David A. Nadler and Michael L. Tushman
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195099171
- eISBN:
- 9780199854868
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099171.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
If the defining goal of modern-day business can be isolated to just one item, it would be the search for competitive advantage. Competition is more intense than ever—technological innovation, ...
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If the defining goal of modern-day business can be isolated to just one item, it would be the search for competitive advantage. Competition is more intense than ever—technological innovation, consumer expectations, and government deregulation all combine to create more opportunities for new competitors to change the basic rules of the game. At the same time, most of the old reliable sources of competitive advantage are drying up: the strategies employed by GM, IBM, and AT&T to maintain their positions of dominance in the 1960s and 70s are now obsolete. The authors of this book argue that the last remaining source of truly sustainable competitive advantage lies in “organizational capabilities”: the unique ways each organization structures its work and motivates its people to achieve clearly articulated strategic objectives. The book argues that managers must understand the concepts and learn the skills involved in designing their organization to exploit their inherent strengths. All the reengineering, restructuring, and downsizing in the world will merely destabilize a company if the change doesn't address the fundamental patterns of performance—and if the change doesn't recognize the unique core competencies of that company. The authors draw upon specific cases to illustrate the design process in practice, and they provide a set of tools for using strategic organization design to gain competitive advantage. They present a design process, explore key decisions managers face, and list the guiding principles for incorporating the design function as a continuing and integral process.Less
If the defining goal of modern-day business can be isolated to just one item, it would be the search for competitive advantage. Competition is more intense than ever—technological innovation, consumer expectations, and government deregulation all combine to create more opportunities for new competitors to change the basic rules of the game. At the same time, most of the old reliable sources of competitive advantage are drying up: the strategies employed by GM, IBM, and AT&T to maintain their positions of dominance in the 1960s and 70s are now obsolete. The authors of this book argue that the last remaining source of truly sustainable competitive advantage lies in “organizational capabilities”: the unique ways each organization structures its work and motivates its people to achieve clearly articulated strategic objectives. The book argues that managers must understand the concepts and learn the skills involved in designing their organization to exploit their inherent strengths. All the reengineering, restructuring, and downsizing in the world will merely destabilize a company if the change doesn't address the fundamental patterns of performance—and if the change doesn't recognize the unique core competencies of that company. The authors draw upon specific cases to illustrate the design process in practice, and they provide a set of tools for using strategic organization design to gain competitive advantage. They present a design process, explore key decisions managers face, and list the guiding principles for incorporating the design function as a continuing and integral process.
Chun Wei Choo
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176780
- eISBN:
- 9780199789634
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176780.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
An organization possesses three kinds of knowledge: tacit or personal knowledge; explicit or codified knowledge, and cultural knowledge in its beliefs and norms. An organization can create new ...
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An organization possesses three kinds of knowledge: tacit or personal knowledge; explicit or codified knowledge, and cultural knowledge in its beliefs and norms. An organization can create new knowledge by (1) converting between tacit and explicit knowledge; (2) extending core capabilities; and (3) transferring knowledge across different parts of the organization. Knowledge sharing depends on social networks that are built on norms of trust, reciprocity, and cooperation. This chapter looks at a number of cases that exemplify these concepts, including the community of practice in the Xerox Eureka project, and knowledge transfer at GM-Toyota NUMMI.Less
An organization possesses three kinds of knowledge: tacit or personal knowledge; explicit or codified knowledge, and cultural knowledge in its beliefs and norms. An organization can create new knowledge by (1) converting between tacit and explicit knowledge; (2) extending core capabilities; and (3) transferring knowledge across different parts of the organization. Knowledge sharing depends on social networks that are built on norms of trust, reciprocity, and cooperation. This chapter looks at a number of cases that exemplify these concepts, including the community of practice in the Xerox Eureka project, and knowledge transfer at GM-Toyota NUMMI.
Margaret Rosso Grossman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326864
- eISBN:
- 9780199870325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326864.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter discusses European Community legislation for traceability and labeling of genetically modified crops, food, and feed. After a brief discussion of EC law making and the role of the ...
