Peter Dunwoodie
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198159728
- eISBN:
- 9780191673696
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159728.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter examines examples of nonfictional texts generated by France's invasion of Algeria in June 1930. It analyses the works produced by soldiers, self-proclaimed specialists, and a number of ...
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This chapter examines examples of nonfictional texts generated by France's invasion of Algeria in June 1930. It analyses the works produced by soldiers, self-proclaimed specialists, and a number of early visitors to the Algerian colony in order to isolate the inherited topoi which came to dominate the French discourse. The findings reveal that indigenous peoples and their culture, characteristics, and social organization occupied most of the early ethnographic writings. The result also indicates that by the mid-1930s, the Orientalist writing strategies have evaporated under the practicalities of colonist domination and the widening impact of studies which had been influential at the end of the century.Less
This chapter examines examples of nonfictional texts generated by France's invasion of Algeria in June 1930. It analyses the works produced by soldiers, self-proclaimed specialists, and a number of early visitors to the Algerian colony in order to isolate the inherited topoi which came to dominate the French discourse. The findings reveal that indigenous peoples and their culture, characteristics, and social organization occupied most of the early ethnographic writings. The result also indicates that by the mid-1930s, the Orientalist writing strategies have evaporated under the practicalities of colonist domination and the widening impact of studies which had been influential at the end of the century.
James G. Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076930
- eISBN:
- 9781781700822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076930.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter closely examines the massive wave of agrarian agitation which manifested itself in Galway and Mayo during the winter of 1798–1799. On 22 August 1798, prophesies of a French invasion were ...
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This chapter closely examines the massive wave of agrarian agitation which manifested itself in Galway and Mayo during the winter of 1798–1799. On 22 August 1798, prophesies of a French invasion were apparently fulfilled with the appearance of a small squadron in Killala Bay. Unfortunately, the great rebellion of 1798 had been suppressed several weeks earlier. Nonetheless, the tiny French army was joined by thousands of Irish volunteers. In the succeeding 200 years, historians have failed to explain satisfactorily what drove as many as 10,000 supposedly complacent Irish peasants to partake in such an apparently ill-conceived endeavour. The existence of an underground Catholic gentry with long-term connections to the continent and the interrelated presence of a pervasive smuggling culture, coupled with traditional agrarian discontent, had produced a deeply rooted, albeit unfocused, anti-state mentalité into which the radical organizations tapped.Less
This chapter closely examines the massive wave of agrarian agitation which manifested itself in Galway and Mayo during the winter of 1798–1799. On 22 August 1798, prophesies of a French invasion were apparently fulfilled with the appearance of a small squadron in Killala Bay. Unfortunately, the great rebellion of 1798 had been suppressed several weeks earlier. Nonetheless, the tiny French army was joined by thousands of Irish volunteers. In the succeeding 200 years, historians have failed to explain satisfactorily what drove as many as 10,000 supposedly complacent Irish peasants to partake in such an apparently ill-conceived endeavour. The existence of an underground Catholic gentry with long-term connections to the continent and the interrelated presence of a pervasive smuggling culture, coupled with traditional agrarian discontent, had produced a deeply rooted, albeit unfocused, anti-state mentalité into which the radical organizations tapped.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804756518
- eISBN:
- 9780804779548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804756518.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter reports a very different picture of social and political tensions on the eve of the Franco-Spanish invasion, which undercut the grounds for accommodation and compromise that had ...
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This chapter reports a very different picture of social and political tensions on the eve of the Franco-Spanish invasion, which undercut the grounds for accommodation and compromise that had previously allowed special arrangements to smooth many of the tensions between congregations and local officials. The French invasion produced unprecedented and irreversible social division. Their rule offered new and different opportunities, and the Catholics enjoyed an advantage in asserting their religious and political needs for the first time. The growing Catholic presence combined with the emerging political setting under French rule resulted in a complete reconfiguration of power relations in society and inflamed local antagonisms. As the French fused their position in Saigon from 1860 to 1862, Catholic missionaries throughout the kingdom fled to the safe haven to escape the recriminations occurring elsewhere.Less
This chapter reports a very different picture of social and political tensions on the eve of the Franco-Spanish invasion, which undercut the grounds for accommodation and compromise that had previously allowed special arrangements to smooth many of the tensions between congregations and local officials. The French invasion produced unprecedented and irreversible social division. Their rule offered new and different opportunities, and the Catholics enjoyed an advantage in asserting their religious and political needs for the first time. The growing Catholic presence combined with the emerging political setting under French rule resulted in a complete reconfiguration of power relations in society and inflamed local antagonisms. As the French fused their position in Saigon from 1860 to 1862, Catholic missionaries throughout the kingdom fled to the safe haven to escape the recriminations occurring elsewhere.
