Robert Elgie
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293866
- eISBN:
- 9780191599156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293860.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The Constitution of the Fifth French Republic was adopted by referendum in September 1958, and this chapter explores the relationship between the president and the prime minister in that Fifth ...
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The Constitution of the Fifth French Republic was adopted by referendum in September 1958, and this chapter explores the relationship between the president and the prime minister in that Fifth Republic. The first section of the chapter, Patterns of Political Leadership, provides an overview of presidential–prime ministerial relations. The second section, French Semi‐Presidentialism in Context, discusses the constitutional situation, the founding context of the 1962 reform, and the relationship between the president and the parliamentary majority. The concluding section, The Contemporary Nature of French Semi‐Presidentialism, considers the wider context of presidential–prime ministerial relations, and discusses the changing parameters of executive leadership generally. In these ways, the contemporary nature of the Fifth Republic's semi‐presidential system is established.Less
The Constitution of the Fifth French Republic was adopted by referendum in September 1958, and this chapter explores the relationship between the president and the prime minister in that Fifth Republic. The first section of the chapter, Patterns of Political Leadership, provides an overview of presidential–prime ministerial relations. The second section, French Semi‐Presidentialism in Context, discusses the constitutional situation, the founding context of the 1962 reform, and the relationship between the president and the parliamentary majority. The concluding section, The Contemporary Nature of French Semi‐Presidentialism, considers the wider context of presidential–prime ministerial relations, and discusses the changing parameters of executive leadership generally. In these ways, the contemporary nature of the Fifth Republic's semi‐presidential system is established.
Alec Stone Sweet
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256488
- eISBN:
- 9780191600234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256489.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This paper, which was originally published in the journal Comparative Political Studies in 1999, is the second of two that elaborate a relatively general approach to judicial politics, which ...
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This paper, which was originally published in the journal Comparative Political Studies in 1999, is the second of two that elaborate a relatively general approach to judicial politics, which emphasizes the underlying social logics not just of law and courts but also of politics and government. The triad – two contracting parties and a dispute resolver – constitutes a primal social institution, a microcosm of governance, so in uncovering the institutional dynamics of the triad an essential logic of government itself is also uncovered; the objectives of this paper are to defend the validity of these contentions and to demonstrate their centrality to the discipline. After introducing the key concepts of dyad, triad, and normative structure, a model is presented of a particular mode of governance, i.e. the social mechanism by which the rules in place in any given community are adapted to the experiences and exigencies of those who live under them. The theory integrates, as interdependent factors, the evolution of strategic (utility-maximizing) behaviour and normative (cultural or rule-based) structure, and captures dynamics of change observable at both the micro level (the behaviour of individual actors), and the macro level (the institutional environment, or social structure, in which this behaviour takes place); the mechanisms of change that are endogenous to the model are specified, and the conditions under which these mechanisms would be expected to operate, and fail to operate, are identified. The model is then used to explain two hard cases of systemic change: the international trade regime, established by the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); and the French Fifth Republic, founded in 1958; the conclusion draws out some of the implications of the analysis for understanding of the complex relationship between strategic behaviour and social structure.Less
This paper, which was originally published in the journal Comparative Political Studies in 1999, is the second of two that elaborate a relatively general approach to judicial politics, which emphasizes the underlying social logics not just of law and courts but also of politics and government. The triad – two contracting parties and a dispute resolver – constitutes a primal social institution, a microcosm of governance, so in uncovering the institutional dynamics of the triad an essential logic of government itself is also uncovered; the objectives of this paper are to defend the validity of these contentions and to demonstrate their centrality to the discipline. After introducing the key concepts of dyad, triad, and normative structure, a model is presented of a particular mode of governance, i.e. the social mechanism by which the rules in place in any given community are adapted to the experiences and exigencies of those who live under them. The theory integrates, as interdependent factors, the evolution of strategic (utility-maximizing) behaviour and normative (cultural or rule-based) structure, and captures dynamics of change observable at both the micro level (the behaviour of individual actors), and the macro level (the institutional environment, or social structure, in which this behaviour takes place); the mechanisms of change that are endogenous to the model are specified, and the conditions under which these mechanisms would be expected to operate, and fail to operate, are identified. The model is then used to explain two hard cases of systemic change: the international trade regime, established by the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); and the French Fifth Republic, founded in 1958; the conclusion draws out some of the implications of the analysis for understanding of the complex relationship between strategic behaviour and social structure.