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This chapter discusses European Community legislation for traceability and labeling of genetically modified crops, food, and feed. After a brief discussion of EC law making and the role of the precautionary principle, the chapter discusses EC measures for authorization of bioengineered or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GM food and feed. It focuses on EC Regulations that require, and establish thresholds for, traceability and labeling of GMOS and their food and feed products. The chapter addresses the practical issue of coexistence of GM crops with conventional and organic crops, and it reviews EC policy documents and Member State measures to ensure coexistence.Less
This chapter discusses European Community legislation for traceability and labeling of genetically modified crops, food, and feed. After a brief discussion of EC law making and the role of the precautionary principle, the chapter discusses EC measures for authorization of bioengineered or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GM food and feed. It focuses on EC Regulations that require, and establish thresholds for, traceability and labeling of GMOS and their food and feed products. The chapter addresses the practical issue of coexistence of GM crops with conventional and organic crops, and it reviews EC policy documents and Member State measures to ensure coexistence.
Moses S. Schanfield, Frank B. Austin, Peter B. Booth, D. Carlton Gajdusek, Richard W. Hornabrook, Keith P. W. McAdams, Jan J. Saave, Susan W. Serjeantson, and Graeme W. Woodfield
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300307
- eISBN:
- 9780199790142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300307.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter reviews variations across the region for the single most informative polymorphism from the autosomes, the GM locus. There are over 11,000 samples analyzed for GM from Pacific ...
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This chapter reviews variations across the region for the single most informative polymorphism from the autosomes, the GM locus. There are over 11,000 samples analyzed for GM from Pacific populations. Their pattern of variation reinforces some themes established in the mitochondrial DNA. There is a GM connection between Australian Aboriginal and certain New Guinea populations; between Southeast Asian and Austronesian groups; and between certain Eastern Highlands New Guinea and Island Melanesian populations. The GM pattern also indicates a substantial level of intermixture between Austronesian and Papuan speaking populations in Northern Island Melanesia, which is also echoed in the mitochondrial DNA.Less
This chapter reviews variations across the region for the single most informative polymorphism from the autosomes, the GM locus. There are over 11,000 samples analyzed for GM from Pacific populations. Their pattern of variation reinforces some themes established in the mitochondrial DNA. There is a GM connection between Australian Aboriginal and certain New Guinea populations; between Southeast Asian and Austronesian groups; and between certain Eastern Highlands New Guinea and Island Melanesian populations. The GM pattern also indicates a substantial level of intermixture between Austronesian and Papuan speaking populations in Northern Island Melanesia, which is also echoed in the mitochondrial DNA.
Margaret Rosso Grossman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199542482
- eISBN:
- 9780191594342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542482.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
Increased global cultivation of GM crops raises concerns about the coexistence of GM varieties with conventional and organic crops. In the European Union, where few GM crops are grown, GM content ...
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Increased global cultivation of GM crops raises concerns about the coexistence of GM varieties with conventional and organic crops. In the European Union, where few GM crops are grown, GM content that exceeds strict regulatory thresholds triggers requirements for labelling and traceability. Successful coexistence measures can minimize GM presence and avoid those labelling and traceability requirements. Though the European Union does not impose standards for coexistence, a 2003 Commission Recommendation lays down guidelines for Member State strategies and best practices. Member States have enacted (or will enact) coexistence measures, including education, notification, and on-farm practices. Significant issues related to coexistence include limits on GM content in seeds, the effects of GMOs on organic production, the legality of GM-free areas in the European Union, and liability for damage caused by commingling of GM and other crops.Less
Increased global cultivation of GM crops raises concerns about the coexistence of GM varieties with conventional and organic crops. In the European Union, where few GM crops are grown, GM content that exceeds strict regulatory thresholds triggers requirements for labelling and traceability. Successful coexistence measures can minimize GM presence and avoid those labelling and traceability requirements. Though the European Union does not impose standards for coexistence, a 2003 Commission Recommendation lays down guidelines for Member State strategies and best practices. Member States have enacted (or will enact) coexistence measures, including education, notification, and on-farm practices. Significant issues related to coexistence include limits on GM content in seeds, the effects of GMOs on organic production, the legality of GM-free areas in the European Union, and liability for damage caused by commingling of GM and other crops.
