David Parrott
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198797463
- eISBN:
- 9780191838828
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198797463.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Military History
This book offers a re-evaluation of the last year of the Fronde—the political upheaval between 1648 and 1652—in the making of seventeenth-century France. In late December 1651 cardinal Mazarin defied ...
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This book offers a re-evaluation of the last year of the Fronde—the political upheaval between 1648 and 1652—in the making of seventeenth-century France. In late December 1651 cardinal Mazarin defied the order for his perpetual banishment, and re-entered France at the head of an army. The political and military crisis that followed convulsed the nation, and revived the ebbing fortunes of a revolt led by the cousin of the young Louis XIV, the prince de Condé. The book follows in detail the unfolding political and military events of this year, showing how military success and failure swung between the two sides through the campaign, driving both cardinal and prince into a progressive intensification of the conflict, while simultaneously fuelling a quest for compromise and settlement which nonetheless eluded all the negotiators’ efforts. The consequences were devastating for France, as civil war smashed into a fragile ecosystem that was already reeling under the impact of the global cooling of the ‘Little Ice Age’. 1652 raises questions about established interpretations of French state-building, the rule of cardinal Mazarin and his predecessor, Richelieu, and their contribution to creating the ‘absolutism’ of Louis XIV.Less
This book offers a re-evaluation of the last year of the Fronde—the political upheaval between 1648 and 1652—in the making of seventeenth-century France. In late December 1651 cardinal Mazarin defied the order for his perpetual banishment, and re-entered France at the head of an army. The political and military crisis that followed convulsed the nation, and revived the ebbing fortunes of a revolt led by the cousin of the young Louis XIV, the prince de Condé. The book follows in detail the unfolding political and military events of this year, showing how military success and failure swung between the two sides through the campaign, driving both cardinal and prince into a progressive intensification of the conflict, while simultaneously fuelling a quest for compromise and settlement which nonetheless eluded all the negotiators’ efforts. The consequences were devastating for France, as civil war smashed into a fragile ecosystem that was already reeling under the impact of the global cooling of the ‘Little Ice Age’. 1652 raises questions about established interpretations of French state-building, the rule of cardinal Mazarin and his predecessor, Richelieu, and their contribution to creating the ‘absolutism’ of Louis XIV.
Michael Moriarty
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199589371
- eISBN:
- 9780191728808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589371.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature, European Literature
Different critical approaches to La Rochefoucauld are summed up. The context in which the Maximes emerged is described: the failure of the aristocratic revolt known as the Fronde, La Rochefoucauld’s ...
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Different critical approaches to La Rochefoucauld are summed up. The context in which the Maximes emerged is described: the failure of the aristocratic revolt known as the Fronde, La Rochefoucauld’s involvement in which blighted his relations with Louis XIV; his family connections with supporters of Jansenism; and his collaboration in writing maxims with Mme de Sablé and Jacques Esprit. Sablé’s own maxims are discussed. Readers’ responses to an early version of the Maximes are examined: some see it as an attack on virtue itself, others as an Augustinian attack on pagan and in general human virtue. The presentation of the first edition of the work tends to endorse the latter reading: the prefatory ‘Discours’ by La Chapelle-Bessé is analysed in detail, as Augustinian in spirit but not specifically Jansenist.Less
Different critical approaches to La Rochefoucauld are summed up. The context in which the Maximes emerged is described: the failure of the aristocratic revolt known as the Fronde, La Rochefoucauld’s involvement in which blighted his relations with Louis XIV; his family connections with supporters of Jansenism; and his collaboration in writing maxims with Mme de Sablé and Jacques Esprit. Sablé’s own maxims are discussed. Readers’ responses to an early version of the Maximes are examined: some see it as an attack on virtue itself, others as an Augustinian attack on pagan and in general human virtue. The presentation of the first edition of the work tends to endorse the latter reading: the prefatory ‘Discours’ by La Chapelle-Bessé is analysed in detail, as Augustinian in spirit but not specifically Jansenist.
David Parrott
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198797463
- eISBN:
- 9780191838828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198797463.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Military History
The first section of the chapter offers an overview of the historiography of the Fronde, looking at the evolution of different interpretations and emphases from the eighteenth century to the present ...