Edward J. Hughes
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199609864
- eISBN:
- 9780191731761
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609864.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
As an extended textual construction, first conceived of in 1908 and the last tranche of which reached its reading public almost two decades later, A la recherche du temps perdu was being written ...
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As an extended textual construction, first conceived of in 1908 and the last tranche of which reached its reading public almost two decades later, A la recherche du temps perdu was being written against a backdrop of momentous historical events in France. This book seeks to establish the nature of Proust’s engagement with many of the social and national issues of the day, from his early public campaigning, pre-1908, first as a Dreyfusard and then as an opponent of the separation of Church and State in 1905, through to the mature writer’s reflection, channelled through his novel, on key ideological issues: the new patterns of leisure and social mobility, the First World War and xenophobic nationalism, and continuing evidence of class-based politics in the immediate post-war period. By reconstructing attitudes to class and nation as articulated not just by Proust but by his contemporaries (Bourget, Barrès, Daniel Halévy, Benda, and others), the book attempts to gauge his volatile responses to these issues. In this regard, A la recherche functions as a capacious warehouse in which antagonistic social attitudes are voiced and tested, often, crucially, in ironic, ambivalent ways by Proust’s Narrator and characters. Analysis of the incremental composition of the novel further helps reveal the multiple styles of response to social antagonism that Proust’s work throws up. What emerges is a complex image of Proust as a free-floating iconoclast and radical commentator, a social conservative and fitful defender of class hierarchy, and a writer who, as Theodor Adorno observed, resisted social-class compartmentalization.Less
As an extended textual construction, first conceived of in 1908 and the last tranche of which reached its reading public almost two decades later, A la recherche du temps perdu was being written against a backdrop of momentous historical events in France. This book seeks to establish the nature of Proust’s engagement with many of the social and national issues of the day, from his early public campaigning, pre-1908, first as a Dreyfusard and then as an opponent of the separation of Church and State in 1905, through to the mature writer’s reflection, channelled through his novel, on key ideological issues: the new patterns of leisure and social mobility, the First World War and xenophobic nationalism, and continuing evidence of class-based politics in the immediate post-war period. By reconstructing attitudes to class and nation as articulated not just by Proust but by his contemporaries (Bourget, Barrès, Daniel Halévy, Benda, and others), the book attempts to gauge his volatile responses to these issues. In this regard, A la recherche functions as a capacious warehouse in which antagonistic social attitudes are voiced and tested, often, crucially, in ironic, ambivalent ways by Proust’s Narrator and characters. Analysis of the incremental composition of the novel further helps reveal the multiple styles of response to social antagonism that Proust’s work throws up. What emerges is a complex image of Proust as a free-floating iconoclast and radical commentator, a social conservative and fitful defender of class hierarchy, and a writer who, as Theodor Adorno observed, resisted social-class compartmentalization.
Edward Berenson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520234277
- eISBN:
- 9780520947191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520234277.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Henry Morton Stanley's fellow Congo explorer, the French naval officer of Italian birth, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, had been attacking him, and the audience knew Stanley had prepared a blistering ...
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Henry Morton Stanley's fellow Congo explorer, the French naval officer of Italian birth, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, had been attacking him, and the audience knew Stanley had prepared a blistering response. Journalists encouraged leaders of the Third Republic, long averse to territorial annexation, to plant the French flag in equatorial Africa. In doing so, they helped transform the image—or at least the self-image—of the new regime. Leaders of France's new democratic Third Republic would construe the new imperialism as a humanitarian and civilizing mission. France's political leaders had to take Brazza's image and popularity into account in policy discussions and negotiations over African lands.Less
Henry Morton Stanley's fellow Congo explorer, the French naval officer of Italian birth, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, had been attacking him, and the audience knew Stanley had prepared a blistering response. Journalists encouraged leaders of the Third Republic, long averse to territorial annexation, to plant the French flag in equatorial Africa. In doing so, they helped transform the image—or at least the self-image—of the new regime. Leaders of France's new democratic Third Republic would construe the new imperialism as a humanitarian and civilizing mission. France's political leaders had to take Brazza's image and popularity into account in policy discussions and negotiations over African lands.
