely on charts and instruments and that these alienate people from direct relations with their environment, the GPS chartplotter shows the perpetual importance of the subjective and experiential aspects of orientation in a digital age. The chapter argues that alienation is instead produced by relations of ownership and exploitation, and that the chartplotter facilitates the centralisation of fishing knowledge with the skipper and the employment of low-waged migrant workers as crew. While authors such as Edwin Hutchins describe navigation as answering the absolute question ‘where am I?’, the chapter proposes that the aim of navigation is usually to answer the relational question ‘where is that?’
Javier Benedicto and Adolfo Plasencia
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036016
- eISBN:
- 9780262339308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036016.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
The engineer, Javier Benedicto, head of the Galileo Programme Department at ESA, describes in this dialogue the frustration felt by scientists who work in space agencies. The long-term nature of ...
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The engineer, Javier Benedicto, head of the Galileo Programme Department at ESA, describes in this dialogue the frustration felt by scientists who work in space agencies. The long-term nature of their projects means that those who envision and design a space mission are forced to leave the future generation to implement the mission as well as processing the results. He explains that although it is hard to believe, uncertainty also hovers over the Galileo space programme meaning they also have to consider that the impos∫sible could actually occur. He relates how in Galileo they ‘manufacture’ their own notion of ‘universal time’ that will be used worldwide and explains how they are working with this time, which is accurate to a nanofraction of a second. He goes on to explain how they managed to persuade the Russians (Glasnoss), Chinese (Beidou) and North Americans (GPS) to agree to cooperate and, at the same time, make their systems compatible with Galileo’s future GPS system for civilian use.Less
The engineer, Javier Benedicto, head of the Galileo Programme Department at ESA, describes in this dialogue the frustration felt by scientists who work in space agencies. The long-term nature of their projects means that those who envision and design a space mission are forced to leave the future generation to implement the mission as well as processing the results. He explains that although it is hard to believe, uncertainty also hovers over the Galileo space programme meaning they also have to consider that the impos∫sible could actually occur. He relates how in Galileo they ‘manufacture’ their own notion of ‘universal time’ that will be used worldwide and explains how they are working with this time, which is accurate to a nanofraction of a second. He goes on to explain how they managed to persuade the Russians (Glasnoss), Chinese (Beidou) and North Americans (GPS) to agree to cooperate and, at the same time, make their systems compatible with Galileo’s future GPS system for civilian use.
Catherine Zimmer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479864379
- eISBN:
- 9781479876853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479864379.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
Chapter 3 examines the integration of satellite imaging and GPS into cinematic continuity systems, exemplified by action-thrillers like Enemy of the State and the Bourne and Mission Impossible ...
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Chapter 3 examines the integration of satellite imaging and GPS into cinematic continuity systems, exemplified by action-thrillers like Enemy of the State and the Bourne and Mission Impossible series. Such films incorporate surveillance to visualize “location” such that it serves as a narrative and stylistic pivot upon which the relationships among individual bodies, transnational spaces, and broad global systems are constructed through economies of violence. Building on Jameson’s 1992 analysis of the “geopolitical aesthetic,” this chapter suggests that cinematic narrative has been an integral technology in the production of individuals as visual and visualizable subjects of a world system increasingly characterized by various forms of targeting. The chapter traces this back to the iteration of surveillance and globalization offered in Rising Sun and other early 1990s films. This earlier film situates surveillance as part of a global economic structure presented as an orientalized threat, and is thus historically and generically contiguous with the rhetoric around “global terrorism.” The chapter concludes by showing how the generic development and international distribution of the action-thriller since the 1990s can give insight into the shared logic between the global market economy and the violence enacted on singular bodies in contemporary geopolitical warfare.Less
Chapter 3 examines the integration of satellite imaging and GPS into cinematic continuity systems, exemplified by action-thrillers like Enemy of the State and the Bourne and Mission Impossible series. Such films incorporate surveillance to visualize “location” such that it serves as a narrative and stylistic pivot upon which the relationships among individual bodies, transnational spaces, and broad global systems are constructed through economies of violence. Building on Jameson’s 1992 analysis of the “geopolitical aesthetic,” this chapter suggests that cinematic narrative has been an integral technology in the production of individuals as visual and visualizable subjects of a world system increasingly characterized by various forms of targeting. The chapter traces this back to the iteration of surveillance and globalization offered in Rising Sun and other early 1990s films. This earlier film situates surveillance as part of a global economic structure presented as an orientalized threat, and is thus historically and generically contiguous with the rhetoric around “global terrorism.” The chapter concludes by showing how the generic development and international distribution of the action-thriller since the 1990s can give insight into the shared logic between the global market economy and the violence enacted on singular bodies in contemporary geopolitical warfare.