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The first section of the chapter offers an overview of the historiography of the Fronde, looking at the evolution of different interpretations and emphases from the eighteenth century to the present day. The contribution of 1652 to this debate is summarized: the study looks as much at the consequences of the 1652 crisis as at its origins, above all its impact on the ensuing decade of Mazarin’s ministry; it emphasizes the role of contingency in what has frequently been seen as a pre-determined triumph of monarchical authority; it explores the collision of civil war waged across much of France with a dramatic worsening of climatic conditions and the impact of both on a vulnerable subsistence economy. The second half of the chapter examines the nature of ministerial government in France through Richelieu’s ministry, as well as Mazarin’s emergence as first minister during the regency which followed the death of Louis XIII in 1643, and looks at the unfolding of the Fronde down to the end of 1649. It explores in particular the close links between the burdens of foreign and military policy and the development of a ministerial ‘extraordinary regime’ which bypassed or overruled much of the existing government to give extensive, and in the eyes of many illegitimate, authority to the cardinal ministers. The chapter culminates in the miscalculations made by Mazarin which precipitated the opening rebellion of the Fronde. In order to bring the frondeurs back into obedience, Mazarin was forced to rely on the prince de Condé, who blockaded Paris with the royal army on behalf of the crown.Less
The first section of the chapter offers an overview of the historiography of the Fronde, looking at the evolution of different interpretations and emphases from the eighteenth century to the present day. The contribution of 1652 to this debate is summarized: the study looks as much at the consequences of the 1652 crisis as at its origins, above all its impact on the ensuing decade of Mazarin’s ministry; it emphasizes the role of contingency in what has frequently been seen as a pre-determined triumph of monarchical authority; it explores the collision of civil war waged across much of France with a dramatic worsening of climatic conditions and the impact of both on a vulnerable subsistence economy. The second half of the chapter examines the nature of ministerial government in France through Richelieu’s ministry, as well as Mazarin’s emergence as first minister during the regency which followed the death of Louis XIII in 1643, and looks at the unfolding of the Fronde down to the end of 1649. It explores in particular the close links between the burdens of foreign and military policy and the development of a ministerial ‘extraordinary regime’ which bypassed or overruled much of the existing government to give extensive, and in the eyes of many illegitimate, authority to the cardinal ministers. The chapter culminates in the miscalculations made by Mazarin which precipitated the opening rebellion of the Fronde. In order to bring the frondeurs back into obedience, Mazarin was forced to rely on the prince de Condé, who blockaded Paris with the royal army on behalf of the crown.
Mark Traugott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520266322
- eISBN:
- 9780520947733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520266322.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter explores the early barricades through the great Parisian insurrection of 1648 that clearly established their recurrent character. It explains that the “Second Day of the Barricades” ...
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This chapter explores the early barricades through the great Parisian insurrection of 1648 that clearly established their recurrent character. It explains that the “Second Day of the Barricades” climaxed the period of intense civil conflict known as the Fronde parlementaire, but it also proved to be a turning point in the history of French contention, for as the central state's control over French territory began to be consolidated during the long reign of Louis XIV, the barricade went into eclipse.Less
This chapter explores the early barricades through the great Parisian insurrection of 1648 that clearly established their recurrent character. It explains that the “Second Day of the Barricades” climaxed the period of intense civil conflict known as the Fronde parlementaire, but it also proved to be a turning point in the history of French contention, for as the central state's control over French territory began to be consolidated during the long reign of Louis XIV, the barricade went into eclipse.
Mary Louise Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520221406
- eISBN:
- 9780520935310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520221406.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Marguerite Durand was best known as the editor-in-chief of La Fronde, the women's daily paper of the fin de siècle, in founding which she set out to create a “feminist aesthetics.” Durand openly ...
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Marguerite Durand was best known as the editor-in-chief of La Fronde, the women's daily paper of the fin de siècle, in founding which she set out to create a “feminist aesthetics.” Durand openly spoke out against the vote for women. Like her republican contemporaries, she was afraid that female suffrage would ensure the power of the priest against the Republic. Historians have explored Durand's biography, her paper, and her role in fin-de-siècle feminist debate. In this chapter, the author uses the life of Durand in order to answer a set of questions about how change in women's lives occurred during this period. The author also investigates the nature of Durand's politics.Less
Marguerite Durand was best known as the editor-in-chief of La Fronde, the women's daily paper of the fin de siècle, in founding which she set out to create a “feminist aesthetics.” Durand openly spoke out against the vote for women. Like her republican contemporaries, she was afraid that female suffrage would ensure the power of the priest against the Republic. Historians have explored Durand's biography, her paper, and her role in fin-de-siècle feminist debate. In this chapter, the author uses the life of Durand in order to answer a set of questions about how change in women's lives occurred during this period. The author also investigates the nature of Durand's politics.