Edward Ducler Berenson, Vincent Duclert, and Christophe Prochasson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449017
- eISBN:
- 9780801460647
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449017.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book explores the history and meaning of the French Republic and the challenges it has faced. Founded in 1792, the French Republic has been defined and redefined by a succession of regimes and ...
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This book explores the history and meaning of the French Republic and the challenges it has faced. Founded in 1792, the French Republic has been defined and redefined by a succession of regimes and institutions, a multiplicity of symbols, and a plurality of meanings, ideas, and values. Although constantly in flux, the Republic has nonetheless produced a set of core ideals and practices fundamental to modern France's political culture and democratic life. Based on the influential Dictionnaire critique de la république, published in France in 2002, this book provides an encyclopedic survey of French republicanism since the Enlightenment. Divided into three sections—Time and History, Principles and Values, and Dilemmas and Debates—the book begins by examining each of France's five Republics and its two authoritarian interludes, the Second Empire and Vichy. It offers thematic essays on such topics as Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity; laicity; citizenship; the press; immigration; decolonization; anti-Semitism; gender; the family; cultural policy; and the Muslim headscarf debates. The book features updated translations of some of the most important essays from the French edition, as well as twenty-two newly commissioned English-language essays. Together they provide a state-of-the art appraisal of French republicanism and its role in shaping contemporary France's public and private life.Less
This book explores the history and meaning of the French Republic and the challenges it has faced. Founded in 1792, the French Republic has been defined and redefined by a succession of regimes and institutions, a multiplicity of symbols, and a plurality of meanings, ideas, and values. Although constantly in flux, the Republic has nonetheless produced a set of core ideals and practices fundamental to modern France's political culture and democratic life. Based on the influential Dictionnaire critique de la république, published in France in 2002, this book provides an encyclopedic survey of French republicanism since the Enlightenment. Divided into three sections—Time and History, Principles and Values, and Dilemmas and Debates—the book begins by examining each of France's five Republics and its two authoritarian interludes, the Second Empire and Vichy. It offers thematic essays on such topics as Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity; laicity; citizenship; the press; immigration; decolonization; anti-Semitism; gender; the family; cultural policy; and the Muslim headscarf debates. The book features updated translations of some of the most important essays from the French edition, as well as twenty-two newly commissioned English-language essays. Together they provide a state-of-the art appraisal of French republicanism and its role in shaping contemporary France's public and private life.
Sarah Wood
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786941114
- eISBN:
- 9781789629163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781786941114.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter locates the figure of Félix Éboué in the cultural politics of commemoration in Guyane. It offers a cultural history of the production of memorials to Éboué in Guyane (his birthplace) and ...
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This chapter locates the figure of Félix Éboué in the cultural politics of commemoration in Guyane. It offers a cultural history of the production of memorials to Éboué in Guyane (his birthplace) and beyond, assessing the role of these markers of national power in the local landscape. The chapter focuses first on the monument located in central Cayenne, produced at the instigation of a local committee and inaugurated in 1957, towards the end of the Fourth Republic. It then addresses the revival of 'memory' of Éboué and the renewal of his presence in Guyane which occurred during the 2000s. Instigated in part by Christiane Taubira, this culminated in the renaming of the only international airport in the Département — the key point of arrival and departure between Paris and Cayenne. The chapter concludes by asking how the vision of Guyane asserted in the act of ‘remembering’ Éboué has changed or been adapted in the twenty-first century.Less
This chapter locates the figure of Félix Éboué in the cultural politics of commemoration in Guyane. It offers a cultural history of the production of memorials to Éboué in Guyane (his birthplace) and beyond, assessing the role of these markers of national power in the local landscape. The chapter focuses first on the monument located in central Cayenne, produced at the instigation of a local committee and inaugurated in 1957, towards the end of the Fourth Republic. It then addresses the revival of 'memory' of Éboué and the renewal of his presence in Guyane which occurred during the 2000s. Instigated in part by Christiane Taubira, this culminated in the renaming of the only international airport in the Département — the key point of arrival and departure between Paris and Cayenne. The chapter concludes by asking how the vision of Guyane asserted in the act of ‘remembering’ Éboué has changed or been adapted in the twenty-first century.
