Claire Gorrara
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199246090
- eISBN:
- 9780191697555
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246090.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This book offers an introduction to the post-war French roman noir from a cultural studies perspective. A populist and widely disseminated genre, the French roman noir has suffered from a reputation ...
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This book offers an introduction to the post-war French roman noir from a cultural studies perspective. A populist and widely disseminated genre, the French roman noir has suffered from a reputation as a minor genre with its roots in American popular culture. The book challenges such preconceptions and examines how selected writers have appropriated the roman noir as a critical response to formative concerns and debates in post-war French society. Starting with the first truly French roman noir, Léo Malet's 120 rue de la gare (1943) and concluding with Maud Tabachnik's feminist thriller Un été pourri (1994), this book analyses both texts and film in relation to their specific historical and cultural context. From the heritage of the Second World War and France's wars of decolonisation to the rise of consumer culture and questions of gender and sexual equality, the roman noir operates in dialogue with its times, mediating social change and transformation with stories of crime, transgression, and marginality. All the novelists studied were published initially in popular collections, such as the Série noire, but they have been chosen for the innovation of their work and the exciting ways in which they resist tired conventions and offer new ways of representing social reality.Less
This book offers an introduction to the post-war French roman noir from a cultural studies perspective. A populist and widely disseminated genre, the French roman noir has suffered from a reputation as a minor genre with its roots in American popular culture. The book challenges such preconceptions and examines how selected writers have appropriated the roman noir as a critical response to formative concerns and debates in post-war French society. Starting with the first truly French roman noir, Léo Malet's 120 rue de la gare (1943) and concluding with Maud Tabachnik's feminist thriller Un été pourri (1994), this book analyses both texts and film in relation to their specific historical and cultural context. From the heritage of the Second World War and France's wars of decolonisation to the rise of consumer culture and questions of gender and sexual equality, the roman noir operates in dialogue with its times, mediating social change and transformation with stories of crime, transgression, and marginality. All the novelists studied were published initially in popular collections, such as the Série noire, but they have been chosen for the innovation of their work and the exciting ways in which they resist tired conventions and offer new ways of representing social reality.
J. P. DAUGHTON
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195305302
- eISBN:
- 9780199866991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305302.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes that the new hope brought by Paul Doumer's government to the region only reignited internecine fighting among Frenchmen of differing religious and political orientations. It ...
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This chapter describes that the new hope brought by Paul Doumer's government to the region only reignited internecine fighting among Frenchmen of differing religious and political orientations. It adds that at the center of these conflicts, again, were the Catholic missionaries. It also talks about the Dreyfus affair in the empire, exposing a deep rift in French society. It notes that catholic missionaries identified Freemasonry as posing the greatest threat to their work. It also tells that Freemasonry had a profound connection with republican politics throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. It clarifies that in most of their accounts, Freemasons wanted to show that missionary misdeeds stemmed from intolerance.Less
This chapter describes that the new hope brought by Paul Doumer's government to the region only reignited internecine fighting among Frenchmen of differing religious and political orientations. It adds that at the center of these conflicts, again, were the Catholic missionaries. It also talks about the Dreyfus affair in the empire, exposing a deep rift in French society. It notes that catholic missionaries identified Freemasonry as posing the greatest threat to their work. It also tells that Freemasonry had a profound connection with republican politics throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. It clarifies that in most of their accounts, Freemasons wanted to show that missionary misdeeds stemmed from intolerance.
Michael Rapport
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208457
- eISBN:
- 9780191678011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208457.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The contrasting treatment of different types of foreigners in France before 1789 shows that they were encouraged to settle in France where they were deemed of utility to the state. Such uses could be ...