Luc Bodiguel, Michael Cardwell, Ana Carretero García, and Domenico Vitti
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199542482
- eISBN:
- 9780191594342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542482.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
Within the framework imposed at European Union level, Member States have taken advantage of the considerable discretion which they are accorded when implementing coexistence measures at national ...
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Within the framework imposed at European Union level, Member States have taken advantage of the considerable discretion which they are accorded when implementing coexistence measures at national level. This divergence is examined by reference to four Member States: France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. While there may be important similarities in approach (for example, in all four Member States the choice has been taken to regulate by legislative means), there are also notable differences. In France, the emphasis is on freedom of cropping, with the result that actions seeking to impose GM-free zones, whether initiated by organic producers or local authorities, have met with little success. In Italy, until recently, there has been a legislative impasse by reason of a battle for competence between the state and the regions. In Spain, a draft Royal Decree has been promulgated, but it remains to be implemented, and several of its measures have already proved controversial. In the United Kingdom, the devolved administrations of Scotland and Wales have shown marked hostility to GMOs, while, more generally, the slow pace of legislative progress may be attributed to the absence of immediate intent to proceed to commercialization of GM crops.Less
Within the framework imposed at European Union level, Member States have taken advantage of the considerable discretion which they are accorded when implementing coexistence measures at national level. This divergence is examined by reference to four Member States: France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. While there may be important similarities in approach (for example, in all four Member States the choice has been taken to regulate by legislative means), there are also notable differences. In France, the emphasis is on freedom of cropping, with the result that actions seeking to impose GM-free zones, whether initiated by organic producers or local authorities, have met with little success. In Italy, until recently, there has been a legislative impasse by reason of a battle for competence between the state and the regions. In Spain, a draft Royal Decree has been promulgated, but it remains to be implemented, and several of its measures have already proved controversial. In the United Kingdom, the devolved administrations of Scotland and Wales have shown marked hostility to GMOs, while, more generally, the slow pace of legislative progress may be attributed to the absence of immediate intent to proceed to commercialization of GM crops.
Fikremarkos Merso Birhanu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199542482
- eISBN:
- 9780191594342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542482.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
Modern biotechnology has promised much for agriculture, and these promises are certainly attractive in the case of Africa. Importantly, a number of countries in the continent continue to grapple ...
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Modern biotechnology has promised much for agriculture, and these promises are certainly attractive in the case of Africa. Importantly, a number of countries in the continent continue to grapple with food insecurity and starvation. But it remains controversial whether modern biotechnology, in its current state, can overcome these unique challenges. For reasons such as biosafety and fear of loss of export markets, Africa has remained largely ambivalent towards GM crops, and the regulatory regimes governing biosafety in several countries largely restrict their development. While recognizing some of the hurdles which modern biotechnology must clear before it can deliver its promises, this chapter argues that the continent stands to benefit from promoting the development and safe use of GM crops. It further argues that African countries should invest heavily in research and development, with a view to owning the technology and ensuring relevance to their circumstances. This should be the guiding objective of biosafety regulation in Africa.Less
Modern biotechnology has promised much for agriculture, and these promises are certainly attractive in the case of Africa. Importantly, a number of countries in the continent continue to grapple with food insecurity and starvation. But it remains controversial whether modern biotechnology, in its current state, can overcome these unique challenges. For reasons such as biosafety and fear of loss of export markets, Africa has remained largely ambivalent towards GM crops, and the regulatory regimes governing biosafety in several countries largely restrict their development. While recognizing some of the hurdles which modern biotechnology must clear before it can deliver its promises, this chapter argues that the continent stands to benefit from promoting the development and safe use of GM crops. It further argues that African countries should invest heavily in research and development, with a view to owning the technology and ensuring relevance to their circumstances. This should be the guiding objective of biosafety regulation in Africa.
Jane Matthews Glenn
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199542482
- eISBN:
- 9780191594342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542482.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
Canada approved GM canola for unconfined release in 1995, but it did so without open and informed debate about the problems of coexistence of GM and non-GM agriculture, and without a regulatory ...