Mike Nellis
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781447345701
- eISBN:
- 9781447346579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345701.003.0016
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
In 2012, alongside its part-privatisation of the Probation Service, the Ministry of Justice secretly conceived a strategy, hubristically named ‘New World’, to upgrade ‘obsolete’ Radio Frequency (RF) ...
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In 2012, alongside its part-privatisation of the Probation Service, the Ministry of Justice secretly conceived a strategy, hubristically named ‘New World’, to upgrade ‘obsolete’ Radio Frequency (RF) electronic monitoring technology with Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking, and subject unprecedented numbers of offenders to it by 2020. Replacing the existing private sector delivery infrastructure with a hitherto untried model was pursued more openly, but obscured larger ambitions. Over five years ‘New World’ failed spectacularly, and expensively. Subsequent official audits indicted its implementation and actually questioned its conception, but neglected the ideological context and the disruptive political strategy which underpinned it. ‘New World’ was a calculated exercise in ‘disruptive’ neo-liberal statecraft, and the failure of its first iteration does not mean the end of it.Less
In 2012, alongside its part-privatisation of the Probation Service, the Ministry of Justice secretly conceived a strategy, hubristically named ‘New World’, to upgrade ‘obsolete’ Radio Frequency (RF) electronic monitoring technology with Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking, and subject unprecedented numbers of offenders to it by 2020. Replacing the existing private sector delivery infrastructure with a hitherto untried model was pursued more openly, but obscured larger ambitions. Over five years ‘New World’ failed spectacularly, and expensively. Subsequent official audits indicted its implementation and actually questioned its conception, but neglected the ideological context and the disruptive political strategy which underpinned it. ‘New World’ was a calculated exercise in ‘disruptive’ neo-liberal statecraft, and the failure of its first iteration does not mean the end of it.
William Rankin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226339368
- eISBN:
- 9780226339535
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226339535.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The sponsorship of the Global Positioning System by the US Department of Defense in the early 1970s seems perfectly obvious – why wouldn’t the US military want an amazingly precise global navigation ...
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The sponsorship of the Global Positioning System by the US Department of Defense in the early 1970s seems perfectly obvious – why wouldn’t the US military want an amazingly precise global navigation system? But at the time, GPS was opposed by nearly every group that was supposed to benefit from it, both military and civilian. It also departed sharply from the precedents of the US Navy’s global radionavigation systems and the proposals for civilian satellite navigation from NASA. This chapter frames the radicality of GPS as largely an administrative problem of enforcing coordination within the US military, rather than as a self-evident technological improvement. It then explores the geographic and experiential changes brought by GPS in the decades since it first came online in the early 1990s. It was often described as an entirely new kind of infrastructure, and its pointillist logic has had profound implications for everything from surveying and war to national territory and everyday life. The chapter ends by confronting common reactions to GPS, arguing that it should not be seen in moral terms as either good or bad – or even as neutral. Instead, its impact is largely about facilitating new forms of geographic intervention.Less
The sponsorship of the Global Positioning System by the US Department of Defense in the early 1970s seems perfectly obvious – why wouldn’t the US military want an amazingly precise global navigation system? But at the time, GPS was opposed by nearly every group that was supposed to benefit from it, both military and civilian. It also departed sharply from the precedents of the US Navy’s global radionavigation systems and the proposals for civilian satellite navigation from NASA. This chapter frames the radicality of GPS as largely an administrative problem of enforcing coordination within the US military, rather than as a self-evident technological improvement. It then explores the geographic and experiential changes brought by GPS in the decades since it first came online in the early 1990s. It was often described as an entirely new kind of infrastructure, and its pointillist logic has had profound implications for everything from surveying and war to national territory and everyday life. The chapter ends by confronting common reactions to GPS, arguing that it should not be seen in moral terms as either good or bad – or even as neutral. Instead, its impact is largely about facilitating new forms of geographic intervention.