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The contrasting treatment of different types of foreigners in France before 1789 shows that they were encouraged to settle in France where they were deemed of utility to the state. Such uses could be obvious: foreign troops defended the kingdom; political refugees could be played as pawns in the game of European diplomacy; manufacturers, artisans, and merchants enriched the country. Less obvious was the reinforcement of the prestige of the monarchy, either through enhancing its Catholic image by tolerating foreign clergy, or by seeking a reflection of its glory through patronizing foreigners in the arts and sciences. Yet the state also had to balance its use of foreigners with other considerations, such as domestic stability and diplomacy. Open as the Ancien Régime was to the contributions of foreigners, it was also ready to dispense with them, or at least control their activities, when practical politics dictated. In other words, the treatment of foreigners under the Ancien Régime depended on their role in French society.Less
The contrasting treatment of different types of foreigners in France before 1789 shows that they were encouraged to settle in France where they were deemed of utility to the state. Such uses could be obvious: foreign troops defended the kingdom; political refugees could be played as pawns in the game of European diplomacy; manufacturers, artisans, and merchants enriched the country. Less obvious was the reinforcement of the prestige of the monarchy, either through enhancing its Catholic image by tolerating foreign clergy, or by seeking a reflection of its glory through patronizing foreigners in the arts and sciences. Yet the state also had to balance its use of foreigners with other considerations, such as domestic stability and diplomacy. Open as the Ancien Régime was to the contributions of foreigners, it was also ready to dispense with them, or at least control their activities, when practical politics dictated. In other words, the treatment of foreigners under the Ancien Régime depended on their role in French society.
Michael Rapport
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208457
- eISBN:
- 9780191678011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208457.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The period between the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and the crisis of March 1793 was a transitional time for foreigners living in France. It was hoped that foreigners who shared the French ...
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The period between the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and the crisis of March 1793 was a transitional time for foreigners living in France. It was hoped that foreigners who shared the French Revolution's aspirations would associate with the struggle. This attitude can be seen in the revolutionaries' approach to citizenship, naturalization, and the political rights of foreigners. Their underlying concern was not nationality alone, but an adherence to the principles of the Revolution, particularly after the overthrow of the monarchy. The revolutionaries abandoned the caution of the Constituent and loudly proclaimed their support for foreign patriots, as allies in the war against European ‘despotism’. As the overriding concerns of the revolutionaries no longer entailed the retention of peaceful diplomatic relations with other powers, so new factors emerged that dictated their policies towards foreigners. The political attitudes of foreigners and the role they played in French society became the most important determinants of their fate.Less
The period between the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and the crisis of March 1793 was a transitional time for foreigners living in France. It was hoped that foreigners who shared the French Revolution's aspirations would associate with the struggle. This attitude can be seen in the revolutionaries' approach to citizenship, naturalization, and the political rights of foreigners. Their underlying concern was not nationality alone, but an adherence to the principles of the Revolution, particularly after the overthrow of the monarchy. The revolutionaries abandoned the caution of the Constituent and loudly proclaimed their support for foreign patriots, as allies in the war against European ‘despotism’. As the overriding concerns of the revolutionaries no longer entailed the retention of peaceful diplomatic relations with other powers, so new factors emerged that dictated their policies towards foreigners. The political attitudes of foreigners and the role they played in French society became the most important determinants of their fate.
Julian Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207061
- eISBN:
- 9780191677465
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207061.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter looks at the experience of the Jews, examining how their fate was bound up in the interaction between the policies of the Germans, ...
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This chapter looks at the experience of the Jews, examining how their fate was bound up in the interaction between the policies of the Germans, the policies of the Vichy regime, and the responses of French civil society. During the first two years of Occupation, the prevailing sentiment towards the Jews ranged from indifference to hostility. The first Jewish Statute aroused little interest. People had more pressing concerns on their minds. The events of the summer of 1942 transformed French responses to the plight of the Jews. In Paris in July, and then in the South in August, people were shocked by the horrifying scenes of screaming children being arrested with their parents or being forcibly separated from them. By the end of the year, however, the outrage had died down. The open protests may not have lasted, but they gave way to active solidarity and the development of an infrastructure to aid the Jews.Less
This chapter looks at the experience of the Jews, examining how their fate was bound up in the interaction between the policies of the Germans, the policies of the Vichy regime, and the responses of French civil society. During the first two years of Occupation, the prevailing sentiment towards the Jews ranged from indifference to hostility. The first Jewish Statute aroused little interest. People had more pressing concerns on their minds. The events of the summer of 1942 transformed French responses to the plight of the Jews. In Paris in July, and then in the South in August, people were shocked by the horrifying scenes of screaming children being arrested with their parents or being forcibly separated from them. By the end of the year, however, the outrage had died down. The open protests may not have lasted, but they gave way to active solidarity and the development of an infrastructure to aid the Jews.