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Canada approved GM canola for unconfined release in 1995, but it did so without open and informed debate about the problems of coexistence of GM and non-GM agriculture, and without a regulatory structure to adequate addressing them. They are, therefore, being dealt with by the courts. This chapter first discusses what this entails for affected farmers in the well-known cases of Monsanto v Schmeiser and Hoffman v Monsanto. It then explores the possibility of bringing an action against the government for negligence in regulating and controlling GM technology, particularly in failing to provide adequately for the coexistence of GM and non-GM agriculture. Several class actions relating to BSE currently before the Canadian courts are presented as examples.Less
Canada approved GM canola for unconfined release in 1995, but it did so without open and informed debate about the problems of coexistence of GM and non-GM agriculture, and without a regulatory structure to adequate addressing them. They are, therefore, being dealt with by the courts. This chapter first discusses what this entails for affected farmers in the well-known cases of Monsanto v Schmeiser and Hoffman v Monsanto. It then explores the possibility of bringing an action against the government for negligence in regulating and controlling GM technology, particularly in failing to provide adequately for the coexistence of GM and non-GM agriculture. Several class actions relating to BSE currently before the Canadian courts are presented as examples.
Mark A. Pollack and Gregory C. Shaffer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199237289
- eISBN:
- 9780191696732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237289.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter reviews the development of both EU and US regulatory policies and practices regarding agricultural biotechnology since 2000, in light of bilateral and international pressures. The first ...
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This chapter reviews the development of both EU and US regulatory policies and practices regarding agricultural biotechnology since 2000, in light of bilateral and international pressures. The first section examines the remarkable root-and-branch reform of the EU's regulatory framework. The second section examines the domestic debate over the adequacy and possible reform of the US regulatory framework for GM foods and crops, and the resulting incremental changes to the behaviour of market actors as well as US national regulators. The story of US and EU regulation of GMOs since 2000 has primarily been one of continuity, with the US retaining its preference for a relatively lax, technocratic, and product-oriented regulation, while the EU has retained the essential features of its more precautionary and process-oriented regulatory system involving individual approval decisions by politicians.Less
This chapter reviews the development of both EU and US regulatory policies and practices regarding agricultural biotechnology since 2000, in light of bilateral and international pressures. The first section examines the remarkable root-and-branch reform of the EU's regulatory framework. The second section examines the domestic debate over the adequacy and possible reform of the US regulatory framework for GM foods and crops, and the resulting incremental changes to the behaviour of market actors as well as US national regulators. The story of US and EU regulation of GMOs since 2000 has primarily been one of continuity, with the US retaining its preference for a relatively lax, technocratic, and product-oriented regulation, while the EU has retained the essential features of its more precautionary and process-oriented regulatory system involving individual approval decisions by politicians.
Yossi Sheffi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029797
- eISBN:
- 9780262330626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029797.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The 2011 Japanese quake affected many companies and illustrates the growing problem with deep-tier supply chain disruptions in which the suppliers of suppliers are affected. Chapter 3 examines GM’s ...
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The 2011 Japanese quake affected many companies and illustrates the growing problem with deep-tier supply chain disruptions in which the suppliers of suppliers are affected. Chapter 3 examines GM’s handling of the Japan crisis and the management of what GM calls “white-space”—the gap in parts supply left between pre-disruption inventories in the supply chain and the post-recovery refilling of the chain. The white-space conceptual framework allows companies to estimate a value-at-risk from various types of disruptions and to prioritize prevention and preparation initiatives.Less
The 2011 Japanese quake affected many companies and illustrates the growing problem with deep-tier supply chain disruptions in which the suppliers of suppliers are affected. Chapter 3 examines GM’s handling of the Japan crisis and the management of what GM calls “white-space”—the gap in parts supply left between pre-disruption inventories in the supply chain and the post-recovery refilling of the chain. The white-space conceptual framework allows companies to estimate a value-at-risk from various types of disruptions and to prioritize prevention and preparation initiatives.
Ed Randall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719072307
- eISBN:
- 9781781702918
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719072307.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter looks into the introduction of genetically modified (GM) materials into food. If there is a crisis, a crisis of confidence in GM science and its use in agriculture, it can be viewed as a ...
