Iain Mclean and Alistair McMillan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199258208
- eISBN:
- 9780191603334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258201.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The motives of the pro- and anti-Union forces in Ireland in the years leading to 1800 are analysed. As in Scotland in 1707 they were mixed, but trade, security, and material interests all played a ...
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The motives of the pro- and anti-Union forces in Ireland in the years leading to 1800 are analysed. As in Scotland in 1707 they were mixed, but trade, security, and material interests all played a role. Security was the most important consideration on the British side, but the economic gains to be had from integration also featured. The union was stillborn because of King George III’s veto of Catholic emancipation in 1801.Less
The motives of the pro- and anti-Union forces in Ireland in the years leading to 1800 are analysed. As in Scotland in 1707 they were mixed, but trade, security, and material interests all played a role. Security was the most important consideration on the British side, but the economic gains to be had from integration also featured. The union was stillborn because of King George III’s veto of Catholic emancipation in 1801.
Iain Mclean and Alistair Mcmillan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546954
- eISBN:
- 9780191720031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546954.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
Union of England and Scotland 1707: Darien; succession crisis; trading issues; nature of the treaty. Church establishment in both countries. Union of Great Britain and Ireland 1800–1: United Irishmen ...
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Union of England and Scotland 1707: Darien; succession crisis; trading issues; nature of the treaty. Church establishment in both countries. Union of Great Britain and Ireland 1800–1: United Irishmen 1798; French wars; trading issues; Pitt's plan and George III's veto.Less
Union of England and Scotland 1707: Darien; succession crisis; trading issues; nature of the treaty. Church establishment in both countries. Union of Great Britain and Ireland 1800–1: United Irishmen 1798; French wars; trading issues; Pitt's plan and George III's veto.
Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693078
- eISBN:
- 9780191732256
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693078.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German-speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495-1500 to its dissolution in 1806 ...
More
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German-speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495-1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements – both Protestant and Catholic – and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.Less
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German-speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495-1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements – both Protestant and Catholic – and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The final chapter of the book focuses on fears about the importation of yellow fever from the West Indies during and immediately after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It argues that ...
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The final chapter of the book focuses on fears about the importation of yellow fever from the West Indies during and immediately after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It argues that fears about the arrival of disease were bound up with fears about a French invasion and the permeation of revolutionary ideas. Attempts to guard against yellow fever using quarantine thus acquired additional meanings, and the doctrine of contagion on which quarantine was based was staunchly defended by the conservative political elite and senior members of the medical profession. However, many colonial practitioners challenged the theory of contagion and the system of quarantine, some equating these with tyranny and oppression, professional and political. Although they made little impact upon official doctrines, this chapter shows that colonial practitioners had begun seriously to challenge the authority of the Royal College of Physicians.Less
The final chapter of the book focuses on fears about the importation of yellow fever from the West Indies during and immediately after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It argues that fears about the arrival of disease were bound up with fears about a French invasion and the permeation of revolutionary ideas. Attempts to guard against yellow fever using quarantine thus acquired additional meanings, and the doctrine of contagion on which quarantine was based was staunchly defended by the conservative political elite and senior members of the medical profession. However, many colonial practitioners challenged the theory of contagion and the system of quarantine, some equating these with tyranny and oppression, professional and political. Although they made little impact upon official doctrines, this chapter shows that colonial practitioners had begun seriously to challenge the authority of the Royal College of Physicians.
F. C. MATHER
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202271
- eISBN:
- 9780191675263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202271.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Religion
The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars shifted the balance of parties and groupings in the English Church. They worked in favour of those that assigned to Providence a major concern with the ...
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The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars shifted the balance of parties and groupings in the English Church. They worked in favour of those that assigned to Providence a major concern with the regeneration and protection of the civil community. The Evangelicals profited through their attachment to the idea of a righteous nation and a national faith, but failed to press home their advantage because their emphasis on individual conversions and personal righteousness divided English society between the sheep and the goats. It was the Old High Church, committed to an alliance or a more intimate union of Church and State that benefited most from the increased services of the clergy to the State called forth by the protracted hostilities. Its traditionalist wing was also better equipped than most theologians of the Age of Reason to handle the emotional releases of a nation at war.Less
The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars shifted the balance of parties and groupings in the English Church. They worked in favour of those that assigned to Providence a major concern with the regeneration and protection of the civil community. The Evangelicals profited through their attachment to the idea of a righteous nation and a national faith, but failed to press home their advantage because their emphasis on individual conversions and personal righteousness divided English society between the sheep and the goats. It was the Old High Church, committed to an alliance or a more intimate union of Church and State that benefited most from the increased services of the clergy to the State called forth by the protracted hostilities. Its traditionalist wing was also better equipped than most theologians of the Age of Reason to handle the emotional releases of a nation at war.