M. E. Bratchel
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204848
- eISBN:
- 9780191676420
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204848.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This book provides a scholarly history of Lucca in the 15th century, from the overthrow of the Guinigi despotism to the beginning of the French invasion of Italy. Thoroughly grounded in the archives, ...
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This book provides a scholarly history of Lucca in the 15th century, from the overthrow of the Guinigi despotism to the beginning of the French invasion of Italy. Thoroughly grounded in the archives, the study covers a wide range of important themes and topics in Lucchese history. The book explores both the politics and the economy of the city, examining city governance and relations with its subject communities. It sets Lucca in its regional context as an important city-republic and as a neighbour of the large and powerful city of Florence.Less
This book provides a scholarly history of Lucca in the 15th century, from the overthrow of the Guinigi despotism to the beginning of the French invasion of Italy. Thoroughly grounded in the archives, the study covers a wide range of important themes and topics in Lucchese history. The book explores both the politics and the economy of the city, examining city governance and relations with its subject communities. It sets Lucca in its regional context as an important city-republic and as a neighbour of the large and powerful city of Florence.
Jeremy Salt
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520255517
- eISBN:
- 9780520934757
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520255517.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter focuses on the British and French armies' entry into the Muslim lands of the Near East. It discusses the second French invasion of Algeria in 1830 and the British invasion of Egypt in ...
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This chapter focuses on the British and French armies' entry into the Muslim lands of the Near East. It discusses the second French invasion of Algeria in 1830 and the British invasion of Egypt in 1882. The chapter describes the machine-gun slaughter of protonational Sudanese tribal warriors in the Battle of Omdurman in 1898, which was considered as the triumph of science over barbarism.Less
This chapter focuses on the British and French armies' entry into the Muslim lands of the Near East. It discusses the second French invasion of Algeria in 1830 and the British invasion of Egypt in 1882. The chapter describes the machine-gun slaughter of protonational Sudanese tribal warriors in the Battle of Omdurman in 1898, which was considered as the triumph of science over barbarism.
Ian Coller
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300243369
- eISBN:
- 9780300249538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300243369.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter explores Napoleone di Buonaparte's fascination with Islam. It argues that the impulsion that eventually took him to Egypt was formed in the context of his early experience of Corsican ...
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This chapter explores Napoleone di Buonaparte's fascination with Islam. It argues that the impulsion that eventually took him to Egypt was formed in the context of his early experience of Corsican nationalism, radical disappointment, and revolutionary commitment to the new France that emerged after 1789. The belief that this invasion would be welcomed by Muslims—indeed, that they would somehow greet the French as fellow believers—was the product of a revolutionary politicization of Islam that was further overheated under the Directory. Indeed, the era of the Directory was the scene of a curious religious experimentation. The chapter shows how the catastrophic decision to invade Egypt effectively brought the Revolution to an end: Buonaparte brought back the taste for arbitrary rule he had established in Egypt to his rule over France and much of Europe.Less
This chapter explores Napoleone di Buonaparte's fascination with Islam. It argues that the impulsion that eventually took him to Egypt was formed in the context of his early experience of Corsican nationalism, radical disappointment, and revolutionary commitment to the new France that emerged after 1789. The belief that this invasion would be welcomed by Muslims—indeed, that they would somehow greet the French as fellow believers—was the product of a revolutionary politicization of Islam that was further overheated under the Directory. Indeed, the era of the Directory was the scene of a curious religious experimentation. The chapter shows how the catastrophic decision to invade Egypt effectively brought the Revolution to an end: Buonaparte brought back the taste for arbitrary rule he had established in Egypt to his rule over France and much of Europe.
Jacob Ramsay
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804756518
- eISBN:
- 9780804779548
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804756518.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book examines the rise of anti-Catholic hostility in early nineteenth-century Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty. French missionaries have long been blamed for the destabilization of dynastic ...