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This chapter looks into the introduction of genetically modified (GM) materials into food. If there is a crisis, a crisis of confidence in GM science and its use in agriculture, it can be viewed as a kind of pre-emptive or anticipatory crisis. Clear evidence that GM food threatens the health of consumers does not exist. Yet European governments have invested considerable amounts of financial and political capital in responding to public anxieties. They have invested heavily in enhancing the public's understanding of the science underpinning GM crops.Less
This chapter looks into the introduction of genetically modified (GM) materials into food. If there is a crisis, a crisis of confidence in GM science and its use in agriculture, it can be viewed as a kind of pre-emptive or anticipatory crisis. Clear evidence that GM food threatens the health of consumers does not exist. Yet European governments have invested considerable amounts of financial and political capital in responding to public anxieties. They have invested heavily in enhancing the public's understanding of the science underpinning GM crops.
Daniel J. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252042010
- eISBN:
- 9780252050756
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042010.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
After earning the nickname "The Arsenal of Democracy" during WWII, Detroit’s auto plants experienced production disruptions during postwar reconversion to civilian production. This meant significant ...
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After earning the nickname "The Arsenal of Democracy" during WWII, Detroit’s auto plants experienced production disruptions during postwar reconversion to civilian production. This meant significant layoffs, especially for women autoworkers. Shortages of crucial materials, often caused by steel strikes and coal strikes, made auto employment sporadic. Authorized strikes in the auto industry, including the 1946 GM strike called by Walter Reuther, and unauthorized "wildcat" strikes, all contributed to ongoing instability. Cold weather, hot weather, and federal credit regulations played roles as well. As a result, autoworkers experienced persistent layoffs even though auto companies managed to earn profits during the early postwar years. By late 1948, no one in the industry thought that the postwar boom had arrived.Less
After earning the nickname "The Arsenal of Democracy" during WWII, Detroit’s auto plants experienced production disruptions during postwar reconversion to civilian production. This meant significant layoffs, especially for women autoworkers. Shortages of crucial materials, often caused by steel strikes and coal strikes, made auto employment sporadic. Authorized strikes in the auto industry, including the 1946 GM strike called by Walter Reuther, and unauthorized "wildcat" strikes, all contributed to ongoing instability. Cold weather, hot weather, and federal credit regulations played roles as well. As a result, autoworkers experienced persistent layoffs even though auto companies managed to earn profits during the early postwar years. By late 1948, no one in the industry thought that the postwar boom had arrived.
Ramprasad Sengupta
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198081654
- eISBN:
- 9780199082407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198081654.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The chapter focuses on the sustainable use of land which is fixed in availability and has competing uses for meeting the requirements of any economy. As agriculture for food supply is the most ...
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The chapter focuses on the sustainable use of land which is fixed in availability and has competing uses for meeting the requirements of any economy. As agriculture for food supply is the most critical use of land it outlines the theory of land use and rent with reference to soil or land quality and defines the carrying capacity of land in terms of providing life support to people in calorie units. It critically discusses the issue of food security with reference to the adequacy of carrying capacity of land and points to both the challenges of distribution as well as augmenting carrying capacity using biotechnology and developing genetically modified crops. It further discusses the actual pattern of land use and land degradation in India, and their causal factors, like soil erosion, chemical and physical degradation of land, poverty, overpopulation and dependency on ecologically fragile resources with their policy implications.Less
The chapter focuses on the sustainable use of land which is fixed in availability and has competing uses for meeting the requirements of any economy. As agriculture for food supply is the most critical use of land it outlines the theory of land use and rent with reference to soil or land quality and defines the carrying capacity of land in terms of providing life support to people in calorie units. It critically discusses the issue of food security with reference to the adequacy of carrying capacity of land and points to both the challenges of distribution as well as augmenting carrying capacity using biotechnology and developing genetically modified crops. It further discusses the actual pattern of land use and land degradation in India, and their causal factors, like soil erosion, chemical and physical degradation of land, poverty, overpopulation and dependency on ecologically fragile resources with their policy implications.
Sreenivasulu N.S.