Lisa Tiersten
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225299
- eISBN:
- 9780520925656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225299.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the conflict between commercial Paris and the civic vision of the French Republic. It discusses the development of new forms of consumer capitalism and the emergence of ...
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This chapter examines the conflict between commercial Paris and the civic vision of the French Republic. It discusses the development of new forms of consumer capitalism and the emergence of bourgeois women as the primary consumers in the late nineteenth century. It describes the perception of the modern marketplace and traces the processes the led to the creation of a female commercial culture and the impulse shopper. It explains that as the ethos of the market collided with that of the civic public in late-nineteenth-century France, bourgeois elites found themselves forced to grapple with the question of how to map the boundaries between the market, the political public and the domestic sphere.Less
This chapter examines the conflict between commercial Paris and the civic vision of the French Republic. It discusses the development of new forms of consumer capitalism and the emergence of bourgeois women as the primary consumers in the late nineteenth century. It describes the perception of the modern marketplace and traces the processes the led to the creation of a female commercial culture and the impulse shopper. It explains that as the ethos of the market collided with that of the civic public in late-nineteenth-century France, bourgeois elites found themselves forced to grapple with the question of how to map the boundaries between the market, the political public and the domestic sphere.
Irwin M. Wall
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225343
- eISBN:
- 9780520925687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225343.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter reconsiders the goals, policies, and diplomatic accomplishments of Charles de Gaulle as president of the Fifth French Republic. It explains that de Gaulle is considered in contemporary ...
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This chapter reconsiders the goals, policies, and diplomatic accomplishments of Charles de Gaulle as president of the Fifth French Republic. It explains that de Gaulle is considered in contemporary French diplomatic historiography as the founder of a new French independence and the creator of a virtual revolution in French diplomacy. The chapter discusses de Gaulle's plan to achieve full integration of Algeria through the help of the Anglo-Saxons and his effort to build a “Europe of states.”Less
This chapter reconsiders the goals, policies, and diplomatic accomplishments of Charles de Gaulle as president of the Fifth French Republic. It explains that de Gaulle is considered in contemporary French diplomatic historiography as the founder of a new French independence and the creator of a virtual revolution in French diplomacy. The chapter discusses de Gaulle's plan to achieve full integration of Algeria through the help of the Anglo-Saxons and his effort to build a “Europe of states.”
Howard G. Brown
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205425
- eISBN:
- 9780191676628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205425.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the fall of the French Republic during the crisis of 1799. This crisis resulted from the contrast between the high political aspirations of republicanism and the sordid reality ...
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This chapter examines the fall of the French Republic during the crisis of 1799. This crisis resulted from the contrast between the high political aspirations of republicanism and the sordid reality of the manipulation of elections. In addition, the French Directory also failed to achieve its stated aims of victorious peace abroad and the rule of law at home. The Republic failed to accomplish enough to allow it to continue its existence.Less
This chapter examines the fall of the French Republic during the crisis of 1799. This crisis resulted from the contrast between the high political aspirations of republicanism and the sordid reality of the manipulation of elections. In addition, the French Directory also failed to achieve its stated aims of victorious peace abroad and the rule of law at home. The Republic failed to accomplish enough to allow it to continue its existence.
Edward Berenson and Vincent Duclert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449017
- eISBN:
- 9780801460647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449017.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This introductory chapter comments on the changes made to the current 2007 edition of this book for the purpose of developing a novel approach to the history of the French Republic. To that end the ...