Atle L. Wold
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474403313
- eISBN:
- 9781474415965
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474403313.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This book is a study of Scotland’s role in the French Revolutionary War. It charts the Scottish contribution to the war effort, as well as to the British government’s struggles to defeat political ...
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This book is a study of Scotland’s role in the French Revolutionary War. It charts the Scottish contribution to the war effort, as well as to the British government’s struggles to defeat political radicalism at home – lasting from the first outbreak of political disturbances in Scotland in 1792 until the War came to an end in 1802. A main argument presented in the book is that Scottish support for the British government was marked by a consistent focus on the challenges presented by the ‘French Principles’ promoted by the revolutionaries in France. Whether this meant defeating the influence of French revolutionary ideas in Scotland, or defeating the military might of the French republic, the Scottish ‘loyalists’ were determined to stand firm in their support of the British state. Over the period 1792 to 1802, the Scots made their very distinctive mark in terms of recruitment for armed service, demonstrations of loyalty and prosecutions against political radicals in the law courts but, perhaps less so, in terms of their financial contributions. The government of Scotland was further integrated into the British state in a structural sense over the course of the decade, yet retained many distinctly Scottish features none the less and – on the whole – the 1790s come across as a time when the Scots found little difficulty in seeing themselves as both British and Scottish.Less
This book is a study of Scotland’s role in the French Revolutionary War. It charts the Scottish contribution to the war effort, as well as to the British government’s struggles to defeat political radicalism at home – lasting from the first outbreak of political disturbances in Scotland in 1792 until the War came to an end in 1802. A main argument presented in the book is that Scottish support for the British government was marked by a consistent focus on the challenges presented by the ‘French Principles’ promoted by the revolutionaries in France. Whether this meant defeating the influence of French revolutionary ideas in Scotland, or defeating the military might of the French republic, the Scottish ‘loyalists’ were determined to stand firm in their support of the British state. Over the period 1792 to 1802, the Scots made their very distinctive mark in terms of recruitment for armed service, demonstrations of loyalty and prosecutions against political radicals in the law courts but, perhaps less so, in terms of their financial contributions. The government of Scotland was further integrated into the British state in a structural sense over the course of the decade, yet retained many distinctly Scottish features none the less and – on the whole – the 1790s come across as a time when the Scots found little difficulty in seeing themselves as both British and Scottish.
Pascal Firges
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198759966
- eISBN:
- 9780191820472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759966.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Part III shifts the perspective from the effects of regime change in diplomatic relations between Paris and Istanbul to those for the administration of French residents in the Levant. Chapter 7 deals ...
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Part III shifts the perspective from the effects of regime change in diplomatic relations between Paris and Istanbul to those for the administration of French residents in the Levant. Chapter 7 deals with the frictions and the destabilization of government authority caused by the French Revolution. The chapter first explores the changes in the legal framework of the autonomous French communities in the Ottoman Empire. Then it focuses on the changes in the administration of the expatriate communities, and the difficulties encountered in this process. As in France, the regime change in the Levant led to a weakening of the French state’s authority over its citizens. Consequently, the regime change will be analysed here with regard to the resulting frictions within the French communities, as well as the tensions between them and other communities in the Levant.Less
Part III shifts the perspective from the effects of regime change in diplomatic relations between Paris and Istanbul to those for the administration of French residents in the Levant. Chapter 7 deals with the frictions and the destabilization of government authority caused by the French Revolution. The chapter first explores the changes in the legal framework of the autonomous French communities in the Ottoman Empire. Then it focuses on the changes in the administration of the expatriate communities, and the difficulties encountered in this process. As in France, the regime change in the Levant led to a weakening of the French state’s authority over its citizens. Consequently, the regime change will be analysed here with regard to the resulting frictions within the French communities, as well as the tensions between them and other communities in the Levant.
Pascal Firges
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198759966
- eISBN:
- 9780191820472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759966.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter explores the persistent French diplomatic efforts to negotiate a Franco-Ottoman alliance. These efforts were one of the most consistent foreign policy doctrines of revolutionary France. ...