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199467488
- eISBN:
- 9780199087358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199467488.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter highlights the human rights concerns in biotechnology. In this regard, responses from the governments of the US, India, and EU have been mapped. Various international human rights ...
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This chapter highlights the human rights concerns in biotechnology. In this regard, responses from the governments of the US, India, and EU have been mapped. Various international human rights conventions and agreement have been analyzed in the context of biotechnology and connected human rights concerns. EU directive’s stand on human rights concerns, the US and Indian policy responses to biotechnology in the context of human rights are highlighted. Human rights issues connected with cloning, genetic research, and genetically modified (GM) foods have been highlighted. The concept of GM foods, its efficacy, acceptance and associated consumer rights, right to food, and such other human rights issues have been debated. Further, the right to health in the context of biotechnology and genetic research is discussed. The aim was to discuss and debate various human rights concerns involved in biotechnology research, development, innovation, use, and exploitation.Less
This chapter highlights the human rights concerns in biotechnology. In this regard, responses from the governments of the US, India, and EU have been mapped. Various international human rights conventions and agreement have been analyzed in the context of biotechnology and connected human rights concerns. EU directive’s stand on human rights concerns, the US and Indian policy responses to biotechnology in the context of human rights are highlighted. Human rights issues connected with cloning, genetic research, and genetically modified (GM) foods have been highlighted. The concept of GM foods, its efficacy, acceptance and associated consumer rights, right to food, and such other human rights issues have been debated. Further, the right to health in the context of biotechnology and genetic research is discussed. The aim was to discuss and debate various human rights concerns involved in biotechnology research, development, innovation, use, and exploitation.
Sreenivasulu N.S.
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199467488
- eISBN:
- 9780199087358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199467488.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter dwells on the regulatory structure of biotechnology in India. Ranging from the 1989 rules on manufacture and use of genetically engineered organisms until the 2013 biotechnology ...
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This chapter dwells on the regulatory structure of biotechnology in India. Ranging from the 1989 rules on manufacture and use of genetically engineered organisms until the 2013 biotechnology regulatory authority of India bill, all the rules, regulations, guidelines, protocols, and bills on biotechnology regulation in India have been discussed and analyzed. The institutional mechanism for regulation of biotechnology in India comprising various technical, review, advisory, and approval committees have been presented and appraised. The approach of the Government of India towards biotechnology promotion, the Indian Parliament’s concerns on biotechnology in agriculture, and the Supreme Court’s technical appraisal of biotechnology promotion and regulation have been debated and highlighted. The objective of the chapter is to present, analyze, and highlight the existing and prospective regulatory mechanisms in India on biotechnology with its policy underpinnings from different organizations of the Government of India.Less
This chapter dwells on the regulatory structure of biotechnology in India. Ranging from the 1989 rules on manufacture and use of genetically engineered organisms until the 2013 biotechnology regulatory authority of India bill, all the rules, regulations, guidelines, protocols, and bills on biotechnology regulation in India have been discussed and analyzed. The institutional mechanism for regulation of biotechnology in India comprising various technical, review, advisory, and approval committees have been presented and appraised. The approach of the Government of India towards biotechnology promotion, the Indian Parliament’s concerns on biotechnology in agriculture, and the Supreme Court’s technical appraisal of biotechnology promotion and regulation have been debated and highlighted. The objective of the chapter is to present, analyze, and highlight the existing and prospective regulatory mechanisms in India on biotechnology with its policy underpinnings from different organizations of the Government of India.
Tetsuji Kawamura
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780195311969
- eISBN:
- 9780190258528
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195311969.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter analyzes case studies on the Toyota plant in Indiana, Toshiba, Hansen Corporation, and GM Lansing. Compared to Toyota Japan, the Indiana plant is operating fairly well and is expected to ...