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This introductory chapter comments on the changes made to the current 2007 edition of this book for the purpose of developing a novel approach to the history of the French Republic. To that end the chapter explains the book's restructuring and added content, noting the differences between this and the previous 2002 edition. On a broader scale the chapter seeks to initiate a more transatlantic understanding of the Republic, particularly as French history has also become an international history—the nation's status as a former empire has deeply implicated it in the history of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. For U.S.-trained historians and others in the English-speaking world, the story of French republicanism is rife with a great many uphill battles, such as those against Jacobin and Bonapartist dictatorships, as well as monarchical restorations, Catholic reactions, and the proto-fascism of the Vichy regime.Less
This introductory chapter comments on the changes made to the current 2007 edition of this book for the purpose of developing a novel approach to the history of the French Republic. To that end the chapter explains the book's restructuring and added content, noting the differences between this and the previous 2002 edition. On a broader scale the chapter seeks to initiate a more transatlantic understanding of the Republic, particularly as French history has also become an international history—the nation's status as a former empire has deeply implicated it in the history of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. For U.S.-trained historians and others in the English-speaking world, the story of French republicanism is rife with a great many uphill battles, such as those against Jacobin and Bonapartist dictatorships, as well as monarchical restorations, Catholic reactions, and the proto-fascism of the Vichy regime.
Irwin M. Wall
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225343
- eISBN:
- 9780520925687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225343.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter traces the events that led to the degeneration of the Fourth French Republic. It explains that as early as the end of 1956 France and the United States were already on bad terms and that ...
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This chapter traces the events that led to the degeneration of the Fourth French Republic. It explains that as early as the end of 1956 France and the United States were already on bad terms and that this was aggravated by the Algerian War, particular the French use of torture. The same issue became an irritant in French relations with Great Britain and the disagreements spilled over into Tunisia and Morocco. These events marked the re-emergence of the British–American special relationship and the corresponding demotion of France from membership in the putative big three alongside the Anglo-Saxons.Less
This chapter traces the events that led to the degeneration of the Fourth French Republic. It explains that as early as the end of 1956 France and the United States were already on bad terms and that this was aggravated by the Algerian War, particular the French use of torture. The same issue became an irritant in French relations with Great Britain and the disagreements spilled over into Tunisia and Morocco. These events marked the re-emergence of the British–American special relationship and the corresponding demotion of France from membership in the putative big three alongside the Anglo-Saxons.
Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449017
- eISBN:
- 9780801460647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449017.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the influences of war on the French Republic. It argues that the Republic originated in war, which then shaped the representations and practices of the res publica. In ...
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This chapter discusses the influences of war on the French Republic. It argues that the Republic originated in war, which then shaped the representations and practices of the res publica. In particular, World War I had revived the century-old tradition of the embattled Republic, while casting an immense shadow on the nascent century. The chapter argues that the pacifism of the 1920s and 1930s and the Resistance of the 1940s were thus consequences of World War I and its memory, which was as much republican as it was national. The “Great War” is therefore particularly deserving of a place in a critical history of the Republic and of France.Less
This chapter discusses the influences of war on the French Republic. It argues that the Republic originated in war, which then shaped the representations and practices of the res publica. In particular, World War I had revived the century-old tradition of the embattled Republic, while casting an immense shadow on the nascent century. The chapter argues that the pacifism of the 1920s and 1930s and the Resistance of the 1940s were thus consequences of World War I and its memory, which was as much republican as it was national. The “Great War” is therefore particularly deserving of a place in a critical history of the Republic and of France.
Kevin Passmore
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199658206
- eISBN:
- 9780191745034
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658206.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
This book provides a new history of parliamentary conservatism and the extreme right in France during the successive crises of the years from 1870 to 1945. The book charts royalist opposition to the ...