Carol E. Harrison
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207771
- eISBN:
- 9780191677793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207771.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes emulation, situating it in terms of class, gender, and context. Emulation resonated widely in the nineteenth century, and it ...
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This chapter describes emulation, situating it in terms of class, gender, and context. Emulation resonated widely in the nineteenth century, and it referred to a relationship far more complex than that of model and copyist. When nineteenth-century bourgeois Frenchmen established a voluntary association or embarked on a worthy civic project, they inevitably spoke of their desire to ‘excite an honourable emulation’ or to ‘stimulate a noble emulation’. They rarely clarified exactly what was to be imitated or by whom. The meaning of emulation, which in the nineteenth century included a competitive ambiguity about who copied whom, has since been restricted to the description of a simple imitative relationship. Emulation is a lost cliché of nineteenth-century French society for whose members it was a convenient term around which a variety of virtues converged.Less
This chapter describes emulation, situating it in terms of class, gender, and context. Emulation resonated widely in the nineteenth century, and it referred to a relationship far more complex than that of model and copyist. When nineteenth-century bourgeois Frenchmen established a voluntary association or embarked on a worthy civic project, they inevitably spoke of their desire to ‘excite an honourable emulation’ or to ‘stimulate a noble emulation’. They rarely clarified exactly what was to be imitated or by whom. The meaning of emulation, which in the nineteenth century included a competitive ambiguity about who copied whom, has since been restricted to the description of a simple imitative relationship. Emulation is a lost cliché of nineteenth-century French society for whose members it was a convenient term around which a variety of virtues converged.
Theodore Zeldin
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221777
- eISBN:
- 9780191678493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221777.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter reveals that the significance of republicanism was that it reflected changes in social relationships, which gave a new dimension to politics. It was through republicanism that popular ...
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This chapter reveals that the significance of republicanism was that it reflected changes in social relationships, which gave a new dimension to politics. It was through republicanism that popular political organizations appeared as alternatives to the system of patronage and clientage on which the nobles and royalists had based their power. The republicans thus mobilized another force in French society. However, republicanism was not a mass movement in a simple sense. There were several varieties of it and it produced contradictory results. While appealing to the masses, it also developed a new class of notables. Its ambiguities explain why it attracted so much support, and also why so many myths have been generated about it to cloud over its confusions.Less
This chapter reveals that the significance of republicanism was that it reflected changes in social relationships, which gave a new dimension to politics. It was through republicanism that popular political organizations appeared as alternatives to the system of patronage and clientage on which the nobles and royalists had based their power. The republicans thus mobilized another force in French society. However, republicanism was not a mass movement in a simple sense. There were several varieties of it and it produced contradictory results. While appealing to the masses, it also developed a new class of notables. Its ambiguities explain why it attracted so much support, and also why so many myths have been generated about it to cloud over its confusions.
Alan Bullock and F. W. D. Deakin
- Published in print:
- 1973
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221043
- eISBN:
- 9780191678400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221043.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The significance of republicanism is that it reflected changes in social relationships, which gave a new dimension to politics. It was through republicanism that popular political organisation ...
More
The significance of republicanism is that it reflected changes in social relationships, which gave a new dimension to politics. It was through republicanism that popular political organisation appeared as an alternative to the system of patronage and clientage on which the nobles and royalists had based their power. The republicans thus mobilised another force in French society. However, republicanism was not a mass movement in a simple sense. There was a long tradition of republican thought before 1848 and of considerable agitation and organisation, but it was confined to relatively small circles. The role of young people and of students in the creation of republicanism was an important social development and it also had an interesting theoretical basis. The republicans had a great deal to learn from the other parties before they could discover how to establish themselves. Their experience of defeat and their tribulations under Napoleon III were to have a profound effect on their attitudes and thinking.Less
The significance of republicanism is that it reflected changes in social relationships, which gave a new dimension to politics. It was through republicanism that popular political organisation appeared as an alternative to the system of patronage and clientage on which the nobles and royalists had based their power. The republicans thus mobilised another force in French society. However, republicanism was not a mass movement in a simple sense. There was a long tradition of republican thought before 1848 and of considerable agitation and organisation, but it was confined to relatively small circles. The role of young people and of students in the creation of republicanism was an important social development and it also had an interesting theoretical basis. The republicans had a great deal to learn from the other parties before they could discover how to establish themselves. Their experience of defeat and their tribulations under Napoleon III were to have a profound effect on their attitudes and thinking.