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This book examines the rise of anti-Catholic hostility in early nineteenth-century Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty. French missionaries have long been blamed for the destabilization of dynastic Vietnam and the anti-Catholic violence that preceded the French invasion in 1858, but the focus on the political conflict leading to the Nguyễn court's antipathy to the church overlooks the significance of Catholicism as a popular religion. Focusing on, but not limited to, the Cochinchina region, this study explores grassroots experiences of the religion and the conflict between the Nguyễn court and missionaries of the Missions Étrangères de Paris. To do so, it draws on the correspondence of French missionaries and Vietnamese priests from the MEP archive, and on vernacular Vietnamese translations of the Nguyễn dynastic record, to provide a new perspective on Nguyễn Vietnam from the 1820s to the 1860s.Less
This book examines the rise of anti-Catholic hostility in early nineteenth-century Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty. French missionaries have long been blamed for the destabilization of dynastic Vietnam and the anti-Catholic violence that preceded the French invasion in 1858, but the focus on the political conflict leading to the Nguyễn court's antipathy to the church overlooks the significance of Catholicism as a popular religion. Focusing on, but not limited to, the Cochinchina region, this study explores grassroots experiences of the religion and the conflict between the Nguyễn court and missionaries of the Missions Étrangères de Paris. To do so, it draws on the correspondence of French missionaries and Vietnamese priests from the MEP archive, and on vernacular Vietnamese translations of the Nguyễn dynastic record, to provide a new perspective on Nguyễn Vietnam from the 1820s to the 1860s.
Pascal Firges
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198759966
- eISBN:
- 9780191820472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759966.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Chapter 3 examines Franco-Ottoman negotiations in the years from 1794 to 1798. It presents the repeated efforts of the Ottoman state to mediate a general peace in the ongoing Revolutionary War. From ...
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Chapter 3 examines Franco-Ottoman negotiations in the years from 1794 to 1798. It presents the repeated efforts of the Ottoman state to mediate a general peace in the ongoing Revolutionary War. From the Ottoman perspective, a general peace was a desirable precondition for an alliance with France, as the Ottoman government did not want to join the French war with Britain. In 1796, the French government refused to ratify a defensive alliance with Sultan Selim III, on the grounds that a secret convention discharged the Ottoman state from the obligation to assist France in conflicts with Britain. The chapter also discusses when and why the French Republic changed its policy towards the Ottoman Empire, from seeking an alliance to invading Egypt.Less
Chapter 3 examines Franco-Ottoman negotiations in the years from 1794 to 1798. It presents the repeated efforts of the Ottoman state to mediate a general peace in the ongoing Revolutionary War. From the Ottoman perspective, a general peace was a desirable precondition for an alliance with France, as the Ottoman government did not want to join the French war with Britain. In 1796, the French government refused to ratify a defensive alliance with Sultan Selim III, on the grounds that a secret convention discharged the Ottoman state from the obligation to assist France in conflicts with Britain. The chapter also discusses when and why the French Republic changed its policy towards the Ottoman Empire, from seeking an alliance to invading Egypt.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846316968
- eISBN:
- 9781846317057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317057.005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines Zachary Macaulay's work as deputy governor in Sierra Leone, describes his relationship with former governor John Clarkson and acting governor William Dawes, and considers their ...
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This chapter examines Zachary Macaulay's work as deputy governor in Sierra Leone, describes his relationship with former governor John Clarkson and acting governor William Dawes, and considers their views on slavery. It discusses Macaulay's relations with the settlers in Sierra Leone and with the slave traders, and highlights criticism on his immediate surrender during the French invasion of Sierra Leone. The chapter mentions that it was during this time that Macaulay's enthusiasm to end the slave trade was fired up.Less
This chapter examines Zachary Macaulay's work as deputy governor in Sierra Leone, describes his relationship with former governor John Clarkson and acting governor William Dawes, and considers their views on slavery. It discusses Macaulay's relations with the settlers in Sierra Leone and with the slave traders, and highlights criticism on his immediate surrender during the French invasion of Sierra Leone. The chapter mentions that it was during this time that Macaulay's enthusiasm to end the slave trade was fired up.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804778305
- eISBN:
- 9780804784634
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804778305.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter places the 1808 French invasion of Spain within the broader context of the eighteenth-century international conflicts among European powers and the major transformation of the Atlantic ...