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This book provides a new history of parliamentary conservatism and the extreme right in France during the successive crises of the years from 1870 to 1945. The book charts royalist opposition to the newly established Republic, the emergence of the nationalist extreme right in the 1890s, and the parallel development of republican conservatism. It moves on to the hitherto unstudied story of conservatism during the Great War, and then to the Right’s victory in the 1919 elections. The book charts the crisis of parliamentary conservatism in the interwar years, and explores the Right’s response to the rise of Fascism and Communism. It concludes by placing the Vichy regime, which governed France under the German Occupation, in the context of the history of conservative politics. This history is related to the struggle of those who saw themselves as ‘elites’ to preserve their leadership in the ‘age of the masses’. The book shows that conservatives of all stripes shared a common culture (notably including organicism and crowd theory), but that different factions used these ideas in different ways, for different purposes. Whereas previous studies have been primarily concerned to ‘categorize’ conservatives groups, for example as ‘fascist’, ‘liberal’, or ‘modern’, this study examines the way in which competing groups used such terms in complex struggles amongst themselves and with the left. The study is based on considerable archival research, as well as on knowledge of the vast body of recently published research in English and French.Less
This book provides a new history of parliamentary conservatism and the extreme right in France during the successive crises of the years from 1870 to 1945. The book charts royalist opposition to the newly established Republic, the emergence of the nationalist extreme right in the 1890s, and the parallel development of republican conservatism. It moves on to the hitherto unstudied story of conservatism during the Great War, and then to the Right’s victory in the 1919 elections. The book charts the crisis of parliamentary conservatism in the interwar years, and explores the Right’s response to the rise of Fascism and Communism. It concludes by placing the Vichy regime, which governed France under the German Occupation, in the context of the history of conservative politics. This history is related to the struggle of those who saw themselves as ‘elites’ to preserve their leadership in the ‘age of the masses’. The book shows that conservatives of all stripes shared a common culture (notably including organicism and crowd theory), but that different factions used these ideas in different ways, for different purposes. Whereas previous studies have been primarily concerned to ‘categorize’ conservatives groups, for example as ‘fascist’, ‘liberal’, or ‘modern’, this study examines the way in which competing groups used such terms in complex struggles amongst themselves and with the left. The study is based on considerable archival research, as well as on knowledge of the vast body of recently published research in English and French.
Vincent Duclert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449017
- eISBN:
- 9780801460647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449017.003.0041
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This concluding chapter argues for the need to move on beyond sterile analyses of the “republican model” in French historiography. It reiterates the conclusions drawn by the previous chapters of this ...
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This concluding chapter argues for the need to move on beyond sterile analyses of the “republican model” in French historiography. It reiterates the conclusions drawn by the previous chapters of this book: that the Republic must be historicized; that is, a study of the political experience of society in the period during which the republican regime consolidated its position in France has become imperative. To that end, we must adopt a more open concept of the Republic, abandoning its narrow legal definition as a regime founded by the constitutional laws of 1875, the existence of a Jacobin state, and the regular functioning of institutions such as the electoral process and governmental policymaking. The chapter contends that the Republic should not be identified with any specific republican model or order.Less
This concluding chapter argues for the need to move on beyond sterile analyses of the “republican model” in French historiography. It reiterates the conclusions drawn by the previous chapters of this book: that the Republic must be historicized; that is, a study of the political experience of society in the period during which the republican regime consolidated its position in France has become imperative. To that end, we must adopt a more open concept of the Republic, abandoning its narrow legal definition as a regime founded by the constitutional laws of 1875, the existence of a Jacobin state, and the regular functioning of institutions such as the electoral process and governmental policymaking. The chapter contends that the Republic should not be identified with any specific republican model or order.
Graham T. Nessler
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469626864
- eISBN:
- 9781469626888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469626864.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
In 1795, as a result of a military victory, the embattled French Republic acquired Spain’s oldest colony of Santo Domingo, the neighbor to Saint-Domingue. Since Paris had proclaimed the legal ...
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In 1795, as a result of a military victory, the embattled French Republic acquired Spain’s oldest colony of Santo Domingo, the neighbor to Saint-Domingue. Since Paris had proclaimed the legal abolition of slavery throughout the entirety of the French empire the prior year, the annexation of Santo Domingo would seem to have legally freed that colony’s 15,000 or so slaves. Were these men, women, and children in fact freed? Chapter two engages with this question via an analysis of legal documents, military records, government decrees, and other sources. This chapter details the conflicts that arose when those claimed as slaves in Santo Domingo asserted their rights as free French citizens and connects these conflicts to political changes in the French and Spanish empires.Less
In 1795, as a result of a military victory, the embattled French Republic acquired Spain’s oldest colony of Santo Domingo, the neighbor to Saint-Domingue. Since Paris had proclaimed the legal abolition of slavery throughout the entirety of the French empire the prior year, the annexation of Santo Domingo would seem to have legally freed that colony’s 15,000 or so slaves. Were these men, women, and children in fact freed? Chapter two engages with this question via an analysis of legal documents, military records, government decrees, and other sources. This chapter details the conflicts that arose when those claimed as slaves in Santo Domingo asserted their rights as free French citizens and connects these conflicts to political changes in the French and Spanish empires.