Alan Bullock and F. W. D. Deakin
- Published in print:
- 1973
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221043
- eISBN:
- 9780191678400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221043.003.0019
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
For over 100 years, Bonapartism has been the intellectual's nightmare. The simplest definition of Bonapartism is that it is the perpetuation of the ideas of Napoleon I, the cult of his genius and the ...
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For over 100 years, Bonapartism has been the intellectual's nightmare. The simplest definition of Bonapartism is that it is the perpetuation of the ideas of Napoleon I, the cult of his genius and the appeal to his methods for the solution of France's problems. It is also noted that Bonapartism could be called an Orleanist heresy. Napoleon's social aims naturally incorporated the most commonplace ideas of his time. His view of popular psychology was that the masses would be content with nominal sovereignty, with political equality between classes, with opportunities to rise in the social hierarchy and to make a better living. Centralisation is well known as being one of the most distinctive features of French society. Paradoxically, the Second Empire, while on the one hand raising centralisation to new peaks, at the same time did almost as much as any regime to advance the cause of decentralisation. The Liberal Empire and Bonapartism after 1870 are discussed. Bonapartism was by no means a hopeless cause after 1870. In addition, the final, deathbed marriage of Bonapartism and radicalism is shown.Less
For over 100 years, Bonapartism has been the intellectual's nightmare. The simplest definition of Bonapartism is that it is the perpetuation of the ideas of Napoleon I, the cult of his genius and the appeal to his methods for the solution of France's problems. It is also noted that Bonapartism could be called an Orleanist heresy. Napoleon's social aims naturally incorporated the most commonplace ideas of his time. His view of popular psychology was that the masses would be content with nominal sovereignty, with political equality between classes, with opportunities to rise in the social hierarchy and to make a better living. Centralisation is well known as being one of the most distinctive features of French society. Paradoxically, the Second Empire, while on the one hand raising centralisation to new peaks, at the same time did almost as much as any regime to advance the cause of decentralisation. The Liberal Empire and Bonapartism after 1870 are discussed. Bonapartism was by no means a hopeless cause after 1870. In addition, the final, deathbed marriage of Bonapartism and radicalism is shown.
Alan Bullock and F. W. D. Deakin
- Published in print:
- 1973
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221043
- eISBN:
- 9780191678400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221043.003.0023
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Radicalism was one of the main pillars of the Third Republic. However, it was an extremely contradictory, many-sided, and complicated force. Its partisans preached doctrines they did not implement. ...
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Radicalism was one of the main pillars of the Third Republic. However, it was an extremely contradictory, many-sided, and complicated force. Its partisans preached doctrines they did not implement. They incarnated so many of the ambivalences to be found in French society that they are exceptionally difficult to characterise precisely. Therefore, it might be best to explore them not through their vague political programmes but through two of their leaders: Émile Combes and Georges Clernenceau. This makes possible an investigation, in concrete terms, of two essential aspects of their work: the separation of Church and state and their treatment of the social problem. Clemenceau had for long been the principal advocate of radical reform, against opportunism. The radical party was much divided within itself, to the point of finding positive action very difficult, and yet it was to be the largest single party from 1902 to 1936.Less
Radicalism was one of the main pillars of the Third Republic. However, it was an extremely contradictory, many-sided, and complicated force. Its partisans preached doctrines they did not implement. They incarnated so many of the ambivalences to be found in French society that they are exceptionally difficult to characterise precisely. Therefore, it might be best to explore them not through their vague political programmes but through two of their leaders: Émile Combes and Georges Clernenceau. This makes possible an investigation, in concrete terms, of two essential aspects of their work: the separation of Church and state and their treatment of the social problem. Clemenceau had for long been the principal advocate of radical reform, against opportunism. The radical party was much divided within itself, to the point of finding positive action very difficult, and yet it was to be the largest single party from 1902 to 1936.