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This chapter places the 1808 French invasion of Spain within the broader context of the eighteenth-century international conflicts among European powers and the major transformation of the Atlantic World in the second half of the century. It examines the impact of the political crisis caused by the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1808 and the destruction of the Spanish Monarchy. It also analyzes the similar responses of Spain and New Spain to the crisis; the attempts of novohispanos to establish an autonomous government in the name of the king; and the golpe de estado (overthrow of the government) by a few European Spaniards to prevent the formation of a congress of cities in that kingdom.Less
This chapter places the 1808 French invasion of Spain within the broader context of the eighteenth-century international conflicts among European powers and the major transformation of the Atlantic World in the second half of the century. It examines the impact of the political crisis caused by the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1808 and the destruction of the Spanish Monarchy. It also analyzes the similar responses of Spain and New Spain to the crisis; the attempts of novohispanos to establish an autonomous government in the name of the king; and the golpe de estado (overthrow of the government) by a few European Spaniards to prevent the formation of a congress of cities in that kingdom.
Iain Whyte
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846316968
- eISBN:
- 9781846317057
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317057
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
In 1833 Thomas Fowell Buxton, the parliamentary successor to William Wilberforce, proposed a toast to ‘the anti-slavery tutor of us all – Mr Macaulay’. Yet Zachary Macaulay's considerable ...
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In 1833 Thomas Fowell Buxton, the parliamentary successor to William Wilberforce, proposed a toast to ‘the anti-slavery tutor of us all – Mr Macaulay’. Yet Zachary Macaulay's considerable contribution to the ending of slavery in the British Empire has received scant recognition by historians. This book focuses on Macaulay's involvement with slavery and anti-slavery but also examines the people and events that influenced him. It traces his Scottish roots and his torrid account of years as a young overseer on a Jamaican plantation. Macaulay's accidental stumbling into the anti-slavery circle through a family marriage led to formative years in the government of the free colony of Sierra Leone dealing with settlers, slave traders, local chiefs and a French invasion. His return to Britain in 1799 began nearly forty years of campaigning to get rid of what he described as ‘this foul stain on the nation’. James Stephen rated Macaulay as the most feared and hated foe of slave interests. Macaulay's weaknesses and failures are explored alongside his unswerving commitment to the cause to which he gave his energy and sacrificed his business interests, and which he saw as a natural result of his strong religious faith. This book is the result of extensive research of Macaulay's own prolific writings and seeks to illustrate the man behind them, his passions and his prejudices, his steely resolve and his personal shyness and, above all, his willingness to work unremittingly in the background, generating the power to drive the engine of anti-slavery to victory.Less
In 1833 Thomas Fowell Buxton, the parliamentary successor to William Wilberforce, proposed a toast to ‘the anti-slavery tutor of us all – Mr Macaulay’. Yet Zachary Macaulay's considerable contribution to the ending of slavery in the British Empire has received scant recognition by historians. This book focuses on Macaulay's involvement with slavery and anti-slavery but also examines the people and events that influenced him. It traces his Scottish roots and his torrid account of years as a young overseer on a Jamaican plantation. Macaulay's accidental stumbling into the anti-slavery circle through a family marriage led to formative years in the government of the free colony of Sierra Leone dealing with settlers, slave traders, local chiefs and a French invasion. His return to Britain in 1799 began nearly forty years of campaigning to get rid of what he described as ‘this foul stain on the nation’. James Stephen rated Macaulay as the most feared and hated foe of slave interests. Macaulay's weaknesses and failures are explored alongside his unswerving commitment to the cause to which he gave his energy and sacrificed his business interests, and which he saw as a natural result of his strong religious faith. This book is the result of extensive research of Macaulay's own prolific writings and seeks to illustrate the man behind them, his passions and his prejudices, his steely resolve and his personal shyness and, above all, his willingness to work unremittingly in the background, generating the power to drive the engine of anti-slavery to victory.
Rachel Weil
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780300171044
- eISBN:
- 9780300199284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300171044.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses the Assassination Plot of 1696, which can be defined narrowly or broadly. Narrowly, it was a plan to ambush King William in a narrow lane between Richmond and Brentford as he ...