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This chapter explores the persistent French diplomatic efforts to negotiate a Franco-Ottoman alliance. These efforts were one of the most consistent foreign policy doctrines of revolutionary France. The first topic of this chapter is how the changes in the strategic aims of French foreign policy took shape during the Revolution. It therefore gives a concise overview of French foreign policy strategies during the old regime. Next, the Ottoman perspective on the French overtures is considered, with an account of the course of Franco-Ottoman negotiations in 1793. Despite a positive bias towards the French, Ottoman policymakers considered France to be too weak and chose to stay neutral and to defer the conclusion of an alliance. The chapter ends with an examination of the obstacles which hampered the accomplishment of the first republican envoy’s diplomatic mission.Less
This chapter explores the persistent French diplomatic efforts to negotiate a Franco-Ottoman alliance. These efforts were one of the most consistent foreign policy doctrines of revolutionary France. The first topic of this chapter is how the changes in the strategic aims of French foreign policy took shape during the Revolution. It therefore gives a concise overview of French foreign policy strategies during the old regime. Next, the Ottoman perspective on the French overtures is considered, with an account of the course of Franco-Ottoman negotiations in 1793. Despite a positive bias towards the French, Ottoman policymakers considered France to be too weak and chose to stay neutral and to defer the conclusion of an alliance. The chapter ends with an examination of the obstacles which hampered the accomplishment of the first republican envoy’s diplomatic mission.
Sibylle Scheipers
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199646111
- eISBN:
- 9780191756160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646111.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The concept of irregular warfare emerged in the mid-eighteenth century. Irregular warfare was initially conceptualized as a tactical complement of regular warfare. However, with the nationalization ...
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The concept of irregular warfare emerged in the mid-eighteenth century. Irregular warfare was initially conceptualized as a tactical complement of regular warfare. However, with the nationalization of war in the framework of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars a completely new notion of irregular warfare developed. Irregular fighters such as the French counter-revolutionary fighters in the Vendée and elsewhere, as well as guerrilla fighters in Napoleon’s empire, were denounced as illegitimate combatants. The marginalization of irregular fighters thus arose from the ambiguity of the idea of the levée en masse: if the nationalization of war meant that national war was essentially people’s war, it was difficult to deny that popular uprisings could have political legitimacy too. The denunciation of the irregular as the illegitimate fighter solved this dilemma.Less
The concept of irregular warfare emerged in the mid-eighteenth century. Irregular warfare was initially conceptualized as a tactical complement of regular warfare. However, with the nationalization of war in the framework of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars a completely new notion of irregular warfare developed. Irregular fighters such as the French counter-revolutionary fighters in the Vendée and elsewhere, as well as guerrilla fighters in Napoleon’s empire, were denounced as illegitimate combatants. The marginalization of irregular fighters thus arose from the ambiguity of the idea of the levée en masse: if the nationalization of war meant that national war was essentially people’s war, it was difficult to deny that popular uprisings could have political legitimacy too. The denunciation of the irregular as the illegitimate fighter solved this dilemma.
Atle L. Wold
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474403313
- eISBN:
- 9781474415965
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474403313.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
The final chapter of this book explores the pro-government argument presented in Scotland in the 1790s, under the heading of loyalist ideology. The chapter focuses on the central elements in this ...
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The final chapter of this book explores the pro-government argument presented in Scotland in the 1790s, under the heading of loyalist ideology. The chapter focuses on the central elements in this argument, such as the conservative defence of the British constitution, and the attack mounted on the British radicals and French revolutionaries, arguing that loyalist ideology in Scotland was much in line with that presented elsewhere in Britain. Ministers of the Church of Scotland, however, played a prominent part in writing of loyalist pamphlets, and in their writings, a clearer Scottish voice can sometimes be detected. Some pamphleteers also included more specifically Scottish elements in their texts – such as arguing that the Union and its political system was to the particular benefit of the Scots – but, overall, such Scottish adaptations were rare, and no concerted attempt seems to have been made to develop a separate Scottish loyalist ideology.Less
The final chapter of this book explores the pro-government argument presented in Scotland in the 1790s, under the heading of loyalist ideology. The chapter focuses on the central elements in this argument, such as the conservative defence of the British constitution, and the attack mounted on the British radicals and French revolutionaries, arguing that loyalist ideology in Scotland was much in line with that presented elsewhere in Britain. Ministers of the Church of Scotland, however, played a prominent part in writing of loyalist pamphlets, and in their writings, a clearer Scottish voice can sometimes be detected. Some pamphleteers also included more specifically Scottish elements in their texts – such as arguing that the Union and its political system was to the particular benefit of the Scots – but, overall, such Scottish adaptations were rare, and no concerted attempt seems to have been made to develop a separate Scottish loyalist ideology.