Irwin M. Wall
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225343
- eISBN:
- 9780520925687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225343.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the interest of the United States in the Algerian War and in the fall of the Fourth French Republic. It explains that during this period the French economy has become ...
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This chapter examines the interest of the United States in the Algerian War and in the fall of the Fourth French Republic. It explains that during this period the French economy has become independent of U.S. assistance and that there existed a growing threat from the French communist party. The chapter also highlights the frustration of the United States with the French inability to bring a conclusion to a war that increasingly appeared to play into the hands of Soviet ambitions.Less
This chapter examines the interest of the United States in the Algerian War and in the fall of the Fourth French Republic. It explains that during this period the French economy has become independent of U.S. assistance and that there existed a growing threat from the French communist party. The chapter also highlights the frustration of the United States with the French inability to bring a conclusion to a war that increasingly appeared to play into the hands of Soviet ambitions.
Irwin M. Wall
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225343
- eISBN:
- 9780520925687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225343.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the U.S. government's stand on the fall of the Fourth French Republic and the coming to power of Charles de Gaulle. It explains that American policy when the republic faced ...
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This chapter examines the U.S. government's stand on the fall of the Fourth French Republic and the coming to power of Charles de Gaulle. It explains that American policy when the republic faced collapse was to stay out of French affairs and to behave as circumspectly as possible. The chapter argues that the equanimity with which the Americans watched the collapse of the republic remains a glaring reflection of a policy based on disillusionment with a dysfunctional guide.Less
This chapter examines the U.S. government's stand on the fall of the Fourth French Republic and the coming to power of Charles de Gaulle. It explains that American policy when the republic faced collapse was to stay out of French affairs and to behave as circumspectly as possible. The chapter argues that the equanimity with which the Americans watched the collapse of the republic remains a glaring reflection of a policy based on disillusionment with a dysfunctional guide.
Adrian O'Connor
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526120564
- eISBN:
- 9781526132314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526120564.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The collapse of the constitutional monarchy and the establishment of the French Republic presented a deep fissure in the history of the Revolution and, with that, in the ambitions and expectations of ...
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The collapse of the constitutional monarchy and the establishment of the French Republic presented a deep fissure in the history of the Revolution and, with that, in the ambitions and expectations of revolutionary pedagogy. And yet, a close examination of the republican debates over education, and especially of the practical reform efforts undertaken by the National Convention and by local authorities and school administrators, suggests important continuities across the monarchy-republic divide. These attempts to preserve, reform, and reimagine educational institutions during the first years of the Republic suggest that the pursuit of public instruction, of contestatory politics, of critical and contributive citizenship, and of an engaged and educated citizenry was more sustained, more ambitious, and more nuanced than is often recognized. These points are highlighted in a re-examination of how the revolutionaries sought to use particular pedagogical instruments, such as republican catechisms, political festivals, revolutionary songs, and the like, and of their continued attempts to make the educational institutions inherited from the Ancien Régime work for the new Republic.Less
The collapse of the constitutional monarchy and the establishment of the French Republic presented a deep fissure in the history of the Revolution and, with that, in the ambitions and expectations of revolutionary pedagogy. And yet, a close examination of the republican debates over education, and especially of the practical reform efforts undertaken by the National Convention and by local authorities and school administrators, suggests important continuities across the monarchy-republic divide. These attempts to preserve, reform, and reimagine educational institutions during the first years of the Republic suggest that the pursuit of public instruction, of contestatory politics, of critical and contributive citizenship, and of an engaged and educated citizenry was more sustained, more ambitious, and more nuanced than is often recognized. These points are highlighted in a re-examination of how the revolutionaries sought to use particular pedagogical instruments, such as republican catechisms, political festivals, revolutionary songs, and the like, and of their continued attempts to make the educational institutions inherited from the Ancien Régime work for the new Republic.