Theodore Zeldin
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221777
- eISBN:
- 9780191678493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221777.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter reveals that simultaneous idealization and repression of women and children was one of the ways by which French society developed its peculiar characteristics. Repression was compensated ...
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This chapter reveals that simultaneous idealization and repression of women and children was one of the ways by which French society developed its peculiar characteristics. Repression was compensated for and mitigated by giving women considerable power in certain strictly limited fields. There was nevertheless resistance to that repression, which took two forms: psychological and political. The chapter emphasizes the fact that the legal situation of women was very definitely inferior to that of men. The French Revolution had done little for women beyond abolishing male primogeniture. This chapter talks about the most successful woman's organization of the time, the Patriotic League of Frenchwomen, which claimed 250,000 members in 1906 and half a million in 1914. This organization, however, had nothing to do with suffrage and scarcely anything to do with politics. Ladies of leisure ran it, like nearly all the other similar organizations, for middle-class women. There was no participation by the peasantry and virtually no attempt by its members to interest the peasantry.Less
This chapter reveals that simultaneous idealization and repression of women and children was one of the ways by which French society developed its peculiar characteristics. Repression was compensated for and mitigated by giving women considerable power in certain strictly limited fields. There was nevertheless resistance to that repression, which took two forms: psychological and political. The chapter emphasizes the fact that the legal situation of women was very definitely inferior to that of men. The French Revolution had done little for women beyond abolishing male primogeniture. This chapter talks about the most successful woman's organization of the time, the Patriotic League of Frenchwomen, which claimed 250,000 members in 1906 and half a million in 1914. This organization, however, had nothing to do with suffrage and scarcely anything to do with politics. Ladies of leisure ran it, like nearly all the other similar organizations, for middle-class women. There was no participation by the peasantry and virtually no attempt by its members to interest the peasantry.
Christopher S. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520256309
- eISBN:
- 9780520934863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520256309.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter demonstrates how the ever-changing itinerary of la grande boucle has been exploited to generate diverse and often opposing views of French society, history, and identity. It evaluates ...
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This chapter demonstrates how the ever-changing itinerary of la grande boucle has been exploited to generate diverse and often opposing views of French society, history, and identity. It evaluates past bicycle races conducted in France and how they affected France's view towards the Tour de France. The chapter shows how the psychological impact of including the lost provinces in the Tour itinerary, from 1906 through 1910 L'Auto persuaded the German authorities to allow the race to pass through Alsace-Lorraine. It explains that L'Auto's use of the Tour's itinerary to honor the sacrifices of so many French soldiers reflected a broader commemorative movement.Less
This chapter demonstrates how the ever-changing itinerary of la grande boucle has been exploited to generate diverse and often opposing views of French society, history, and identity. It evaluates past bicycle races conducted in France and how they affected France's view towards the Tour de France. The chapter shows how the psychological impact of including the lost provinces in the Tour itinerary, from 1906 through 1910 L'Auto persuaded the German authorities to allow the race to pass through Alsace-Lorraine. It explains that L'Auto's use of the Tour's itinerary to honor the sacrifices of so many French soldiers reflected a broader commemorative movement.
Jeremy Jennings
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203131
- eISBN:
- 9780191728587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203131.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
The Introduction outlines the main arguments of the book. This book aims to give an interesting interpretation of political thought in France from the eighteenth century to current times. In the ...