Derek J. Penslar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691138879
- eISBN:
- 9781400848577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691138879.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This epilogue argues that over the century and a half, from the French revolutionary wars to World War II, Jews in military service were carriers of multiple, overlapping, and at times clashing ...
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This epilogue argues that over the century and a half, from the French revolutionary wars to World War II, Jews in military service were carriers of multiple, overlapping, and at times clashing identities. They often felt a sincere, profound attachment to their homeland and fought with no sense of qualitative difference from their countrymen. Believing that their homeland epitomized toleration and respect for human dignity, Jews in western Europe and North America defined their countries' wars as Jewish wars. Moreover, Jews celebrated their men in uniform not only for their virility and bravery, not only for fulfilling their patriotic duty, but also for boldly asserting their religious particularism. The Jewish soldier at a Sabbath service in the field or a synagogue at home brought glory to his community not simply because he donned his uniform and decorations but because he did so while occupying a manifestly Jewish space.Less
This epilogue argues that over the century and a half, from the French revolutionary wars to World War II, Jews in military service were carriers of multiple, overlapping, and at times clashing identities. They often felt a sincere, profound attachment to their homeland and fought with no sense of qualitative difference from their countrymen. Believing that their homeland epitomized toleration and respect for human dignity, Jews in western Europe and North America defined their countries' wars as Jewish wars. Moreover, Jews celebrated their men in uniform not only for their virility and bravery, not only for fulfilling their patriotic duty, but also for boldly asserting their religious particularism. The Jewish soldier at a Sabbath service in the field or a synagogue at home brought glory to his community not simply because he donned his uniform and decorations but because he did so while occupying a manifestly Jewish space.
Pascal Firges
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198759966
- eISBN:
- 9780191820472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759966.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Part II of this book analyses French revolutionary policy-making in Paris and its implementation in the Ottoman Empire. Chapter 4 assesses the French revolutionary government’s attitude towards ...
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Part II of this book analyses French revolutionary policy-making in Paris and its implementation in the Ottoman Empire. Chapter 4 assesses the French revolutionary government’s attitude towards diplomacy during the Terror. The chapter presents how the central government in Paris directed its diplomats during this era, what it expected of them, and what stance the Jacobin Club in Paris took towards diplomatic negotiations with the Ottoman Empire. Some historians argue that in this period French revolutionaries were opposed to any kind of diplomatic negotiations. As this chapter shows, this was true only regarding diplomacy with states that were at war with France. However, even the Paris Jacobin Club, one of the hotbeds of revolutionary fervour, supported conventional diplomatic activities with neutral states such as the Ottoman Empire.Less
Part II of this book analyses French revolutionary policy-making in Paris and its implementation in the Ottoman Empire. Chapter 4 assesses the French revolutionary government’s attitude towards diplomacy during the Terror. The chapter presents how the central government in Paris directed its diplomats during this era, what it expected of them, and what stance the Jacobin Club in Paris took towards diplomatic negotiations with the Ottoman Empire. Some historians argue that in this period French revolutionaries were opposed to any kind of diplomatic negotiations. As this chapter shows, this was true only regarding diplomacy with states that were at war with France. However, even the Paris Jacobin Club, one of the hotbeds of revolutionary fervour, supported conventional diplomatic activities with neutral states such as the Ottoman Empire.
Pascal Firges
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198759966
- eISBN:
- 9780191820472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759966.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Chapter 5 investigates the effects of the emergence of a new political culture on the practice of diplomacy. The chapter focuses on two aspects of this transformation: changes with regard to the ...