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This chapter analyzes case studies on the Toyota plant in Indiana, Toshiba, Hansen Corporation, and GM Lansing. Compared to Toyota Japan, the Indiana plant is operating fairly well and is expected to fully implement the Toyota Production System (TPS) as company culture. Toshiba has three plants with separate roles. Hansen, located in a conservative rural area, follows many American traditions but follows the Japanese style of factory management. It is a good example how management philosophy and management systems of the parent company, Japanese Minebea, coexists with traditional American-style management. GM Lansing uses a lean production method acquired from GM-Toyota NUMMI joint venture. It is a typical example of an American factory using the TPS.Less
This chapter analyzes case studies on the Toyota plant in Indiana, Toshiba, Hansen Corporation, and GM Lansing. Compared to Toyota Japan, the Indiana plant is operating fairly well and is expected to fully implement the Toyota Production System (TPS) as company culture. Toshiba has three plants with separate roles. Hansen, located in a conservative rural area, follows many American traditions but follows the Japanese style of factory management. It is a good example how management philosophy and management systems of the parent company, Japanese Minebea, coexists with traditional American-style management. GM Lansing uses a lean production method acquired from GM-Toyota NUMMI joint venture. It is a typical example of an American factory using the TPS.
Andrew Dobson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199682447
- eISBN:
- 9780191762901
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199682447.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
In this final chapter the challenge of putting theory into practice is taken up. The challenge is to see how the idea of ‘structured disagreement underpinned by apophatic listening’, introduced in ...
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In this final chapter the challenge of putting theory into practice is taken up. The challenge is to see how the idea of ‘structured disagreement underpinned by apophatic listening’, introduced in Chapter 3, might be put into practice. Three typical political relationships are discussed and ways in which listening might be improved in each of them are suggested. These are the relationships between an individual politician and her/his constituent, between politicians themselves, and between the government and ‘the people’. Some of the obstacles to good listening in each of these contexts are discussed, and a detailed analysis of one exercise in citizen participation in the UK is carried out with a view to recommending good practice as far as governments listening effectively to the electorate is concerned. The exercise is the GMNation? debate carried out in the UK in regard to the question of the commercialization of genetically modified crops. The chapter concludes with the claim that better listening could be an antidote to the depoliticization of social life, as discussed by theorists such as Matthew Flinders.Less
In this final chapter the challenge of putting theory into practice is taken up. The challenge is to see how the idea of ‘structured disagreement underpinned by apophatic listening’, introduced in Chapter 3, might be put into practice. Three typical political relationships are discussed and ways in which listening might be improved in each of them are suggested. These are the relationships between an individual politician and her/his constituent, between politicians themselves, and between the government and ‘the people’. Some of the obstacles to good listening in each of these contexts are discussed, and a detailed analysis of one exercise in citizen participation in the UK is carried out with a view to recommending good practice as far as governments listening effectively to the electorate is concerned. The exercise is the GMNation? debate carried out in the UK in regard to the question of the commercialization of genetically modified crops. The chapter concludes with the claim that better listening could be an antidote to the depoliticization of social life, as discussed by theorists such as Matthew Flinders.
Pablo Lapegna
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190215132
- eISBN:
- 9780190215170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190215132.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
The conclusion returns to the puzzle of mobilization/demobilization posed in the introduction and answers it by discussing the links between institutional politics and social movements, and the ...
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The conclusion returns to the puzzle of mobilization/demobilization posed in the introduction and answers it by discussing the links between institutional politics and social movements, and the relationships within and between social movements. The chapter analyzes the impacts of GM herbicide-resistant crops in Argentina elaborating two points. First, the conclusion underlines that, at least in Argentina, any potential environmental gains that may result from GM herbicide-resistant crops are contradicted by the realities of agrarian production. Second, the pleas of small farmers and peasants in Argentina suggest that the gains that GM crops may bring to the rural poor in abstract techno-productivist scenarios are overwhelmingly countered by their actual negative social impacts. The conclusion thus closes by critically examining the techno-productivist discourse on GM crops and arguing that a closer inspection of social movements and the incorporation of multiple scales can improve the literature on agriculture, globalization, and food regimes.Less
The conclusion returns to the puzzle of mobilization/demobilization posed in the introduction and answers it by discussing the links between institutional politics and social movements, and the relationships within and between social movements. The chapter analyzes the impacts of GM herbicide-resistant crops in Argentina elaborating two points. First, the conclusion underlines that, at least in Argentina, any potential environmental gains that may result from GM herbicide-resistant crops are contradicted by the realities of agrarian production. Second, the pleas of small farmers and peasants in Argentina suggest that the gains that GM crops may bring to the rural poor in abstract techno-productivist scenarios are overwhelmingly countered by their actual negative social impacts. The conclusion thus closes by critically examining the techno-productivist discourse on GM crops and arguing that a closer inspection of social movements and the incorporation of multiple scales can improve the literature on agriculture, globalization, and food regimes.