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The Introduction outlines the main arguments of the book. This book aims to give an interesting interpretation of political thought in France from the eighteenth century to current times. In the centre of this are the dramatic and violent events associated with the French Revolution of 1789 and the start of the First Republic in 1792. For the next two centuries writers in France tried to make sense of these events and subsequent events in French revolutionary history, producing an analysis of the nature of republican government and of the concepts of liberty, equality, and rights. This book hopes to show that these debates went further than the narrow discussions of representation and sovereignty. In fact they occupied a central place in discussions about religion, science, philosophy, commerce, and the writing of history. Indeed they also shaped arguments about the character of France and the French nation as well as polemics about the role of intellectuals in French society. Moreover, they carry on now to be of importance in France as the country looks towards the challenges posed by globalization, multiculturalism, and the reform of the welfare state.Less
The Introduction outlines the main arguments of the book. This book aims to give an interesting interpretation of political thought in France from the eighteenth century to current times. In the centre of this are the dramatic and violent events associated with the French Revolution of 1789 and the start of the First Republic in 1792. For the next two centuries writers in France tried to make sense of these events and subsequent events in French revolutionary history, producing an analysis of the nature of republican government and of the concepts of liberty, equality, and rights. This book hopes to show that these debates went further than the narrow discussions of representation and sovereignty. In fact they occupied a central place in discussions about religion, science, philosophy, commerce, and the writing of history. Indeed they also shaped arguments about the character of France and the French nation as well as polemics about the role of intellectuals in French society. Moreover, they carry on now to be of importance in France as the country looks towards the challenges posed by globalization, multiculturalism, and the reform of the welfare state.
Alan Bullock and F. W. D. Deakin
- Published in print:
- 1973
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221043
- eISBN:
- 9780191678400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221043.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The simultaneous idealisation and repression of women and children was one of the ways by which French society developed its peculiar characteristics. Repression was compensated for and mitigated by ...
More
The simultaneous idealisation and repression of women and children was one of the ways by which French society developed its peculiar characteristics. Repression was compensated for and mitigated by giving women considerable power in certain strictly limited fields. There was nevertheless resistance to that repression, which took two forms: psychological and political. The legal situation of women was very definitely inferior to that of men. The French Revolution had done little for women beyond abolishing male primogeniture. The inferiority of opportunities for women was backed by a long tradition of writing on the subject. The most successful woman's organisation was the Patriotic League of Frenchwomen. It is not surprising that little real progress was made in improving women's legal position, and that when legislation was introduced, law and practice remained at variance in many sections of the community. Only in the matter of divorce was real change achieved – but then, of course, easy divorce was not a feminist demand. Equal pay for women came officially in 1946.Less
The simultaneous idealisation and repression of women and children was one of the ways by which French society developed its peculiar characteristics. Repression was compensated for and mitigated by giving women considerable power in certain strictly limited fields. There was nevertheless resistance to that repression, which took two forms: psychological and political. The legal situation of women was very definitely inferior to that of men. The French Revolution had done little for women beyond abolishing male primogeniture. The inferiority of opportunities for women was backed by a long tradition of writing on the subject. The most successful woman's organisation was the Patriotic League of Frenchwomen. It is not surprising that little real progress was made in improving women's legal position, and that when legislation was introduced, law and practice remained at variance in many sections of the community. Only in the matter of divorce was real change achieved – but then, of course, easy divorce was not a feminist demand. Equal pay for women came officially in 1946.
Gabriel Flynn and Paul D. Murray (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199552870
- eISBN:
- 9780191731037
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552870.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This book provides both a historical and a theological analysis of the achievements of the renowned generation of theologians whose influence pervaded French theology and society in the ...
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This book provides both a historical and a theological analysis of the achievements of the renowned generation of theologians whose influence pervaded French theology and society in the period 1930 to 1960, and beyond. It considers how the principal exponents of ressourcement, leading Dominicans and Jesuits of the faculties of Le Saulchoir (Paris) and Lyon-Fourvière, inspired a renaissance in twentieth-century Catholic theology and initiated a movement for renewal that contributed to the reforms of the Second Vatican Council. The book assesses the origins and historical development of the biblical, liturgical, and patristic ressourcement in France, Germany, and Belgium, and offers fresh insights into the thought of the movement's leading scholars. It analyses the fierce controversies that erupted within the Jesuit and Dominican orders and between leading ressourcement theologians and the Vatican. The volume also contributes to the elucidation of the complex question of terminology, the interpretation of which still engenders controversy in discussions of ressourcement and nouvelle théologie. It concludes with reflections on how the most important movement in twentieth-century Roman Catholic theology continues to impact on contemporary society and on Catholic and Protestant theological enquiry in the new millennium.Less
This book provides both a historical and a theological analysis of the achievements of the renowned generation of theologians whose influence pervaded French theology and society in the period 1930 to 1960, and beyond. It considers how the principal exponents of ressourcement, leading Dominicans and Jesuits of the faculties of Le Saulchoir (Paris) and Lyon-Fourvière, inspired a renaissance in twentieth-century Catholic theology and initiated a movement for renewal that contributed to the reforms of the Second Vatican Council. The book assesses the origins and historical development of the biblical, liturgical, and patristic ressourcement in France, Germany, and Belgium, and offers fresh insights into the thought of the movement's leading scholars. It analyses the fierce controversies that erupted within the Jesuit and Dominican orders and between leading ressourcement theologians and the Vatican. The volume also contributes to the elucidation of the complex question of terminology, the interpretation of which still engenders controversy in discussions of ressourcement and nouvelle théologie. It concludes with reflections on how the most important movement in twentieth-century Roman Catholic theology continues to impact on contemporary society and on Catholic and Protestant theological enquiry in the new millennium.