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Chapter 5 investigates the effects of the emergence of a new political culture on the practice of diplomacy. The chapter focuses on two aspects of this transformation: changes with regard to the conduct of negotiations on the one hand (ceremonial, etiquette, diplomatic presents, corruption), and the self-representation of the new French state on the other. These aspects are interwoven, and they both reveal the ambiguities and constant changes in what was considered the correct way of practising French republican diplomacy. Nevertheless, in contrast to the predominant notion of revolutionary diplomats as being uncompromising ideologists, the Ottoman example shows that French revolutionary diplomats were invariably keen to find pragmatic solutions and compromises, in order not to alienate their interlocutors.Less
Chapter 5 investigates the effects of the emergence of a new political culture on the practice of diplomacy. The chapter focuses on two aspects of this transformation: changes with regard to the conduct of negotiations on the one hand (ceremonial, etiquette, diplomatic presents, corruption), and the self-representation of the new French state on the other. These aspects are interwoven, and they both reveal the ambiguities and constant changes in what was considered the correct way of practising French republican diplomacy. Nevertheless, in contrast to the predominant notion of revolutionary diplomats as being uncompromising ideologists, the Ottoman example shows that French revolutionary diplomats were invariably keen to find pragmatic solutions and compromises, in order not to alienate their interlocutors.
Lucy Riall
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646494
- eISBN:
- 9780191744815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646494.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Social History
Nelson was created Duke of Bronte and received the vast estate in 1799 as a gift from Ferdinand IV, King of the Two Sicilies. It was a standard, if especially ostentatious, form of military reward ...
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Nelson was created Duke of Bronte and received the vast estate in 1799 as a gift from Ferdinand IV, King of the Two Sicilies. It was a standard, if especially ostentatious, form of military reward and reflected both the ‘Nelson-mania’ prevailing in Naples and the King's personal gratitude to the British for having saved his kingdom from the French Revolutionary armies. But the gift also brought disgrace on Nelson, in that it pointed to his dubious role in the brutal suppression of the Jacobin Republic in Naples (not to mention his love affair with the British ambassador's wife). All was not what it appeared to be in Bronte either. The first British men to arrive there found nothing but trouble and bad luck, and at the time of his death of 1805, Nelson was complaining that the place was a drain on his finances. After Nelson's death, his brother William inherited the estate and the title and, through William's daughter, Charlotte, Lady Bridport, the estate passed to the Bridport family.Less
Nelson was created Duke of Bronte and received the vast estate in 1799 as a gift from Ferdinand IV, King of the Two Sicilies. It was a standard, if especially ostentatious, form of military reward and reflected both the ‘Nelson-mania’ prevailing in Naples and the King's personal gratitude to the British for having saved his kingdom from the French Revolutionary armies. But the gift also brought disgrace on Nelson, in that it pointed to his dubious role in the brutal suppression of the Jacobin Republic in Naples (not to mention his love affair with the British ambassador's wife). All was not what it appeared to be in Bronte either. The first British men to arrive there found nothing but trouble and bad luck, and at the time of his death of 1805, Nelson was complaining that the place was a drain on his finances. After Nelson's death, his brother William inherited the estate and the title and, through William's daughter, Charlotte, Lady Bridport, the estate passed to the Bridport family.
Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198731016
- eISBN:
- 9780191730870
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German‐speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495–1500 to its dissolution in 1806 ...
More
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German‐speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495–1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements — both Protestant and Catholic — and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.Less
The work offers a new interpretation of the development of German‐speaking central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire or German Reich from the great reforms of 1495–1500 to its dissolution in 1806 after the turmoil of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This is traditionally regarded as a long period of decline, but this work shows how imperial institutions developed in response to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, notably the Reformation and Thirty Years War, and assesses the impact of international developments on the Reich. Central themes are the tension between Habsburg aspirations to create a German monarchy and the desire of the German princes and cities to maintain their traditional rights and how the Reich developed the functions of a state during this period. The work also illuminates the development of the German territories subordinate to the Reich. It explores the implications of the Reformation and subsequent religious reform movements — both Protestant and Catholic — and the Enlightenment, for the government of both secular and ecclesiastical principalities, the minor territories of counts and knights, and the cities. The Reich and the territories formed a coherent and workable system and, as a polity, the Reich developed its own distinctive political culture and traditions of German patriotism over the early modern period.
Kevin Linch and Matthew McCormack (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846319556
- eISBN:
- 9781781387160
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846319556.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The British soldier was a fascinating and complex figure in the century between the Hanoverian accession and the Battle of Waterloo. The ‘war and society’ approach has shed much light on Britain's ...