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This chapter discusses the Assassination Plot of 1696, which can be defined narrowly or broadly. Narrowly, it was a plan to ambush King William in a narrow lane between Richmond and Brentford as he returned from hunting. Broadly defined, the Assassination Plot was a plot to encourage a French invasion and raise a rebellion at home to restore James II. The trials of the conspirators signified a victory for the government. It persuaded the courts and the public that the broad and narrow versions of the Assassination Plot were an organic whole, that the purpose of killing the king was to enable the invasion and rebellion to succeed. By insisting that the assassination was inseparable from the uprising and invasion that would follow on its heels, the government tried to infuse the latter with the horror evoked by the former.Less
This chapter discusses the Assassination Plot of 1696, which can be defined narrowly or broadly. Narrowly, it was a plan to ambush King William in a narrow lane between Richmond and Brentford as he returned from hunting. Broadly defined, the Assassination Plot was a plot to encourage a French invasion and raise a rebellion at home to restore James II. The trials of the conspirators signified a victory for the government. It persuaded the courts and the public that the broad and narrow versions of the Assassination Plot were an organic whole, that the purpose of killing the king was to enable the invasion and rebellion to succeed. By insisting that the assassination was inseparable from the uprising and invasion that would follow on its heels, the government tried to infuse the latter with the horror evoked by the former.
Stephen Rumph
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520238558
- eISBN:
- 9780520930124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520238558.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter briefly sorts Beethoven's works chronologically, beginning in 1814 with the Congress of Vienna, which articulates the notorious dualism between late Beethoven and Rossini. 1809 is ...
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This chapter briefly sorts Beethoven's works chronologically, beginning in 1814 with the Congress of Vienna, which articulates the notorious dualism between late Beethoven and Rossini. 1809 is described as a crucial year for the confluence of political, economic, and musical events and shows an entirely new direction in Beethoven's political aesthetic. The traditional early, middle, and late periods are referred to as “the music up to the French invasion of Vienna (1809),” “Beethoven and early Romanticism,” and “the late works.” These three periods form the moments in a dialectic between Beethoven's earlier music and Romanticism, therefore defining the political history and sociology as a music cycle as 1809 is described as a year marked not only by biographical and stylistic changes, but also by fundamental shifts in the political and economic terrain. Finally, the chapter describes the period of Beethoven's romantic crisis, combining biography, economics, political history, and sociology.Less
This chapter briefly sorts Beethoven's works chronologically, beginning in 1814 with the Congress of Vienna, which articulates the notorious dualism between late Beethoven and Rossini. 1809 is described as a crucial year for the confluence of political, economic, and musical events and shows an entirely new direction in Beethoven's political aesthetic. The traditional early, middle, and late periods are referred to as “the music up to the French invasion of Vienna (1809),” “Beethoven and early Romanticism,” and “the late works.” These three periods form the moments in a dialectic between Beethoven's earlier music and Romanticism, therefore defining the political history and sociology as a music cycle as 1809 is described as a year marked not only by biographical and stylistic changes, but also by fundamental shifts in the political and economic terrain. Finally, the chapter describes the period of Beethoven's romantic crisis, combining biography, economics, political history, and sociology.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804756518
- eISBN:
- 9780804779548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804756518.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
In the aftermath of the French consolidation around Saigon, the distortions caused by the reconfiguration of power in the far south shaped social structures and influenced the attitudes among ...
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In the aftermath of the French consolidation around Saigon, the distortions caused by the reconfiguration of power in the far south shaped social structures and influenced the attitudes among Catholics and non-Catholics. The Catholics in the new regime became increasingly rigid and distant. The French invasion was a world-changing event and as such it elicited a whole spectrum of responses. Trần Bá Lộc was one of the most successful military officials of the early French colonial regime, and epitomized his generation's experiences of the turmoil in the decades preceding colonization. The rapid deterioration in relations between Catholics and non-converts resulted in the personal and community motivations driving the mass violence.Less
In the aftermath of the French consolidation around Saigon, the distortions caused by the reconfiguration of power in the far south shaped social structures and influenced the attitudes among Catholics and non-Catholics. The Catholics in the new regime became increasingly rigid and distant. The French invasion was a world-changing event and as such it elicited a whole spectrum of responses. Trần Bá Lộc was one of the most successful military officials of the early French colonial regime, and epitomized his generation's experiences of the turmoil in the decades preceding colonization. The rapid deterioration in relations between Catholics and non-converts resulted in the personal and community motivations driving the mass violence.