Theodore Zeldin
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221777
- eISBN:
- 9780191678493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221777.003.0023
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter reveals radicalism to be one of the main pillars of the Third Republic. It was, however, an extremely contradictory, many-sided, and complicated force. Its partisans preached doctrines ...
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This chapter reveals radicalism to be one of the main pillars of the Third Republic. It was, however, an extremely contradictory, many-sided, and complicated force. Its partisans preached doctrines they did not implement. They claimed to speak in the name of reason, logic, and principle; they divided the country clearly into those who stood for progress and those who were against it, but they were constantly allying with their supposed enemies, temporizing, compromising, and muddling through. They incarnated so many of the ambivalences to be found in French society that they are exceptionally difficult to characterize precisely. It might be best, therefore, to examine them not through their vague political programs but through two of their leaders — Combes and Clemenceau. This makes possible an investigation, in concrete terms, of two essential aspects of their work: the separation of Church and state and their treatment of the social problem.Less
This chapter reveals radicalism to be one of the main pillars of the Third Republic. It was, however, an extremely contradictory, many-sided, and complicated force. Its partisans preached doctrines they did not implement. They claimed to speak in the name of reason, logic, and principle; they divided the country clearly into those who stood for progress and those who were against it, but they were constantly allying with their supposed enemies, temporizing, compromising, and muddling through. They incarnated so many of the ambivalences to be found in French society that they are exceptionally difficult to characterize precisely. It might be best, therefore, to examine them not through their vague political programs but through two of their leaders — Combes and Clemenceau. This makes possible an investigation, in concrete terms, of two essential aspects of their work: the separation of Church and state and their treatment of the social problem.
Alan Bullock and F. W. D. Deakin
- Published in print:
- 1973
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221043
- eISBN:
- 9780191678400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221043.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter defines the bourgeoisie's values, examines how far these formed the basis of a consensus that held France together, and investigates more closely the whole notion of consensus. The ...
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This chapter defines the bourgeoisie's values, examines how far these formed the basis of a consensus that held France together, and investigates more closely the whole notion of consensus. The bourgeoisie is a peculiarly French category. A great deal of research is needed to trace the changes that have occurred in the bourgeoisie and to throw light on its professional and regional variations. The supremacy of bourgeois ideals cannot serve as a key to understanding the forces at work in French society, at least until a much more careful analysis of these ideals has been undertaken.Less
This chapter defines the bourgeoisie's values, examines how far these formed the basis of a consensus that held France together, and investigates more closely the whole notion of consensus. The bourgeoisie is a peculiarly French category. A great deal of research is needed to trace the changes that have occurred in the bourgeoisie and to throw light on its professional and regional variations. The supremacy of bourgeois ideals cannot serve as a key to understanding the forces at work in French society, at least until a much more careful analysis of these ideals has been undertaken.
Francesca Trivellato
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691178592
- eISBN:
- 9780691185378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691178592.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter studies Jacque Savary's Le parfait négociant, which was first printed in 1675 and was the manifesto of seventeenth-century French commercial society. A far more experienced and effective ...