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The British soldier was a fascinating and complex figure in the century between the Hanoverian accession and the Battle of Waterloo. The ‘war and society’ approach has shed much light on Britain's frequent experience of conflict in this period, but Britain's Soldiers argues that it is time to refocus our attention on the humble redcoat himself, and rethink historical approaches to soldiers’ relationship with the society and culture of their day. Using approaches drawn from the histories of the military, gender, art, society, culture and medicine, this volume presents a more rounded picture of the men who served in the various branches of the British armed forces. This period witnessed an unprecedented level of mass mobilisation, yet this was largely achieved through novel forms of military service outside of the regular army. Taking a wide definition of soldiering, this collection examines the part-time and auxiliary forces of the period, as well as looking at the men of the British Army both during their service and once they had been discharged from the army. Chapters here explore the national identity of the soldier, his sense of his rights within systems of military discipline, and his relationships with military hierarchies and honour codes. They also explore the welfare systems available to old and wounded soldiers, and the ways in which soldiers were represented in art and literature. In so doing, this book sheds new light on the processes through which soldiers were ‘made’ during this crucial period of conflict.Less
The British soldier was a fascinating and complex figure in the century between the Hanoverian accession and the Battle of Waterloo. The ‘war and society’ approach has shed much light on Britain's frequent experience of conflict in this period, but Britain's Soldiers argues that it is time to refocus our attention on the humble redcoat himself, and rethink historical approaches to soldiers’ relationship with the society and culture of their day. Using approaches drawn from the histories of the military, gender, art, society, culture and medicine, this volume presents a more rounded picture of the men who served in the various branches of the British armed forces. This period witnessed an unprecedented level of mass mobilisation, yet this was largely achieved through novel forms of military service outside of the regular army. Taking a wide definition of soldiering, this collection examines the part-time and auxiliary forces of the period, as well as looking at the men of the British Army both during their service and once they had been discharged from the army. Chapters here explore the national identity of the soldier, his sense of his rights within systems of military discipline, and his relationships with military hierarchies and honour codes. They also explore the welfare systems available to old and wounded soldiers, and the ways in which soldiers were represented in art and literature. In so doing, this book sheds new light on the processes through which soldiers were ‘made’ during this crucial period of conflict.
Iain McLean
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623525
- eISBN:
- 9780748672110
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623525.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This book aims to show that Adam Smith (1723–90), the author of Inquiry into…the Wealth of Nations, was not the promoter of ruthless laissez-faire capitalism that is still frequently depicted. His ...
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This book aims to show that Adam Smith (1723–90), the author of Inquiry into…the Wealth of Nations, was not the promoter of ruthless laissez-faire capitalism that is still frequently depicted. His ‘right-wing’ reputation was sealed after his death, when it was not safe to claim that an author may have influenced the French revolutionaries. But as the author also of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which he probably regarded as his more important book, Smith sought a non-religious grounding for morals, and found it in the principle of sympathy, which should lead an impartial spectator to understand others' problems. The book locates Smith in the Scottish Enlightenment; shows how the two books are perfectly consistent with one another; traces Smith's influence in France and the United States; and draws out the lessons that Smith can teach policy makers in the twenty-first century. Although Smith was not a religious man, he was a very acute sociologist of religion. The book accordingly explains the Scottish religious context of Smith's time, which was, as it remains, very different to the English religious context. The whole book is shot through with an affection for Edinburgh, and for the Scottish Enlightenment. It begins and ends with poems by Smith's great admirer, Robert Burns.Less
This book aims to show that Adam Smith (1723–90), the author of Inquiry into…the Wealth of Nations, was not the promoter of ruthless laissez-faire capitalism that is still frequently depicted. His ‘right-wing’ reputation was sealed after his death, when it was not safe to claim that an author may have influenced the French revolutionaries. But as the author also of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which he probably regarded as his more important book, Smith sought a non-religious grounding for morals, and found it in the principle of sympathy, which should lead an impartial spectator to understand others' problems. The book locates Smith in the Scottish Enlightenment; shows how the two books are perfectly consistent with one another; traces Smith's influence in France and the United States; and draws out the lessons that Smith can teach policy makers in the twenty-first century. Although Smith was not a religious man, he was a very acute sociologist of religion. The book accordingly explains the Scottish religious context of Smith's time, which was, as it remains, very different to the English religious context. The whole book is shot through with an affection for Edinburgh, and for the Scottish Enlightenment. It begins and ends with poems by Smith's great admirer, Robert Burns.
Sibylle Scheipers
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199596737
- eISBN:
- 9780191803543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199596737.003.0022
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter focuses on changes in the treatment and protection of prisoners of war (POWs). It covers the rules and customs of war before and during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; the ...