Ian F. Mcneely
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233300
- eISBN:
- 9780520928527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233300.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter introduces the scribes by exploring their institutional power and demographic profile, but it unfolds at a measured pace, by first situating them in Württemberg's pre-Napoleonic civic ...
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This chapter introduces the scribes by exploring their institutional power and demographic profile, but it unfolds at a measured pace, by first situating them in Württemberg's pre-Napoleonic civic landscape. It also discusses the political culture and social geography of the old-regime duchy, and then moves on to anatomize the institutions where scribes and citizens encountered each other before the French invasions. The Landtag's independence from the duke gave significant vitality to the sphere of burgher-dominated local administration, one which belied the conservatism of the estate's representatives in Stuttgart. The canton was the central mediating institution between the state and the local community in old-regime Württemberg. The office of the town scribe, the Schreiberei, was the nexus of administrative life in Württemberg. Württemberg's clergy could boast membership in one of the best-run and most politically independent Protestant church hierarchies in Germany, and in many ways constituted an organic intelligentsia.Less
This chapter introduces the scribes by exploring their institutional power and demographic profile, but it unfolds at a measured pace, by first situating them in Württemberg's pre-Napoleonic civic landscape. It also discusses the political culture and social geography of the old-regime duchy, and then moves on to anatomize the institutions where scribes and citizens encountered each other before the French invasions. The Landtag's independence from the duke gave significant vitality to the sphere of burgher-dominated local administration, one which belied the conservatism of the estate's representatives in Stuttgart. The canton was the central mediating institution between the state and the local community in old-regime Württemberg. The office of the town scribe, the Schreiberei, was the nexus of administrative life in Württemberg. Württemberg's clergy could boast membership in one of the best-run and most politically independent Protestant church hierarchies in Germany, and in many ways constituted an organic intelligentsia.
Tamar Herzog
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300092530
- eISBN:
- 9780300129830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300092530.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses the French invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808. The Spanish king was forced to abdicate in favor of Napoleon, who instituted his brother Joseph as the new monarch of ...
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This chapter discusses the French invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808. The Spanish king was forced to abdicate in favor of Napoleon, who instituted his brother Joseph as the new monarch of Spain. Many Spaniards refused to recognize Joseph as their king and maintained allegiance to Fernando, the captive monarch. Adopting early modern contractualist theories to nineteenth-century conditions, they claimed that in Fernando's absence sovereignty returned to the “people” and was now to be exercised by local assemblies or juntas established throughout Spain and Spanish America. After a short period of anarchy, during which each junta acted on its own, claimed sovereignty, and refused to cooperate with the other juntas, in late 1808 the juntas were joined in a single institution, the Junta Central.Less
This chapter discusses the French invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808. The Spanish king was forced to abdicate in favor of Napoleon, who instituted his brother Joseph as the new monarch of Spain. Many Spaniards refused to recognize Joseph as their king and maintained allegiance to Fernando, the captive monarch. Adopting early modern contractualist theories to nineteenth-century conditions, they claimed that in Fernando's absence sovereignty returned to the “people” and was now to be exercised by local assemblies or juntas established throughout Spain and Spanish America. After a short period of anarchy, during which each junta acted on its own, claimed sovereignty, and refused to cooperate with the other juntas, in late 1808 the juntas were joined in a single institution, the Junta Central.
Kenneth R. Johnston
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199657803
- eISBN:
- 9780191771576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657803.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
Gilbert Wakefield was a professional ‘controversialist,’ a polemical writer on disputed topics in religion, literature, education, and politics. His radical independence of expression led him to ...
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Gilbert Wakefield was a professional ‘controversialist,’ a polemical writer on disputed topics in religion, literature, education, and politics. His radical independence of expression led him to resign his Anglican ministry, but he soon found even Dissenting academies too constrictive. In 1798, he attacked Richard Watson, the Bishop of Llandaff, for his fawning Address to the People of Great Britain, approving Pitt’s institution of an income tax to pay for the war. He was charged with seditious libel—by the government, not by Watson. He was sentenced to three years in the harsh Dorchester jail. He tried to improve the conditions of other prisoners, eventually contracting the typhus from which they suffered, causing his own death months after he was released in 1801. Wordsworth covertly alludes to Wakefield in his description of The Solitary in The Excursion, because Wordsworth had also written against Watson, but had been dissuading from publishing it.Less
Gilbert Wakefield was a professional ‘controversialist,’ a polemical writer on disputed topics in religion, literature, education, and politics. His radical independence of expression led him to resign his Anglican ministry, but he soon found even Dissenting academies too constrictive. In 1798, he attacked Richard Watson, the Bishop of Llandaff, for his fawning Address to the People of Great Britain, approving Pitt’s institution of an income tax to pay for the war. He was charged with seditious libel—by the government, not by Watson. He was sentenced to three years in the harsh Dorchester jail. He tried to improve the conditions of other prisoners, eventually contracting the typhus from which they suffered, causing his own death months after he was released in 1801. Wordsworth covertly alludes to Wakefield in his description of The Solitary in The Excursion, because Wordsworth had also written against Watson, but had been dissuading from publishing it.