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This chapter studies Jacque Savary's Le parfait négociant, which was first printed in 1675 and was the manifesto of seventeenth-century French commercial society. A far more experienced and effective writer than Cleirac, Savary shared with his predecessor a commitment to setting new legal and cultural standards for private trade and finance. He repeated the fictional account of Jews' invention of bills of exchange while also streamlining and purging the seven relevant pages of Us et coustumes de la mer of their overt anti-Jewish language. After Savary's death, two of his sons published a massive dictionary of commerce, the first of its genre, which proved to be another bestseller of the ars mercatoria and disseminated the legend even further. Taken together, the complete works of the Savarys constitute the most articulate explication of the norms and ethos that infused the practice and politics of commerce under the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV.Less
This chapter studies Jacque Savary's Le parfait négociant, which was first printed in 1675 and was the manifesto of seventeenth-century French commercial society. A far more experienced and effective writer than Cleirac, Savary shared with his predecessor a commitment to setting new legal and cultural standards for private trade and finance. He repeated the fictional account of Jews' invention of bills of exchange while also streamlining and purging the seven relevant pages of Us et coustumes de la mer of their overt anti-Jewish language. After Savary's death, two of his sons published a massive dictionary of commerce, the first of its genre, which proved to be another bestseller of the ars mercatoria and disseminated the legend even further. Taken together, the complete works of the Savarys constitute the most articulate explication of the norms and ethos that infused the practice and politics of commerce under the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV.
Joseph Bergin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300150988
- eISBN:
- 9780300161069
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300150988.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter aims to identify who the religious orders were who continued to develop and contributed hugely to the needs—pastoral, educational, charitable, and many others—of French lay society, and ...
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This chapter aims to identify who the religious orders were who continued to develop and contributed hugely to the needs—pastoral, educational, charitable, and many others—of French lay society, and how or why they mattered. The sheer number of these orders and the extent of their differences from each other is perhaps the main reason why they have not been given their historiographical due. A diagrammatic presentation of the orders and their offshoots will serve as a point of departure, but beyond that some degree of selection is unavoidable, if only to avoid serving up an indigestible guidebook. For presentational purposes, the orders have been arranged under three headings in this chapter—old, new, and secular congregations—but these are by no means watertight categories, which in itself is testimony to the creativity of the orders in question.Less
This chapter aims to identify who the religious orders were who continued to develop and contributed hugely to the needs—pastoral, educational, charitable, and many others—of French lay society, and how or why they mattered. The sheer number of these orders and the extent of their differences from each other is perhaps the main reason why they have not been given their historiographical due. A diagrammatic presentation of the orders and their offshoots will serve as a point of departure, but beyond that some degree of selection is unavoidable, if only to avoid serving up an indigestible guidebook. For presentational purposes, the orders have been arranged under three headings in this chapter—old, new, and secular congregations—but these are by no means watertight categories, which in itself is testimony to the creativity of the orders in question.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846318351
- eISBN:
- 9781846317859
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317859.002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter highlights the rise of leisure and sport as an expression of growing affluence and assertiveness in France during the latter half of the nineteenth century. This notion is premised on a ...
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This chapter highlights the rise of leisure and sport as an expression of growing affluence and assertiveness in France during the latter half of the nineteenth century. This notion is premised on a period of social, political and economic transformation which France underwent during the 1870s and 1880s. During this period, sporting activities were in many ways a marker and indicator of ongoing transformations. The chapter explains how cycling clubs became key in the rise of the sport in late nineteenth-century France. Moreover, it also conveys who or what cycling represented in society and culture. It also touches on the subject of racing by presenting the early cycling champions and heroes. Finally, it covers the role of cycling among women and vice versa. As a whole, this chapter tells the story of how cycling and French culture and society evolved side by side.Less
This chapter highlights the rise of leisure and sport as an expression of growing affluence and assertiveness in France during the latter half of the nineteenth century. This notion is premised on a period of social, political and economic transformation which France underwent during the 1870s and 1880s. During this period, sporting activities were in many ways a marker and indicator of ongoing transformations. The chapter explains how cycling clubs became key in the rise of the sport in late nineteenth-century France. Moreover, it also conveys who or what cycling represented in society and culture. It also touches on the subject of racing by presenting the early cycling champions and heroes. Finally, it covers the role of cycling among women and vice versa. As a whole, this chapter tells the story of how cycling and French culture and society evolved side by side.