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This chapter focuses on changes in the treatment and protection of prisoners of war (POWs). It covers the rules and customs of war before and during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; the transitory period between the breakdown of the ancien régime principles and practices during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and the beginning of the codification of the law of armed conflict at the end of the nineteenth century; and the Lieber Code and the Brussels Declaration.Less
This chapter focuses on changes in the treatment and protection of prisoners of war (POWs). It covers the rules and customs of war before and during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; the transitory period between the breakdown of the ancien régime principles and practices during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and the beginning of the codification of the law of armed conflict at the end of the nineteenth century; and the Lieber Code and the Brussels Declaration.
Kate McLoughlin
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780197266267
- eISBN:
- 9780191869198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266267.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Veterancy is a natural figure for the kind of wisdom-through-experience that is purveyed, as Walter Benjamin noted in ‘The Storyteller’ (1936), through traditional storytelling. But these three ...
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Veterancy is a natural figure for the kind of wisdom-through-experience that is purveyed, as Walter Benjamin noted in ‘The Storyteller’ (1936), through traditional storytelling. But these three veterans have been stupefied by their experiences in mass, industrial, globalized war – William Wordsworth’s ‘Discharged Soldier’ in the French Revolutionary Wars, Rebecca West’s Chris Baldry (The Return of the Soldier (1918)) and Virginia Woolf’s Septimus Warren Smith (Mrs Dalloway (1925)) in the First World War. Consequently, they are unable to process their experiences into communicable wisdom – a different thing from being able to describe them. Those who encounter these veterans (and this includes the texts’ readers) may feel sadness or anger at their plight. But, though there is affect, there is no empathy, whether through body or mind. All that remains is to look upon these unfathoming, unfathomable characters with consternation.Less
Veterancy is a natural figure for the kind of wisdom-through-experience that is purveyed, as Walter Benjamin noted in ‘The Storyteller’ (1936), through traditional storytelling. But these three veterans have been stupefied by their experiences in mass, industrial, globalized war – William Wordsworth’s ‘Discharged Soldier’ in the French Revolutionary Wars, Rebecca West’s Chris Baldry (The Return of the Soldier (1918)) and Virginia Woolf’s Septimus Warren Smith (Mrs Dalloway (1925)) in the First World War. Consequently, they are unable to process their experiences into communicable wisdom – a different thing from being able to describe them. Those who encounter these veterans (and this includes the texts’ readers) may feel sadness or anger at their plight. But, though there is affect, there is no empathy, whether through body or mind. All that remains is to look upon these unfathoming, unfathomable characters with consternation.
Stephen Rumph
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520238558
- eISBN:
- 9780520930124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520238558.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The touchstone for Beethoven's early ideology remains the Eroica Symphony, namesake and glory of the heroic style. Each generation, from Beethoven's age to the present, has wrung new meanings out of ...
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The touchstone for Beethoven's early ideology remains the Eroica Symphony, namesake and glory of the heroic style. Each generation, from Beethoven's age to the present, has wrung new meanings out of the Napoleonic dedication, the French Revolutionary march, and the “heroic” title. This chapter revolves around the political context of the Eroica, mapping literary ideas onto the surface of Beethoven's symphony, a facile and inconsequential game. Furthermore, it explores the artful way in which Beethoven ushers his rustic objet trouvé into the polite society of a symphonic finale and points out an idiosyncrasy in the finale theme. It the chapter also indicates that the harmonic process which began in the opening bars of the symphony reaches consummation in the finale recapitulation and takes the shape of a sonata-rondo. Finally, it explores the affinities between the Universalgeschichte and the Third Symphony.Less
The touchstone for Beethoven's early ideology remains the Eroica Symphony, namesake and glory of the heroic style. Each generation, from Beethoven's age to the present, has wrung new meanings out of the Napoleonic dedication, the French Revolutionary march, and the “heroic” title. This chapter revolves around the political context of the Eroica, mapping literary ideas onto the surface of Beethoven's symphony, a facile and inconsequential game. Furthermore, it explores the artful way in which Beethoven ushers his rustic objet trouvé into the polite society of a symphonic finale and points out an idiosyncrasy in the finale theme. It the chapter also indicates that the harmonic process which began in the opening bars of the symphony reaches consummation in the finale recapitulation and takes the shape of a sonata-rondo. Finally, it explores the affinities between the Universalgeschichte and the Third Symphony.