Oren Margolis
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198769323
- eISBN:
- 9780191822384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198769323.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, Political History
This chapter details the military and diplomatic activity that affected René of Anjou’s network through the 1450s and into the beginning of the next decade, especially the two failed Angevin ...
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This chapter details the military and diplomatic activity that affected René of Anjou’s network through the 1450s and into the beginning of the next decade, especially the two failed Angevin campaigns in Italy: René’s war in Lombardy in 1453–4; and John of Calabria’s war against Ferrante in the kingdom of Naples in 1458–64. It analyses the effectiveness in action of René’s network: whether it held together; whether it helped prosecute René’s aims; and, where it failed, why it did so. It also discusses the role in and impact on these events of cultural politics and the networking agenda. While Francesco Sforza now led opposition to René and the Ordre du Croissant foundered in southern Italy, Jacopo Antonio Marcello and the Pazzi family remained key supporters; the underlying strength of the network is seen in its morphing into a faction opposed to the Italian League, and in the way it was reanimated on the 1494 French invasion of King Charles VIII.Less
This chapter details the military and diplomatic activity that affected René of Anjou’s network through the 1450s and into the beginning of the next decade, especially the two failed Angevin campaigns in Italy: René’s war in Lombardy in 1453–4; and John of Calabria’s war against Ferrante in the kingdom of Naples in 1458–64. It analyses the effectiveness in action of René’s network: whether it held together; whether it helped prosecute René’s aims; and, where it failed, why it did so. It also discusses the role in and impact on these events of cultural politics and the networking agenda. While Francesco Sforza now led opposition to René and the Ordre du Croissant foundered in southern Italy, Jacopo Antonio Marcello and the Pazzi family remained key supporters; the underlying strength of the network is seen in its morphing into a faction opposed to the Italian League, and in the way it was reanimated on the 1494 French invasion of King Charles VIII.
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226677231
- eISBN:
- 9780226677224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226677224.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
The central point of contention in national politics during 1798 involved foreign policy. Revolutionary France's overbearing and erratic behavior had brought Franco-American relations to the breaking ...
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The central point of contention in national politics during 1798 involved foreign policy. Revolutionary France's overbearing and erratic behavior had brought Franco-American relations to the breaking point, with the generally Francophile Republicans divided and disheartened, and many of the Federalists convinced that the Republic was in mortal peril of a French invasion or subversion from within. In the spring and summer following Calder, the Federalist-controlled Congress took under consideration a battery of laws intended, as Federalists saw it, to put the country in an appropriate state of defense. Among the bills eventually enacted was the famous (or infamous) Sedition Act of July 14, 1798, which prompted the first great debate over the interpretation of the first amendment. (Collectively the statutes were known as the Alien and Sedition Acts and one of the other laws, the Alien Act of June 25, also evoked significant constitutional discussions.)Less
The central point of contention in national politics during 1798 involved foreign policy. Revolutionary France's overbearing and erratic behavior had brought Franco-American relations to the breaking point, with the generally Francophile Republicans divided and disheartened, and many of the Federalists convinced that the Republic was in mortal peril of a French invasion or subversion from within. In the spring and summer following Calder, the Federalist-controlled Congress took under consideration a battery of laws intended, as Federalists saw it, to put the country in an appropriate state of defense. Among the bills eventually enacted was the famous (or infamous) Sedition Act of July 14, 1798, which prompted the first great debate over the interpretation of the first amendment. (Collectively the statutes were known as the Alien and Sedition Acts and one of the other laws, the Alien Act of June 25, also evoked significant constitutional discussions.)