Jeremy Jennings
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449017
- eISBN:
- 9780801460647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449017.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines universalism in the contemporary French Republic. It explores the universalist values taking root in eighteenth-century France and how, in the name of humanity and the universal ...
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This chapter examines universalism in the contemporary French Republic. It explores the universalist values taking root in eighteenth-century France and how, in the name of humanity and the universal Republic, these principles of France's Revolution and Republic could be carried beyond France's borders, and by arms if necessary. Republican universalism, however, was not for export only: it applied equally to the salvation of the indigenous peoples of France. Furthermore, the chapter analyzes the philosophical dimensions of universalism and how it relates to the other principles and values of French republicanism. It also offers some criticisms of republican universalism, particularly in the contemporary history of France, as—among other things—this form of universalism ironically also possesses the capacity to exclude.Less
This chapter examines universalism in the contemporary French Republic. It explores the universalist values taking root in eighteenth-century France and how, in the name of humanity and the universal Republic, these principles of France's Revolution and Republic could be carried beyond France's borders, and by arms if necessary. Republican universalism, however, was not for export only: it applied equally to the salvation of the indigenous peoples of France. Furthermore, the chapter analyzes the philosophical dimensions of universalism and how it relates to the other principles and values of French republicanism. It also offers some criticisms of republican universalism, particularly in the contemporary history of France, as—among other things—this form of universalism ironically also possesses the capacity to exclude.
Julie Fette
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450211
- eISBN:
- 9780801463990
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450211.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In the 1930s, the French Third Republic banned naturalized citizens from careers in law and medicine for up to ten years after they had obtained French nationality. In 1940, the Vichy regime ...
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In the 1930s, the French Third Republic banned naturalized citizens from careers in law and medicine for up to ten years after they had obtained French nationality. In 1940, the Vichy regime permanently expelled all lawyers and physicians born of foreign fathers and imposed a two percent quota on Jews in both professions. On the basis of extensive archival research, this book finds that doctors and lawyers themselves, despite their claims to embody republican virtues, persuaded the French state to enact this exclusionary legislation. At the crossroads of knowledge and power, lawyers and doctors had long been dominant forces in French society: they ran hospitals and courts, doubled as university professors, held posts in parliament and government, and administered justice and public health for the nation. Their social and political influence was crucial in spreading xenophobic attitudes and rendering them more socially acceptable in France. The book traces the origins of this professional protectionism to the late nineteenth century, when the democratization of higher education sparked efforts by doctors and lawyers to close ranks against women and the lower classes in addition to foreigners. The legislatively imposed delays on the right to practice law and medicine remained in force until the 1970s, and only in 1997 did French lawyers and doctors formally recognize their complicity in the anti-Semitic policies of the Vichy regime.Less
In the 1930s, the French Third Republic banned naturalized citizens from careers in law and medicine for up to ten years after they had obtained French nationality. In 1940, the Vichy regime permanently expelled all lawyers and physicians born of foreign fathers and imposed a two percent quota on Jews in both professions. On the basis of extensive archival research, this book finds that doctors and lawyers themselves, despite their claims to embody republican virtues, persuaded the French state to enact this exclusionary legislation. At the crossroads of knowledge and power, lawyers and doctors had long been dominant forces in French society: they ran hospitals and courts, doubled as university professors, held posts in parliament and government, and administered justice and public health for the nation. Their social and political influence was crucial in spreading xenophobic attitudes and rendering them more socially acceptable in France. The book traces the origins of this professional protectionism to the late nineteenth century, when the democratization of higher education sparked efforts by doctors and lawyers to close ranks against women and the lower classes in addition to foreigners. The legislatively imposed delays on the right to practice law and medicine remained in force until the 1970s, and only in 1997 did French lawyers and doctors formally recognize their complicity in the anti-Semitic policies of the Vichy regime.