Philip Auerswald
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199795178
- eISBN:
- 9780190258481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199795178.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter analyzes the success of democratic capitalism driven by productive entrepreneurship. It explains the context of Charles Erwin Wilson's quote that implies “What's good for General Motors ...
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This chapter analyzes the success of democratic capitalism driven by productive entrepreneurship. It explains the context of Charles Erwin Wilson's quote that implies “What's good for General Motors (GM) is good for America”. The quote exemplifies the old perception of the Industrial Age that held back the United States and other free-market democracies in making the leap into the 21st century. It is an expression of corporate arrogance that confuses entrepreneurship and hinders innovation.Less
This chapter analyzes the success of democratic capitalism driven by productive entrepreneurship. It explains the context of Charles Erwin Wilson's quote that implies “What's good for General Motors (GM) is good for America”. The quote exemplifies the old perception of the Industrial Age that held back the United States and other free-market democracies in making the leap into the 21st century. It is an expression of corporate arrogance that confuses entrepreneurship and hinders innovation.
David Farber
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199734573
- eISBN:
- 9780190254360
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199734573.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
John Raskob is not a name that looms large but his greatest building casts a shadow on the people of New York every day. Financier of the Empire State Building, Raskob was a self-made businessman who ...
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John Raskob is not a name that looms large but his greatest building casts a shadow on the people of New York every day. Financier of the Empire State Building, Raskob was a self-made businessman who worked for DuPont and for GM and famously invented with the idea for consumer credit, which he first offered to individual car buyers (GMAC). A friend of New York Governor Al Smith, Raskob became active in New York politics and ran the Democratic National Committee and Smith's campaign for the presidency. He invested his own fortune heavily in the Empire State Building, built at the height of the Great Depression. A colorful figure, Raskob's life evokes the roaring twenties, the Catholic elite, the boardrooms of America's biggest corporations, and the rags-to-riches tale that is central to the American dream. His most famous interview was entitled “Everybody Ought to Be Rich” in Ladies' Home Journal in August 1929—on the eve of the stock market crash—and his personal achievement of such extraordinary wealth and power highlights just how far he came traveled from a teenage candy seller on the railway between Lockport and Buffalo. His wide circle of business associates and personal acquaintances included Water Chrysler, the DuPonts, Alfred Sloane, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Kennedy, Western miners, and the Pope. He lived his own creed: “Go ahead and do things. The bigger the better, if your fundamentals are sound. Avoid procrastination”.Less
John Raskob is not a name that looms large but his greatest building casts a shadow on the people of New York every day. Financier of the Empire State Building, Raskob was a self-made businessman who worked for DuPont and for GM and famously invented with the idea for consumer credit, which he first offered to individual car buyers (GMAC). A friend of New York Governor Al Smith, Raskob became active in New York politics and ran the Democratic National Committee and Smith's campaign for the presidency. He invested his own fortune heavily in the Empire State Building, built at the height of the Great Depression. A colorful figure, Raskob's life evokes the roaring twenties, the Catholic elite, the boardrooms of America's biggest corporations, and the rags-to-riches tale that is central to the American dream. His most famous interview was entitled “Everybody Ought to Be Rich” in Ladies' Home Journal in August 1929—on the eve of the stock market crash—and his personal achievement of such extraordinary wealth and power highlights just how far he came traveled from a teenage candy seller on the railway between Lockport and Buffalo. His wide circle of business associates and personal acquaintances included Water Chrysler, the DuPonts, Alfred Sloane, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Kennedy, Western miners, and the Pope. He lived his own creed: “Go ahead and do things. The bigger the better, if your fundamentals are sound. Avoid procrastination”.
